Uzbek Khanate | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1428–1471 | |||||||||||||
 The Uzbek Khanate inc. 1448 | |||||||||||||
| Status | ConfederateKhanate | ||||||||||||
| Capital |
| ||||||||||||
| Common languages | Kipchak language Persian (court)[1][need quotation to verify] | ||||||||||||
| Religion | |||||||||||||
| Government | Hereditary monarchy | ||||||||||||
| Khan | |||||||||||||
• 1428–1468 | Abu'l-Khayr Khan | ||||||||||||
• 1468–1471 | Sheikh Haidar | ||||||||||||
| Historical era | Early modern period | ||||||||||||
• Abu'l-Khayr becomes the Uzbek Khan | 1428 | ||||||||||||
• Abu'l-Khayr defeats Hajji Muhammad | 1428 | ||||||||||||
• Shaybanids invadeTransoxiana | 1446 | ||||||||||||
• Janibeg and Kerei found the Kazakh Khanate[2] | 1466 | ||||||||||||
• Death of Abu'l-Khayr | 1468 | ||||||||||||
• Disestablished | 1471 | ||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||
TheUzbek Khanate, also known as theAbulkhair Khanate,[3] was anShaybanid state after the collapse ofGolden Horde[4][5] and preceding theKhanate of Bukhara. During the few years it existed, the Uzbek Khanate was the preeminent state inCentral Asia, ruling over most of modern-dayUzbekistan, much ofKazakhstan andTurkmenistan, and parts of southernRussia. This is the first state of theAbulkhairids, a branch of the Shaybanids.
The dynasty ofAbu'l-Khayr Khan and his descendants is named after him, and the states ruled by them are known as Abulkhairids, such as in theKhanate of Bukhara. They may also be referred to as Shaybanids, although this is more of an umbrella term as a rival dynasty called theArabshahids ofKhwarezm were also Shaybanids, but not Abulkhairids.[6]
Starting withShiban, brother ofBatu Khan who was the ruler of theGolden Horde, the Shaybanids and their descendants held land and sway over many tribes granted to Shiban by Batu. These lands included the Golden Horde domains east of theUrals, and lands north of theSyr Darya river.Central control in the Golden Horde eroded away quickly in the east and breakaway states like theNogai Horde and theKhanate of Sibir appeared in the region.
By the time of Abu'l-Khayr's birth in 1412, theulus of Shiban was fractured. At this time the eastern part of the Golden Horde (White Horde) had become outside of complete control of the Golden Horde khans and pretenders, especially after the assassination ofBarak Khan in 1427. Abu'l-Khayr was taken prisoner after a battle in 1427 and was released in 1428. After the passing of the then Khan of the Uzbeks and pretender to the throne of the Golden Horde, Barak Khan,Ulug Beg, the leader of theTimurid Empire, secretly orchestrated the title of khan to pass to Abu'l-Khayr. He began his rule by consolidating tribes inSiberia around his capital at Chimgi-Tura (Modern-dayTyumen). He was able to depose the reigningKhan of Sibir, Hajji Muhammad, a former khan of the Golden Horde from 1419 to 1423, and took the entirety of the area under Shaybanid control.[6]
In 1430 or 1431, Abu'l-Khayr and his army marched south intoTimurid-heldKhwarezm and occupiedUrganj. Between 1430 and 1446 the Uzbek Khanate took land in Transoxiana from the Timurids.
Abu'l-Khayr invaded the Golden Horde sometime after this and defeated Mustafa Khan nearAstrakhan. The Uzbeks lost around 4,500 men during this campaign.
Prior to the death ofShah Rukh in 1448Sighnaq and other cities inTuran such asUzkend andSozak were invaded and captured by the Uzbeks. Sighnaq became one of the principal cities of Central Asia during this time.
In 1451, Abu'l-Khayr allied with the TimuridAbu Sa'id against his rival'Abdullah and the two both marched onSamarkand. The Uzbek-Abu Sa'id alliance was successful and in return Abu Sa'id paid tribute to the Uzbeks.
