| Utik | |
|---|---|
| Province of theKingdom of Armenia | |
| 189 BC–387 AD | |
 Utik within Greater Armenia according to theAshkharhatsuyts (perSuren Yeremian's map)[1] | |
| Historical era | Antiquity Middle Ages |
• Artaxias I declaring himself independent | 189 BC |
• Given toCaucasian Albania bySasanian Iran | 387 AD |
| Today part of |  Azerbaijan Armenia |
Utik (Armenian:Ուտիք,romanized: Utik’), also known asUti, was a historical province and principality within theKingdom of Armenia. It was ceded toCaucasian Albania following the partition of Armenia betweenSassanid Persia and theEastern Roman Empire in 387 AD.[4] Most of the region is located within present-dayAzerbaijan immediately west of theKura River, while a part of it lies within theTavush province of present-day northeasternArmenia.
In Armenian sources, Utik is also calledUti,[a]Awti,Utiats’wots’ ashkharh 'land of the people of Utik',Utiats’wots’ gavar’ 'district of the people of Utik',Utiakan ashkharh andUtiakan gavar’ 'Utian land/district'.[5] InSuren Yeremian's view, the name originally referred to the district of Uti Arandznak ('Uti Proper'), where the Utian (utiats’i) tribe lived, and was later applied to the larger province.[6] It is identified with the place namesOtene inPtolemy'sGeography,Otenon in the LatinRavenna Cosmography,[7]Otena byPliny,[8] andŪdh in the Arabic historyFutuh al-Buldan byal-Baladhuri.[7] It may also be identifiable with the land calledOuitia byStrabo,[9] although others have placed Strabo's Ouitia on the northwestern[10] or southern shore of the Caspian Sea.[11] According toRobert H. Hewsen, the name of Utik is likely connected with the ethnonymsOutioi, mentioned byHerodotus,Ouitioi, mentioned by Strabo,[b] andUdini, mentioned by Pliny.[7] Pliny also mentions a group called theUti, which suggests that this is a separate group from the Udini,[13] and theUtidorsi, whose name is thought to be a combination ofUti andAorsi, another group.[14] Wolfgang Schulze writes thatOtene andUti(k) are not necessarily related and may refer to two distinct regions.Udi-/Uti- may be an old toponym referring to the lowlands between theKura River, theArax, and the mountains ofKarabakh.[13] The place name is related to the name of theUdi people, who live in the South Caucasus today north of the Kura,[7] mainly in the village ofNij in Azerbaijan (see thePopulation section below).[15] Later, Utik and neighboringArtsakh were known asKarabakh,[16] with the territory of Utik forming the lowland or steppe part of Karabakh.[17] Its territory also overlapped with the region known asArran,[18] which in its strict sense referred to the area between the Kur and Arax rivers and in its broader sense encompassed the eastern South Caucasus.[19]
According to the Armenian geographyAshkharhatsuyts (attributed toAnania Shirakatsi, 7th century), Utik was the twelfth of the fifteen provinces (ashkharhs) ofGreater Armenia, but belonged, at the time, toCaucasian Albania; the provinces of Utik and Artsakh had been lost by Armenia after its partition in the 4th century.[20] According toAshkharatsuyts, Utik consisted of eight districts (gavar’s in Armenian): Aran-rot (in the valley of the river Goranchay), Tri (laterJraberd, in the valley of the riverTartar), Rot-Parsean (possibly around the confluence of the Kura and Arax or between the Trtu/Tartar and Khachen/Khachinchay), Aghve (Ałuē, around modernGülüstan), Tus-Kustak (around Tavush fortress, modernTovuz),Gardman (modernQazax District),Shakashen (around modernGanja), and Uti Arandznak or Ut-rostak ('Uti Proper').[21] The province was bounded by the Kura River from the north and east, separating it from Albania.[5] In the southeast, the river Arax divided it fromPaytakaran. It was bounded byArtsakh from the west, with the border between the two extending along the foothills of the Karabakh Mountains.[22] Although theAshkharhatsuyts only mentions Utik's districts, the province was actually divided into three principalities:[7] Utik (consisting of the districts of Uti Arandznak, Aghve, and possibly Tri and Rot-Parsean),Gardman (consisting of the districts of Gardman and Tus-Kustak), andShakashen (consisting of the districts of Shakashen and Tus-Kustak).[9] It is unknown whether this reflects some Albanian or Armenian administrative situation (for example, the primacy of the princes of Utik over the other two) or the decision of the author of theAshkharhatsuyts to merge the principalities into one province for simplicity's sake.[23] Additionally, the districts of Tri and Rot-Parsean may have formed a separate principality of the Gargarians during the Arsacid period.[9]
