You can helpexpand this article with text translated fromthe corresponding article in German.Click [show] for important translation instructions.
Machine translation, likeDeepL orGoogle Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia.
Consideradding a topic to this template: there are already 1,772 articles in themain category, and specifying|topic= will aid in categorization.
Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
Youmust providecopyright attribution in theedit summary accompanying your translation by providing aninterlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary isContent in this edit is translated from the existing German Wikipedia article at [[:de:Völkischer Nationalismus]]; see its history for attribution.
You may also add the template{{Translated|de|Völkischer Nationalismus}} to thetalk page.
At times,Völkisch nationalism was a broad and predominant ideological view in Central Europe, represented in numerousnationalist, typically explicitlyantisemitic and other racist associations of all kinds with many publications and well-known personalities. It differentiates itself from theVölkisch movement by being a more vague and not inherentlyantisemitic ideology. Today, particularly in Germany,ethnopluralism is viewed as standing in the same tradition asVölkisch nationalism.[5]
Towards the end of the 19th century, the movement gained influence over the political and cultural debate in Central Europe. Its historical significance was found in its own nationalism, especially in theGerman Reich. GermanProtestantism is considered to be its social support and its "necessary ideal condition".[6] From an ideological perspective, the "bourgeois-Protestant mentality" has become increasingly German-Völkisch since theReichsgründung (lit. "Establishment of the Reich"). A nationally charged Protestantism of the Reich thus led to the Nazi concept of theGerman Christians.[7]
TheVölkisch movement, to which the German national associations and theNSDAP belonged – whose party organ was the Völkischer Beobachter – rejected theWeimar Constitution and representedVölkische Gemeinschaftlichkeitskonzepte (lit. "ethnic [German] concepts of community"). The biological and cultural homogeneity of the "Volks" as a "Abstammungsgemeinschaft" (lit. "community of descent") and the "exclusion or destruction of the heterogeneous" were invoked.Völkische (lit. "nation", "ethnic") concepts such as "Volkstum", "Lebensraum" and above all "Volksgemeinschaft" were widespread in large parts of the German population and especially within the "Fatherland Camp", thus an integral part of the Nazi programming.
From the postwar era to today,Völkisch nationalism is rejected by the mainstream German political circles. But with the rise ofright-wing populism since the 2010s, these political movements have grown somewhat again in Germany;Der Flügel (2015–2020) was the name of theVölkisch nationalist and right-wing extremist group within theAlternative for Germany.
Völkisch nationalism means the rise of their ownVolks defined by common descent, culture and language, and the desire for a homogeneous population by excluding foreigners. The people become a collective subject. It forms a hierarchical value of theVölker.[8]
German social scientistHelmut Kellershohn [de] calls seven core elements of a Völkisch nationalism:[9]
The equality of "Volk" or "nation". the idea of a homogeneous "nation" according to racist criteria.
the rise of the "Volk" to a collective subject in the sense ofethnic groups and the subordination of specific interests under the primacy of the "Volksgemeinschaft".
The justification of a "strong state" that organizes theVolksgemeinschaft through "national" elites and/or charismatic leadership.
the heroization of the "decentVolksgenosse" who puts himself in the service of his community with body and soul and brings for these sacrifices.
theVölkisch (lit. "national") or racist construction of an "internal (state) enemy" responsible for setbacks in the realization of theVolksgemeinschaft and has an identity-building and consensus-building function as a negative projection area for theVolksgemeinschaft.
A biopolitical understanding of theVolkskörper (lit. "national body") that wants to keep or make it healthy and strong through population policy.
A. Hitler,Mein Kampf. Eine kritische Edition, C. Hartmann, T. Vordemayer, O. Plöckinger, R. Töppel, P. Trees, A. Reizle, M. Seewald-Mooser, Munich–Berlin 2016, p. 1168
Armin Pfahl-TraughberRechtsextremismus in Deutschland Eine kritische Bestandsaufnahme, Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden 2019, p. 41
R. O. Paxton,The Anatomy of Fascism, 2004, p.37
^Roger Griffin (2005),Völkischer Nationalismus als Wegbereiter und Fortsetzer des Faschismus. Ein angelsächsischer Blick auf ein nicht nur deutsches Phänomen.
^Tom Reiss (15 February 2005).The Orientalist: Solving the Mystery of a Strange and Dangerous Life. Random House Publishing Group.
^Ryôta Nishino (2011).Changing Histories: Japanese and South African Textbooks in Comparison (1945–1995). V&R Unipress. p. 26.
^Roland Sieber (2016), Von "Unsterblichen" und "Identitären". In: Stephan Braun, Alexander Geisler, Martin Gerster (Hrsg.): Strategien der extremen Rechten: Hintergründe – Analysen – Antworten.
^Frank Unger (2010),Demokratie und Imperium: die Vereinigten Staaten zwischen Fundamentalismus, Liberalismus und Populismus. Würzburg p. 175.
^Frank-Michael Kuhlemann (2002)Bürgerlichkeit und Religion. p. 305.
^Brigitte Bailer-Galanda (1994),Wolfgang Neugebauer: Handbuch des österreichischen Rechtsextremismus, p. 36.
^Helmut Kellershohn (1994),Das Projekt Junge Freiheit. Eine Einführung: Das Plagiat. Der Völkische Nationalismus der Jungen Freiheit. p. 17–50.
^Häusler, Alexander (2016).Die Alternative für Deutschland: Programmatik, Entwicklung und politische Verortung. Wiesbaden: Springer VS.ISBN978-3-658-10637-9.;Heinrich August Winkler, zitiert von David Bebnowski:Die Alternative für Deutschland. VS Verlag, 2015, ISBN 978-3-658-08286-4, S. 28.
Note: Forms of nationalism based primarily onethnic groups are listed above. This does not imply that all nationalists with a given ethnicity subscribe to that form ofethnic nationalism.
