 Front page of the 31 January 1933 edition. The headline reads: "A historic day: First Acts of Hitler's Reich Government –Völkischer Beobachter interviews Reich Minister of the InteriorFrick – New cabinet holds first meeting" | |
| Owner | Adolf Hitler |
|---|---|
| Editor | Dietrich Eckart,Alfred Rosenberg,Wilhelm Weiss |
| Founded | 25 December 1920 |
| Ceased publication | 30 April 1945 |
| Political alignment | Nazi Party |
| Language | German |
| Country | Nazi Germany |
| Circulation | 1.7 million (as of 1944) |
TheVölkischer Beobachter (pronounced[ˈfœlkɪʃɐbəˈʔoːbaxtɐ]; "Völkisch Observer") was the newspaper of theNazi Party (NSDAP) from 25 December 1920. It first appeared weekly, then daily from 8 February 1923. For twenty-four years it formed part of the official public face of the Nazi Party until its last edition at the end of April 1945.[1] The paper was banned and ceased publication between November 1923, afterAdolf Hitler's arrest for leading the unsuccessfulBeer Hall Putsch inMunich, and February 1925, the approximate date of the relaunching of the Party.
The "fighting paper of the National Socialist movement of Greater Germany", or"Kampfblatt der nationalsozialistischen Bewegung Großdeutschlands" as it called itself, had its origin as theMünchener Beobachter, or "Munich Observer", an anti-Semitic semi-weekly scandal-oriented paper which in 1918 was acquired by theThule Society with financial backing byKäthe Bierbaumer and, in August 1919, was renamedVölkischer Beobachter (seeVölkisch andVölkisch movement).
By December 1920, the paper was heavily in debt. The Thule Society was thus receptive to an offer to sell the paper to theNazis for 60,000Papiermark. MajorErnst Röhm, who was an early member of theGerman Workers' Party, forerunner of the Nazi Party, andDietrich Eckart, one of Hitler's earliest mentors, persuaded Röhm’s commanding officer, Major GeneralFranz Ritter von Epp, to provide the money from German Army funds for the paper to be purchased. The loan was secured with Eckart's house and possessions as collateral,[2][3] and Dr. Gottfried Grandel, anAugsburg chemist and factory owner, who was Eckart's friend and a funder of the Party, as guarantor.[4] After the Nazis acquired the paper, Eckart was its first editor. It was the party's primary official organ.
In 1921,Adolf Hitler, who had taken full control of the NSDAP earlier that year, acquired all shares in the company, making him the sole owner of the publication.[5]
In early 1923 Hitler replaced Eckart as editor withAlfred Rosenberg. Rosenberg was replaced in turn byWilhelm Weiss
The income from sales alone did not support the paper. It sustained itself by selling non-interest-bearingpromissory notes to party members and received loans and grants from wealthy patrons such asHelene Bechstein. The book publishing company, which Amann successfully expanded, later became the financial backbone. TheIllustrierter Beobachter founded in 1926, was also a success. In addition, the followers were repeatedly reminded of their obligation to become subscribers and to advertise them.[6]
During theNazi rise to power, the newspaper reported general news but also party activities, presenting them as almost constant successes.[7] Guidelines for propagandists urged that all posters, insofar as the police allowed, contain propaganda for it, and all meetings should be announced in it, although reports should be sent to thePropaganda Department, which would then forward corrected versions to the paper.[8] Posters did indeed urge reading it.[9] When Hitler was banned from public speaking, it was the main vehicle to propagate his views.[10]
Joseph Goebbels published articles in theVölkischer Beobachter to attack the United States for criticizing anti-Jewish measures,[11] and to attack the communist USSR.[12]
The final issues of the paper from both April and May 1945 were not distributed.
According to top Soviet diplomatVladimir Semyonov,Stalin suggested that the title ofNational Democratic Party of Germany's newspaper (a satellite party created inEast Germany to attract former Nazi supporters) could be called theVölkischer Beobachter in order to appeal to the party's membership. The proposal was ultimately not adopted.[13]
The circulation of the paper was initially about 8,000, but it increased to 25,000 in autumn 1923 due to strong demand during theoccupation of the Ruhr. In that year Hitler replaced Eckart as editor withAlfred Rosenberg, because Eckart'salcoholism had begun to get in the way of running the paper. Hitler softened the blow by making it clear that he still regarded Eckart highly. "His accomplishments are everlasting!" Hitler said, he just was not constitutionally able to run a big business like a daily newspaper. "I would not be able to do it, either," according to Hitler, "I have been fortunate that I got a few people who know how to do it. ... It would be as if I tried to run a farm! I wouldn't be able to do it."[14][15]
The publication of the paper ceased on the prohibition of the Party after the failedBeer Hall Putsch of 9 November 1923, but it resumed on the party's refoundation on 26 February 1925. The circulation rose along with the success of the Nazi movement, reaching more than 120,000 in 1931, 1.2 million in 1941, and 1.7 million by 1944.[16] It sold 310,000 copies in 1933 and 982,000 copies in 1940.[17]
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