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Nakshatra (Sanskrit:नक्षत्रम्,romanized: Nakṣatram) is the term forLunar mansion inHindu astrology and Buddhist astrology. A nakshatra is one of the 27 (sometimes also 28) sectors along the ecliptic. Their names are related to a prominent star orasterisms in or near the respective sectors. In essence (in Western astronomical terms), a nakshatra simply is aconstellation. Every nakshatra is divided into fourpadas (lit. "steps").
The starting point for the nakshatras according to theVedas is "Krittika" (it has been argued, because thePleiades may have started the year at the time theVedas were compiled, presumably at thevernal equinox), but, in more recent compilations, the start of the nakshatras list is the point on the ecliptic directly opposite the starSpica, calledChitrā inSanskrit. This translates to Ashwinī, a part of the modern constellation ofAries. These compilations, therefore, may have been compiled during the centuries when the sun was passing through Aries at the time of the vernal equinox. This version may have been calledMeshādi or the "start of Aries".[1][full citation needed][2]
The firstastronomical text that lists them is theVedanga Jyotisha.[3][better source needed]
In classical Hindu scriptures (Mahabharata,Harivamsa), the creation of the asterisms is attributed toDaksha.[4] The Nakshatras are personified as daughters of Daksha and as wives ofChandra, the god of the Moon. When Chandra neglected his 26 other wives in favour ofRohini, his father-in-law cursed him withleprosy and proclaimed that the Moon would wax and wane each month.[5] The Nakshatras are also alternatively described as the daughters ofKashyapa.
Nakshatra is one of the five elements of aPañcāṅga. The other four elements are:
In theAtharvaveda (Shaunakiya recension, hymn 19.7) a list of 27 stars or asterisms is given, many of them corresponding to the later nakshatras:[6][a]
This 27-day cycle has been taken to mean a particular group of stars. This has to do with the periodicity with which the Moon travels past the specific star fields called nakshatras. Hence, the stars are more like numbers on a clock, through which the hands of time (the moon) pass. This concept is described by J. Mercay (2012) in connection withSurya Siddhanta.[7]
In Hindu astronomy, there was an older tradition of 28 Nakshatras which were used as celestial markers in the heavens. When these were mapped into equal divisions of the ecliptic, a division of 27 portions was adopted since that resulted in a clearer definition of each portion (i.e. segment) subtending 13° 20′ (as opposed to 12° 51+3⁄7′ in the case of 28 segments). In the process, the Nakshatra Abhijit was left out without a portion.[8]: 179 However, the Abhijit nakshatra becomes important while deciding on the timing of an auspicious event. The Surya Siddhantha concisely specifies the coordinates of the twenty-seven Nakshatras.[8]: 211
It is noted above that with the older tradition of 28 Nakshatras each equal segment would subtend 12.85 degrees or 12° 51′. But the 28 Nakshatra were chosen at a time when the Vedic month was recognised as having exactly 30 days. In India and China the original 28 lunar mansions were not equal. Weixing Nui provides a list of the extent of the original 28 Nakshatras expressed inMuhurtas (with one Muhurta = 48 minutes of arc). Hindu texts note there were 16 Nakshatras of 30 Muhurtas, 6 of 45 Muhurtas, 5 of 15 Muhurtas and one of 6 Muhurtas.
The 28 mansions of the 360° lunar zodiac total 831 Muhurtas or 27.7 days. This is sometimes described as an inaccurate estimate of our modern sidereal period of 27.3 days, but using the ancient Indian calendar with Vedic months of 30 days and a daily movement of the Moon of 13 degrees, this early designation of a sidereal month of 831 Muhurtas or 27.7 days is very precise.[b][9][full citation needed]Later some Indian savants dropped the Nakshatra named Abhijit to reduce the number of divisions to 27, but the Chinese retained all of their original 28 lunar mansions. These were grouped into four equal quarters which would have been fundamentally disrupted if it had been decided to reduce the number of divisions to 27.
