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Urban-type settlement[note 1] is an official designation for lesser urbanized settlements, used in severalCentral and Eastern European countries. The term was primarily used in theSoviet Union and later also for a short time insocialist Bulgaria andsocialist Poland. It remains in use today in nine of thepost-Soviet states.
The designation was used in all 15 member republics of the Soviet Union from 1922. It was introduced later inPoland (1954) andBulgaria (1964). All the urban-type settlements in Poland were transformed into other types of settlement (town or village) in 1972. In Bulgaria and five of the post-Soviet republics (Armenia,Moldova, and the threeBaltic states), they were changed in the early 1990s, while Ukraine followed suit in 2023.[1][2] Today, this term is still used in the other nine post-Soviet republics –Azerbaijan,Belarus,Georgia,Kazakhstan,Kyrgyzstan,Russia,Tajikistan,Turkmenistan,Uzbekistan. It is also used inTransnistria, an unrecognised breakaway state in Moldova.
What counts as an urban-type settlement differs between time periods and countries and often between different divisions of a single country. However, the criteria generally focus on the presence of urban infrastructure or resort facilities for urban residents.
In theSoviet Union, the criteria of urban-type settlements were set independently by the Soviet republics. Those criteria, however, only differed very slightly from one republic to another.[citation needed]
In theRussian SFSR, urban-type settlements were subdivided into three types:
In 1981, the Presidium of theVerkhovna Rada of theUkrainian SSR defined an urban-type settlement as follows:[3]"To the category of an urban-type settlement may be included any settlement located near industrial enterprises, buildings, railroad connections, hydro-technical constructions, and enterprises in production and refining of agrarian products as well as settlements that include higher or middle occupation educational establishments, science-researching institutions,sanatoria, and other stationary treatment and recreation establishments that have a state housing provided to no less than 2,000 inhabitants.[4]
The term was introduced in Ukraine in 1920s and became official since the resolution of theCentral Executive Committee of Ukraine of October 28, 1925 replacing all towns (mistechko) as urban-type settlement.[5]
As of 2011, there were 256 urban-type settlements inAzerbaijan.[6]
According to a 1998 law ofBelarus,[7] there are three categories of urban-type settlement in the country:
As of 2014, there were 47 urban-type settlements inGeorgia. Eight of them are located on the territory of the partially recognized states ofAbkhazia andSouth Ossetia and are de facto not under the control of the Georgian government.
As of 2019, there were 48 urban-type settlements inKazakhstan.[8]
In accordance with the 2008 Law on Administrative and Territorial Subdivision ofKyrgyzstan,[9] urban-type settlements are those that comprise economically significant facilities such as industrial plants, railway stations, construction sites, etc., as well as settlements with a recreational potential with population of at least 2,000. In exceptional cases, administrative, economic and cultural centers with a potential of economical development and population growth can be classified as urban-type settlements.
In modernRussia, the task of deciding whether an inhabited locality meets the criteria of urban-type settlements is delegated to thefederal subjects. In most cases, the federal subject's legislative body is responsible for all administrative and territorial changes, including granting and revoking of the urban-type settlement and town status.[10]
Apart from being used to refer to atype of inhabited locality, the term "urban-type settlement" and its variations is also used to refer to a division of anadministrative district, and sometimes to a division administratively subordinated to acity district of acity of federal subject significance. This kind of administrative division is equal in status to thetowns of district significance andselsoviets, and is normally centered on an inhabited locality with urban-type settlement status. As of 2013, the following types of such entities are recognized:
As of January 1, 2018, there were 57 urban-type settlements inTajikistan.
As of February 1, 2016, there were 76 urban-type settlements inTurkmenistan.[11]
As of January 1, 2011, 1,065 settlements have urban-type settlement status inUzbekistan.[12]
Urban-type settlements existed in Armenia until the 1990s. Currently, all of them have been converted into cities or villages.
In Estonia, the urban-type settlements were created in 1945 during theEstonian SSR. In the 1990s most of them were transformed into cities.[13]
The urban-type settlements existed in Latvia from 1949 to 1993, when they were converted into cities and rural settlements.
Lithuania formerly used the urban-type settlement (Lithuanian:miesto tipo gyvenvietė,m.t.g.) system until 1995.
In Bulgaria, the first urban-type settlements (Bulgarian: селище от градски тип) were formed in 1964. In the 1990s they were transformed into villages and cities.
The urban-type settlement system was used on the territory of Moldova since 1924. In the 1990s they were converted either into cities or rural settlements.[14] The disputed and unrecognized Transnistria continues to use this system.
The urban-type settlements (Polish:osiedle typu miejskiego) were used in thePolish People's Republic from 1954 to 1972. Nowadays, Poland has cities, villages and settlements.[15][16]
Grandfathered from theUkrainian SSR, Ukraine formerly used the urban-type settlement (Ukrainian: селище міського типу, с.м.т.) system until 2023.[17] On 24 October 2023PresidentVolodymyr Zelenskyy signed Law No. 8263 that abolished the concepts of "urban-type settlement" inUkraine.[2][18] The law came into an effect on January 26, 2024.[19] Since then, settlements that belonged to the category ofurban-type settlements have been classified assettlements (Ukrainian: селище).[20] The law also redefined the status of settlement, which along with a village is considered a rural populated place, but unlike a village is more populated and maybe somewhat urbanized. The law was meant to facilitate "de-Sovietization of the procedure for solving certain issues of the administrative and territorial system of Ukraine".
In 1991, there were 921 urban-type settlements in Ukraine.
