| Vigna mungo | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Dry urad beans | |
Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Rosids |
| Order: | Fabales |
| Family: | Fabaceae |
| Subfamily: | Faboideae |
| Genus: | Vigna |
| Species: | V. mungo |
| Binomial name | |
| Vigna mungo | |
| Synonyms[1] | |
| |
Theblack gram orurad bean[a] (Vigna mungo) is abean grown inSouth Asia. Like its relative themung bean, it has been reclassified from thePhaseolus to theVigna genus. The product sold as black gram is usually the whole urad bean, whereas the split bean (the interior being white) is calledwhite lentil. It should not be confused with the much smaller true blacklentil (Lens culinaris).
Black gram originated inSouth Asia, where it has been in cultivation from ancient times and is one of the most highly prizedpulses ofIndia. It is very widely used inIndian cuisine. In India the black gram is one of the important pulses grown in bothKharif andRabi seasons. This crop is extensively grown in the southern part ofIndia and the northern part ofBangladesh andNepal. In Bangladesh and Nepal it is known as mash daal. It is a populardaal (legume) side dish in South Asia that goes withcurry and rice as a platter. Black gram has also been introduced to other tropical areas such as theCaribbean,Fiji,Mauritius,Myanmar andAfrica mainly by Indian immigrants during theIndian indenture system.
It is an erect, suberect or trailing, densely hairy, annual bush. The tap root produces a branched root system with smooth, roundednodules. The pods are narrow, cylindrical and up to six centimetres long. The plant grows 30–100 cm with large hairy leaves and 4–6 cm seed pods.[2] While the urad dal was, along with themung bean, originally placed inPhaseolus, it has since been transferred toVigna.[citation needed]
Vigna mungo is popular in Northern India, largely used to makedal from the whole or split, dehusked seeds. The bean is boiled and eaten whole or, after splitting, made intodal; prepared like this it has an unusualmucilaginous texture.
Its usage is quite common in Dogra Cuisine ofJammu andLower Himachal region. The key ingredient ofDal Maddhra orMaah Da Maddhra dish served inDogri Dhaam of Jammu isVigna mungo lentil.[3] Similarly, another dishTeliya Maah popular in Jammu & Kangra uses this lentil.[4] Traditionally, Vigna Mungo Lentil is used for preparingDogra styleKhichdi during Panj Bhikham andMakar Sankranti festival in Jammu and Lower Himachal. Besides, fermented Vigna Mungo paste is also used to prepareLakhnapuri Bhalle orLakhanpuri Laddu ( a popular street food of Jammu region).
InUttarakhand Cuisine,Vigna mungo is used for preparing traditional dish calledChainsu orChaisu.
InNorth Indian cuisine, it is used as an ingredient ofDal makhani, which is a Modern restaurant style adaptation of TraditionalSabut Urad Dal of Northern India.
In Bengal, it is used inkalai ruti,biulir dal. In Rajasthan, It is one of the ingredients ofPanchmel dal which is usually consumed withbati. In Pakistan, it is called Dhuli Mash ki daal[5] and used to makeladdu Pethi walay andBhalla.
It is also extensively used inSouth Indian culinary preparations. Black gram is one of the key ingredients in makingidli anddosa batter, in which one part of black gram is mixed with three or four parts of idli rice to make the batter.Vada or udid vada also contain black gram and are made from soaked batter and deep-fried in cooking oil. The dough is also used in makingpapadum, in which white lentils are usually used.
In the Telugu states, it is eaten as a sweet in the form of laddoos called Sunnundallu or MinapaSunnundallu.
| Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Energy | 1,427 kJ (341 kcal) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
58.99 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Sugars | 0 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Dietary fiber | 18.3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1.64 g | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
25.21 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other constituents | Quantity | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Water | 10.8 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| †Percentages estimated usingUS recommendations for adults,[6] except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation fromthe National Academies.[7] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
It contains high levels of protein (25 g/100 g dry weight), potassium (983 mg/100 g), calcium (138 mg/100 g), iron (7.57 mg/100 g), niacin (1.447 mg/100 g), thiamine (0.273 mg/100 g), and riboflavin (0.254 mg/100 g).[8] Black gram complements the essential amino acids provided in most cereals and plays an important role in the diets of the people of Nepal and India.[2] Black gram is also very high in folate (628 μg/100 g raw, 216 μg/100 g cooked).[9]
Inmedieval India, this bean was used in a technique to facilitate makingcrucibles impermeable.[10]
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Vigna mungo is known by various names across South and Southeast Asia. Its name in most languages of India derives from Proto-Dravidian*uẓ-untu-, borrowed intoSanskrit asuḍida:[11]
Its name in selected Indic languages, however, derives from Sanskritmasa (माष) :
Other names include:
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Pant Urd 31 (PU-31)Lam Black Gram 884 (LBG 884)Trombay Urd (TU 40)
Mutant varieties:CO-1 and Sarla.Spring season varieties:Prabha and AKU-4.First urad bean variety developed in – T9(1948).