Starting in the 1460s, the Kazakh khans warred for control of modern-dayKazakhstan, led by Janibeg and Kerei Khan, the sons of the claimant to the throne of the Golden Horde, Barak Khan, founded theKazakh Khanate. This war was made especially difficult for the Uzbeks because of a recent war with theDorben OiratMongols on the Uzbeks' eastern borders. Janibeg and Kerei sought to capitalize on Uzbek weakness following the conflict.[2]
Regarding these events, 16th centuryKhaidar Duglati in hisTarikh-i Rashidi reports:[7]
At that time, Abulkhair Khan exercised full power in Dasht-i-Kipchak. He had been at war with the Sultánis of Juji; while Jáni Beg Khán and Karáy Khán fled before him into Moghulistán. Isán Bughá Khán received them with great honor, and delivered over to them Kuzi Báshi, which is near Chu, on the western limit of Moghulistán, where they dwelt in peace and content. On the death of Abulkhair Khán the Ulus of the Uzbegs fell into confusion, and constant strife arose among them. Most of them joined the party of Karáy Khán and Jáni Beg Khán. They numbered about 200,000 persons, and received the name of Uzbeg-Kazák. The Kazák Sultáns began to reign in the year 870 [1465–1466] (but God knows best), and they continued to enjoy absolute power in the greater part of Uzbegistán, till the year 940[1533–1534 A. D.].
Somewhere around 1468–1470, Abu'l-Khayr Khan died in battle against the Kazakhs along with several of his sons. Sheikh Haidar, also known as Baruj Oghlan (Some sources have them as the same person or different persons), the eldest of Abu'l-Khayr's sons, succeeded him. Sheikh Haidar's reign was short and was ended after conflicts with a rival khan,Ibak.[6]
Muhammad Shaybani, Abu'l-Khayr's grandson, succeeded his father, Sheikh Haidar. Shaybani had been, along with his brother, Mahmud Sultan, given refuge by theKhan of Astrakhan,Qasim.
After Shaybani was helped by theMoghul Khans to reclaim land in Transoxiana, he became a Moghul vassal from 1488 until around 1500. After this point, Shaybani led his own conquests which largely consisted of cities in the fractured Timurid successor states (Such asSamarkand andBukhara). Shaybani's main rivals were theTimuridBabur and thePersianShah Ismail.[8]
In 1500, Shaybani officially conceded all the Kazakh held lands inDasht-i Qipchaq to theKazakh Khanate. Shortly after this in 1506, Shaybani captured Bukhara and the Uzbek Khanate became theKhanate of Bukhara.[9]
Muhammad Shaybani was killed in theBattle of Marv by theSafavids ruled byShah Ismail in 1510, and had his skull turned into a jeweled drinking goblet.
In 1428, Abulkhair Khan was proclaimed the ruler of a new political union of the Uzbeks, which in historical science is often referred to as the “Khanate of Abulkhair” or the “State of the Nomadic Uzbeks.” However, the term “State of the Nomadic Uzbeks” and “Khanate of Abulkhair,” introduced by Academician B. A. Akhmedov, has been criticized by Ilya Zaytsev, who considers it not entirely appropriate[10].
Some Kazakhstani historians, in particular A. K. Kushkumbaev and Zh. M. Sabitov, believe that the use in modern historiography of such terms as “State of the Nomadic Uzbeks,” “Uzbek Khanate,” or “Khanate of the Nomadic Uzbeks” does not reflect the real picture of the Eastern Ulus of Jochi. These terms were first introduced into scholarly circulation in the 1960s by the Soviet historian B. A. Akhmedov in the context of nation-building in Soviet Uzbekistan and are not based on the sources of that era. Historians also note that Abulkhair Khan was one of the khans of the Golden Horde who continued its political tradition, and not the founder of a new state called the “State of the Nomadic Uzbeks”[11][12].
These are the khans ruling over the domains of the Uzbeks prior to the Abulkhairids.[8][13]
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