Irrespective of the reason why ancient early Indian astronomers followed a Vedic calendar of exactly 12 months of 30 days it was this calendar and not a modern calendar of 365 days that they used for the astronomical calculations for the number of days taken for the Moon to complete one sidereal cycle of 360°. This is why initially they named 28 Nakshatras on their lunar zodiac.[10]
The following list of nakshatras gives the corresponding regions of sky, per Basham (1954).[11]
| No. | Name[12] | Associated stars | Description | Image |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Aświni "The Horsemen" | β andγArietis |  | |
| 2 | Bharani "The Bearer" | 35,39, and41Arietis | | |
| 3 | Kṛttikā "To Cut" | Pleiades |  | |
| 4 | Rohiṇi "Radiant Maiden" | Aldebaran |
| |
| 5 | Mṛgaśīrā "The Deer's Head" | λ,φOrionis |  | |
| 6 | Ārdrā "The Moist One" | Betelgeuse | | |
| 7 | Punarvasu "Return Of The Light" | Castor andPollux |  | |
| 8 | Puṣya "The Nourisher" | γ,δ andθCancri |  | |
| 9 | Āśleṣā "The Embrace" | δ,ε,η,ρ, andσHydrae |  | |
| 10 | Maghā "The Mighty" | Regulus |  | |
| 11 | Pūrva Phalgunī "The Former Reddish One" | δ andθLeonis |
| |
| 12 | Uttara Phalgunī "The Latter Reddish One" | Denebola |
| |
| 13 | Hasta "The Hand" | α,β,γ,δ andεCorvi |  | |
| 14 | Chitrā "The Bright One" | Spica |
|  |
| 15 | Svātī "The Independent One" | Arcturus |  | |
| 16 | Viśākhā "Branching Out" | α,β,γ andιLibrae |  | |
| 17 | Anurādhā "FollowingRadha" | β,δ andπScorpionis |  | |
| 18 | Jyeṣṭha "The Eldest" | α,σ, andτScorpionis | | |
| 19 | Mūlā "The Root" | ε,ζ,η,θ, ι,κ,λ,μ andνScorpionis |
| |
| 20 | Pūrva Āṣāḍhā "The Former Unconquered" | δ andεSagittarii |  | |
| 21 | Uttara Āṣāḍhā "The Latter Unconquered" | ζ andσSagittarii |
| |
| *[note 1] | Abhijit "The Invincible" | ζ andσLyrae |
|  |
| 22 | Śravaṇa "To Hear" | α,β andγAquilae |  | |
| 23 | Dhaniṣṭhā "Wealthiest" | α,β,γ andδDelphini |  | |
| 24 | Śatabhiṣa "A Hundred Physicians" | λ Aquarii[13] |  | |
| 25 | Pūrva Bhādrapada "The Former Blessed Feet" | α andβPegasi |
|  |
| 26 | Uttara Bhādrapada "The Latter Blessed Feet" | γPegasi andαAndromedae |
| .png) |
| 27 | Revatī "Prosperous" | ζPiscium |
|  |
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Each of the 27 Nakshatras cover 13° 20’ of theecliptic. Each Nakshatra is also divided into quarters orpadas of 3° 20’, and the table below lists the appropriate starting sound to name the child. The 27 nakshatras, each with 4 padas, give 108, which is the number of beads in a japa mala, representing all the elements (ansh) ofVishnu:
| # | Name | Pada 1 | Pada 2 | Pada 3 | Pada 4 | Vimsottari Lord | Ruling Deity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Aśvini (अश्विनी) | चु Chu | चे Che | चो Cho | ला La | Ketu | Aswini Kumara |
