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Uvular ejective affricate

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Consonantal sound
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Uvular ejective affricate
qχʼ
qꭓʼ
Audio sample

Auvular ejective affricate is a type ofconsonantal sound, used in some spokenlanguages. The symbol in theInternational Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨q͡χʼ⟩. It is found in someNorth American languages of the Pacific Northwest such asWintu andLillooet, southern African languages such asGǀui andǂʼAmkoe, and in many of the languages of the Caucasus, especially a number of theDaghestanian languages, though in none of these is there a phonemic distinction between/qχʼ/ and/qʼ/, and in many[qχʼ] and[qʼ] are allophones. A number of languages of southern Africa have a sound, commonly transcribed[kχʼ], that may be ambiguous between velar and uvular.

Features

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Features of a uvular ejective affricate:

  • Itsmanner of articulation isaffricate, which means it is produced by first stopping the airflow entirely, then allowing air flow through a constricted channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.
  • Itsplace of articulation isuvular, which means it is articulated with the back of thetongue (the dorsum) at theuvula.
  • Itsphonation is un-voiced, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords.
  • It is anoral consonant, which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.
  • It is acentral consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
  • Theairstream mechanism isejective (glottalic egressive), which means the air is forced out by pumping theglottis upward.

Occurrence

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LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
Lilooetəs[q͡χʼəs]'curly'
Georgian[1]ოფა/q'opa[q͡χʼɔpʰɑ]'being/existence'An allophone of/qʼ/, in free variation with[qʼ],[ʔ], or[χʼ].[1]

See also

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References

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  1. ^abShosted, Ryan K.; Chikovani, Vakhtang (2006)."Standard Georgian"(PDF).Journal of the International Phonetic Association.36 (2):255–264.doi:10.1017/S0025100306002659.ISSN 1475-3502.

External links

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IPA topics
IPA
Special topics
Encodings
Pulmonic consonants
PlaceLabialCoronalDorsalLaryngeal
MannerBi­labialLabio­dentalLinguo­labialDentalAlveolarPost­alveolarRetro­flexPalatalVelarUvularPharyn­geal/epi­glottalGlottal
Nasalmɱ̊ɱn̪̊nn̠̊ɳ̊ɳɲ̊ɲŋ̊ŋɴ̥ɴ
Plosivepbtdʈɖcɟkɡqɢʡʔ
Sibilantaffricatet̪s̪d̪z̪tsdzt̠ʃd̠ʒ
Non-sibilant affricatep̪fb̪vt̪θd̪ðtɹ̝̊dɹ̝t̠ɹ̠̊˔d̠ɹ̠˔ɟʝkxɡɣɢʁʡʜʡʢʔh
Sibilantfricativeszʃʒʂʐɕʑ
Non-sibilant fricativeɸβfvθ̼ð̼θðθ̠ð̠ɹ̠̊˔ɹ̠˔ɻ̊˔ɻ˔çʝxɣχʁħʕhɦ
Approximantβ̞ʋð̞ɹɹ̠ɻjɰʁ̞ʔ̞
Tap/flapⱱ̟ɾ̼ɾ̥ɾɽ̊ɽɢ̆ʡ̮
Trillʙ̥ʙrɽ̊r̥ɽrʀ̥ʀʜʢ
Lateral affricatetꞎd𝼅c𝼆ɟʎ̝k𝼄ɡʟ̝
Lateral fricativeɬ̪ɬɮ𝼅𝼆ʎ̝𝼄ʟ̝
Lateral approximantlɭ̊ɭʎ̥ʎʟ̥ʟʟ̠
Lateral tap/flapɺ̥ɺ𝼈̊𝼈ʎ̮ʟ̆

Symbols to the right in a cell arevoiced, to the left arevoiceless.Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.

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