Utik was the site of the settlement of Khaghkhagh, whichAgathangelos calls the "winter quarters of the Armenian kings" but whichElishe andMovses Kaghankatvatsi call the quarters of the Albanian kings.[24] Its location is uncertain.[c] Yeremian places the city of Ainiana, mentioned by Strabo as being located in Ouitia, at the site of modernAghdam, but, in Hewsen's view, this is also uncertain. Utik was the site of a settlement called Tigranakert, built byTigranes I in the 2nd–1st century BC. It may have been located in Gardman in the valley of theShamkir (Shamkor) River.[9]Tigranakert of Artsakh is placed in Utik in some sources.[9][5][1] The city of Partaw (near today'sBarda) was built in the province in the 5th century and grew into a major commercial center in the following centuries.[27] The city of Baylakan was built there under the Sasanian kingKavad I.[5] After the Arab conquests, the city of Ganja was built in the region in the 9th century, possibly on the site of a preexisting town.[28]
The territory of Utik was controlled by theAchaemenid Empire. Herodotus reports that the Outians were located in the fourteenth satrapy of that empire and that they formed part of the Persian army together with the Mykoi atDoriscus.[7] The Outians and the Mykoi, identified with the Yutiya and Maka of Achaemenid inscriptions, may have been migrants from southeastern Iran,[29] although, according to another view, these groups were only ever located in southeastern Iran.[30] According to Hewsen, Utik seems to have been part of the satrapy ofMedia and the succeeding kingdom ofMedia Atropatene until the 2nd century BC,[7] when, according to Strabo,Artaxias I of Greater Armenia conquered the lands of Syunik[d] andCaspiane and the lands that lay between them, i.e., Utik andArtsakh.[33] Some Armenian scholars like Babken Harutiunian[9][5] and Asatur Mnatsakanian[33] believe that Syunik and Utik were already controlled by Armenia under theOrontid dynasty and were reconquered by Artaxias I, but Hewsen writes that there is no evidence to support this claim.[9][e]
Utik remained a part of Armenia for some 500 years after Artaxias's conquest,[7] although the Armenian-Albanian boundary along the Kura River was often overrun by armies of both countries.[4] It was lost as a result of theRoman–Persian peace of 363 AD, but, according to the author ofBuzandaran Patmut’iwnk’, in 370 AD the ArmeniansparapetMushegh Mamikonian defeated the Albanians and restored the frontier back to the river Kura.[24] In 387 AD,[24] theSassanid Empire helped the Albanians to seize from the Kingdom of Armenia a number of provinces, including Utik.[4] Although there is some evidence that suggests that Utik remained a part of the Persian-controlled kingdom of Armenia even after 387, it was definitely incorporated into Albania after the abolition of the Armenian kingdom in 428.[35]
In the middle of the 5th century, by the order of the Persian kingPeroz I, the kingVache of Caucasian Albania built in Utik the city initially called Perozapat, and later Partaw and Barda, and made it the capital of Caucasian Albania. (Partaw may have existed previously as a town or a village by that name.)[27] According to another view, Peroz I constructed the city himself after deposing the ruling family of Albania.[36] The princes of Utik, who formed part of the Armenian nobility, remained as rulers the province under Albanian and, later, Arab rule. After the fall of the Albanian kingdom in the early 6th century, it was not the princes of Utik, however, but those of Gardman who became the dominant princes of Albania. They were recognized as Presiding Princes of Albania by the Byzantine emperor Heraclius in 628 and remained in this position until 822. In 922, Utik was annexed by theBagratid kingdom of Armenia, but this included only part of the province's historical territory. According toCyril Toumanoff, the descendants of the princes of Utik were present in southern Artsakh as late as the 11th century.[7]