| 2 | Bharaṇī (भरणी) | ली Li | लू Lu | ले Le | लो Lo | Venus | Yama |
| 3 | Kṛttikā (कृत्तिका) | अ A | ई I | उ U | ए E | Sun | Agni |
| 4 | Rohiṇī (रोहिणी) | ओ O | वा Va/Ba | वी Vi/Bi | वु Vu/Bu | Moon | Brahma |
| 5 | Mṛgaśīrṣā (मृगशीर्षा) | वे Ve/Be | वो Vo/Bo | का Ka | की Ke | Mars | Moon |
| 6 | Ārdrā (आर्द्रा) | कु Ku | घ Gha | ङ Ng/Na | छ Chha | Rahu | Shiva |
| 7 | Punarvasu (पुनर्वसु) | के Ke | को Ko | हा Ha | ही Hi | Jupiter | Aditi |
| 8 | Puṣya (पुष्य) | हु Hu | हे He | हो Ho | ड Da | Saturn | Brihaspati |
| 9 | Āśleṣā (आश्लेषा) | डी Di | डू Du | डे De | डो Do | Mercury | Rahu |
| 10 | Maghā (मघा) | मा Ma | मी Mi | मू Mu | मे Me | Ketu | Pitr |
| 11 | Pūrva orPūrva Phālgunī (पूर्व फाल्गुनी) | नो Mo | टा Ta | टी Ti | टू Tu | Venus | Bhaga |
| 12 | Uttara orUttara Phālgunī (उत्तर फाल्गुनी) | टे Te | टो To | पा Pa | पी Pi | Sun | Sun |
| 13 | Hasta (हस्त) | पू Pu | ष Sha | ण Na | ठ Tha | Moon | Savitr |
| 14 | Chitrā (चित्रा) | पे Pe | पो Po | रा Ra | री Ri | Mars | Vishwakarma |
| 15 | Svāti (स्वाति) | रू Ru | रे Re | रो Ro | ता Ta | Rahu | Vaayu |
| 16 | Vishākhā (विशाखा) | ती Ti | तू Tu | ते Te | तो To | Jupiter | Indra Agni |
| 17 | Anurādhā (अनुराधा) | ना Na | नी Ni | नू Nu | ने Ne | Saturn | Mitra |
| 18 | Jyeṣṭhā (ज्येष्ठा) | नो No | या Ya | यी Yi | यू Yu | Mercury | Indra |
| 19 | Mūla (मूल) | ये Ye | यो Yo | भा Bha | भी Bhi | Ketu | Varuna, Nirriti |
| 20 | Pūrva Aṣāḍhā (पूर्वाषाढ़ा) | भू Bhu | धा Dha | फा Bha/Pha | ढा Dha | Venus | Apah |
| 21 | Uttara Aṣāḍhā (उत्तराषाढ़ा) | भे Bhe | भो Bho | जा Ja | जी Ji | Sun | Brahma |
| 22 | Śrāvaṇa (श्रवण) | खी Ju/Khi | खू Je/Khu | खे Jo/Khe | खो Gha/Kho | Moon | Vishnu |
| 23 | Śrāviṣṭhā (श्रविष्ठा) orDhaniṣṭhā (धनिष्ठा) | गा Ga | गी Gi | गु Gu | गे Ge | Mars | Vasu |
| 24 | Śatabhiṣā (शतभिषा) | गो Go | सा Sa | सी Si | सू Su | Rahu | Varuna |
| 25 | Pūrva Bhādrapadā (पूर्वभाद्रपदा) | से Se | सो So | दा Da | दी Di | Jupiter | Aja Ek Pada |
| 26 | Uttara Bhādrapadā (उत्तरभाद्रपदा) | दू Du | थ Tha | झ Jha | ञ Da/Tra | Saturn | Ahirbudhnya |
| 27 | Revati (रेवती) | दे De | दो Do | च Cha | ची Chi | Mercury | Pooshan |
1 citrā́ṇi sākáṃ diví rocanā́ni sarīsr̥pā́ṇi bhúvane javā́ni
turmíśaṃ sumatím ichámāno áhāni gīrbhíḥ saparyāmi nā́kam
2 suhávam agne kŕ̥ttikā róhiṇī cā́stu bhadráṃ mr̥gáśiraḥ śám ārdrā́
púnarvasū sūnŕ̥tā cā́ru púṣyo bhānúr āśleṣā́ áyanaṃ maghā́ me
3 púṇyaṃ pū́rvā phálgunyau cā́tra hástaś citrā́ śivā́ svātí sukhó me astu
rā́dhe viśā́khe suhávānurādhā́ jyéṣṭhā sunákṣatram áriṣṭa mū́lam
4 ánnaṃ pū́rvā rāsatāṃ me aṣādhā́ ū́rjaṃ devy úttarā ā́ vahantu
abhijín me rāsatāṃ púṇyam evá śrávaṇaḥ śráviṣṭhāḥ kurvatāṃ supuṣṭím
5 ā́ me mahác chatábhiṣag várīya ā́ me dvayā́ próṣṭhapadā suśárma
ā́ revátī cāśvayújau bhágaṃ ma ā́ me rayíṃ bháraṇya ā́ vahantu[6]
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