| Urban district | |
|---|---|
 Map of urban districts, administrative counties, county boroughs, municipal boroughs and rural districts in England in 1971. Urban districts are shown in normal (rather than bold or italic) type. | |
| Category | Local government district |
| Location | England and Wales |
| Found in | Administrative county |
| Created by | Local Government Act 1894 |
| Created |
|
| Abolished by | |
| Abolished |
|
| Government |
|
InEngland and Wales, anurban district was a type of local government district that covered an urbanised area. Urban districts had an electedurban district council (UDC), which shared local government responsibilities with acounty council.
InEngland and Wales, urban districts andrural districts were created in 1894 by theLocal Government Act 1894 (56 & 57 Vict. c. 73) as subdivisions ofadministrative counties.[1] A similar model ofurban and rural districts was also established in Ireland in 1899, which continued separately in Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland after 1921.
They replaced the earlier system of urban and ruralsanitary districts (based onpoor law unions) whose functions were taken over by the district councils. The district councils also had wider powers over local matters such as parks, cemeteries and local planning.[2] An urban district usually contained a singleparish, while a rural district might contain many. Urban districts were considered to have more problems withpublic health than rural areas, and so urban district councils had more funding and greater powers than comparable rural districts.[1]
Urban districts normally covered smaller towns, usually with populations of fewer than 30,000. When the 1894 Act came into force on 31 December 1894 there had been 753 urban districts, of which 692 had previously beenlocal government districts, 30 had beenimprovement commissioners districts and 31 were places newly given urban powers in 1894. The number of urban districts initially increased after 1894 as more places sought urban powers, but implementation of the recommendations of a series of county reviews as established by theLocal Government Act 1929 saw a net decrease of 159 between 1932 and 1938. In many instances smaller urban districts were merged with their surrounding rural districts, with the result that new districts emerged covering rural as well as urban parishes.[1] At the same time, a number of larger urban districts becamemunicipal boroughs (as already created, in 1835 under theMunicipal Corporations Act 1835): these had a slightly higher status and the right to appoint amayor.
Urban districts in the outer London area were absorbed intoLondon Boroughs in 1965 as a consequence of theLondon Government Act 1963. All remaining urban districts in England and Wales were abolished in 1974 by theLocal Government Act 1972, and replaced with a uniform system of larger districts – seeDistricts of England andDistricts of Wales – which often covered both urban and rural areas. Manyparish councils in England were created for towns previously covered by urban districts and, as a result of subsequent legislation, all urban and rural areas in Wales are today covered by 870communities as sub-entities of 22 unitary authorities (orprincipal areas).