According to many scholars, the nameUtik derives from the name of the ancient Udis/Utis, who, in their view, lived on both sides of the Kura[37] or were a distinct tribe related to the Caucasian Albanian tribes living on the right side of the Kura.[38] The ancient Udis/Utis have traditionally been considered the ancestors of the modern-day Udi people,[39] who speak aLezgic language closely related to (but possibly not directly descended from) theCaucasian Albanian language.[40] However, different views exist about the exact relationship between the ancient groups called some variation ofUdi/Uti, the modern-day Udis, and the toponymUtik. Schulze has suggested that the ethnonyms derive from a much older, possibly descriptive toponym referring to the lowlands between the Kura River, the Arax, and the mountains of Karabakh and that Udi/Uti did not necessarily refer to any specific ethnic group, but rather the inhabitants of that region. As for the modern-day Udis, Schulze writes that "[t]he fact that today the Udis name themselves udi- is perhaps related to the adaption of the ethnonymic tradition in the former Uti region [i.e., Utik]."[41] Alexan Hakobyan considers it likely thatUdi/Uti was a common term among speakers ofNortheast Caucasian languages used to designate one's own or a different group (like *arya and*an-arya among Iranian peoples), hence why it was apparently applied to a number of Lezgic-speaking groups or their neighbors. He hypothesizes that the province received its name because of its proximity to the Utis/Udis on the other side of the Kura, or because a distinct Lezgic-speaking people by that name had once lived there and had been Armenized.[42]
Differing views exist about the timing of the presence of Armenians in Utik. The issue has occupied a prominent place in the disputes between Armenian and Azerbaijani scholars about the history of Caucasian Albania and the historical eastern regions of Armenia. In 1958, Yeremian expressed the view that the people of Utik came under Armenian rule in the 2nd century BC and were assimilated into the Armenians by the 4th–6th centuries AD, but subsequent works by Armenian scholars have argued that Armenians inhabited the right bank of the Kura from a much earlier period.[39] Aleksan Hakobyan argues that Utik was wholly Armenian from at least the 4th century BC.[43]Bagrat Ulubabyan asserts that the people of Utik were not Armenized but were simply Armenians. This latter view has been criticized by some other Armenian scholars such as Paruyr Muradyan.[39] The early Armenian historianMovses Khorenatsi writes that the princes of Utik descended fromSisak, a descendant of the legendary Armenian progenitorHayk and the reputed ancestor of theprinces of Syunik.[44] While some Armenian scholars interpret this as an indication of the Armenian origin of the princes, Toumanoff argues that this merely indicates that they had ruled the area since time immemorial.[45] Regarding the Arsacid period, Hewsen writes that "[i]t seems likely that except for Siwnik', eastern Armenia was not much more than armenized, if that" and that the Utians were "almost certainly a Caucasian tribe."[9] Historian Tim Greenwood writes that by the time of the composition of theAshkharhatsuyts (c. 7th century), Utik, along with the provinces of Artsakh and Gugark, were no longer administratively part of Armenia but "they were evidently remembered as once having been Armenian and may have still contained communities who thought of themselves and the settlements they occupied as Armenian."[46]
According to Babken Harutiunian, under Arab rule a large part of the Armenian population of Utik left for Artsakh or was concentrated in the western part of the province. The territory of western Utik was the site of many important centers of medieval Armenian culture and learning, such as the monastic schools ofKhoranashat and Kayenadzor. Several important medieval Armenian scholars hailed from this region, such asVanakan Vardapet andKirakos Gandzaketsi. Later, in the 17th and 18th centuries, Armenians largely left the flatlands of historical Utik for nearby mountainous areas and foothills, as well as the urban center of Ganja.[5]
The more or less self-interested loyalty of the Albanians explains why the Sasanians helped them to seize from the Armenians the provinces (or districts) of Uti (with the towns of Xałxał and Pʿartaw), Šakašēn, Kołṭʿ, Gardman, and Arcʿax. (...) These territories were to remain in the possession of Albania; a reconquest by Mušeł (cf. Pʿawstos, ibid.) was unlikely.
[...] ряд исследователей полагает, что население Арцаха и Утик'а, до того, как утратило собственный язык и арменизировалось, было родственно албанским племенам левобережья, представляя собой отдельное племя [...][(...) a number of researchers believe that the population of Artsakh and Utik, before they lost their own language and became Armenian, were related to the Albanian tribes of the left bank, themselves being a separate tribe (...)]
Historical regions ofCaucasian Albania | ||
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