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Ur-Nanshe

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This article is about the king of Lagash. For the Mariote singer with the same name, seeOrnina.

King of Lagash

Ur-Nanshe 𒌨𒀭𒀏
Ur-Nanshe, seated, wearing flounced skirt. The text to the right of his head reads "Ur-Nanshe" (𒌨𒀭𒀏, UR-NAN). The text in front of him reads "Boats from the land ofDilmun carried the wood" (𒈣𒆳𒋫𒄘𒄑𒈬-𒅅,ma₂ dilmun kur-ta gu₂giš mu-gal₂).^[1]^[2]^[3] Limestone, Early Dynastic III (2550–2500 BC). Found in Telloh (ancient city of Girsu).Louvre Museum.
King of Lagash
Reign	c. 2520 BC
Predecessor	PossiblyLugal-sha-engur
Successor	PossiblyAkurgal

Spouse	Possibly Abda^[4] Menbara-abzu^[5]
Issue	Akurgal Lugal-ezem Anekura Mukur...ta Anunpa Menusu Adatur^[4]
Dynasty	1st Dynasty of Lagash
Father	Gunidu

Ur-Nanshe (Sumerian:𒌨𒀭𒀏,UR-NANŠE;fl. c. 2520 BC) alsoUr-Nina, was the first king of the First Dynasty of Lagash in theSumerian Early Dynastic Period III. He is known through inscriptions to have commissioned many building projects, including canals and temples, in the state of Lagash,^[1] and defending Lagash from its rival stateUmma.^[6] He was probably not from royal lineage, being the son of Gunidu (𒄖𒉌𒁺) who was recorded without an accompanying royal title.^[6]^[7] He was the father ofAkurgal, who succeeded him, and grandfather ofEannatum.^[7] Eannatum expanded the kingdom of Lagash by defeating Umma as illustrated in theStele of the Vultures and continued the building and renovation of Ur-Nanshe's original buildings.^[8]

He ascended afterLugalshaengur (lugal-ša-engur), who was theensi, or high priest of Lagash, and is only known from the macehead inscription ofMesilim.^[9]

Temples

[edit]

According tothe Perforated Relief of King Ur-Nanshe, temples attributed to Ur-Nanshe includeNingirsu's temple inGirsu,Nanshe's temple inNina, and Apsubanda.^[1] He is known to have originally built the Ibgal ofInanna, because of Eanatum's honorary inscriptions left after temple renovation.^[8] The Ibgal of Inanna is located in modern-day al-Hiba (ancient city of Lagash). An oval wall surrounds the main mud brick temple and it is located on the southwest edge of the city. This placement within the city is different because temples were usually centrally positioned in ancient Sumer.^[8]

Inscriptions

[edit]

Ur-Nanshe has left behind many inscriptions and plaques that depict him, his family, and court.^[6]

The Perforated Relief

[edit]

Votive relief of Ur-Nanshe, king of Lagash, with his sons and dignitaries. Limestone, Early Dynastic III (2550–2500 BC). Found in Telloh (ancient city of Girsu)^[10]^[11]^[4]Louvre Museum.

Lagash

class=notpageimage|

Location ofLagash

ThePerforated Relief of King Ur-Nanshe is on display at theLouvre. The king is portrayed as a builder of temples and canals, thus a preserver of order perceived to be bestowed upon them by the gods.^[1] It is a perforated limestone slab that was probably part of a wall as a votive decoration and is inscribed in Sumerian:

𒌨𒀭𒀏 / 𒈗 / 𒉢𒁓𒆷 / 𒌉𒄖𒉌𒁺 / 𒌉𒄥𒊬 / 𒂍𒀭𒊩𒌆𒄈𒋢 𒈬𒆕 / 𒍪𒀊𒌉𒁕 𒈬𒆕 / 𒂍𒀭𒀏 𒈬𒆕
Ur-Nanshe / lugal / Lagash / dumu Gunidu / dumu Gurmu/ e2 Ningirsu mu-du3 / abzu-banda3da mu-du3 / e2^Dnanshe mu-du3
“Ur-Nanshe, king of Lagash, son of Gunidu, son of Gurmu, built the temple of Ningirsu, built Apsubanda, built the temple of Nanshe.”

— Dedication inscription of Ur-Nanshe (top left corner)^[1]^[4]

The carved illustration is in two registers, top and bottom, both depicting Ur-Nanshe in different roles as king. In the top register he is dressed in akaunakes (tufted wool skirt), carrying a basket of bricks on his head while surrounded by other Lagash elite, his wife, and seven of his sons^[10] (though it is possible female figure is instead the king's daughter^[12]). Inscriptions on their respective garments identify each person. On the bottom register, Ur-Nanshe is at a banquet, which is to celebrate the building of the temple. He is seated on a throne wearing the same outfit as the top register surrounded by other court members. In both registers Ur-Nanshe is shown usinghierarchical proportion in which he is considerably larger than everyone surrounding him.^[1]

A part of the inscriptions, in front of the seated king, reads: “Boats from the (distant) land ofDilmun carried the wood (for him)”.^[1] This is the oldest known written record of Dilmun and importation of goods intoMesopotamia.^[6]

The relief at time of discovery
Ur-Nanshe on the relief. He is also depicted wearing a basket for the construction of a temple.
Inscription in front of Ur-Nanshe: "The ships of Dilmun, from the foreign lands, brought him wood as a tribute" (𒈣𒆳𒋫𒄘𒄑𒈬-𒅅,ma₂ dilmun kur-ta gu₂giš mu-gal₂).^[13]^[6]^[1]
Ur-Nanshe's sonAkurgal (𒀀𒆳𒃲) on the relief
Perforated relief of Ur-Nanshe at the Ancient Orient Museum, Istanbul, Turkey. Very similar to the Louvre's plaque. From Girsu, Iraq^[14]

Door socket

[edit]

An inscribed door socket from Ur-Nanshe is also known, now in theLouvre Museum. The full inscription of the door socket has been translated as:

"Ur-Nanshe, the king of Lagash, the son of Gunidu, the son of Gurmu, built the house ofNingirsu; built the house ofNanshe; built the house ofGatumdug; built the harem; built the house ofNinmar. The ships ofDilmun brought him wood as a tribute from foreign lands. He built theIbgal; built theKinir; built the scepter (?)-house."

— Inscription on the perforated relief of Ur-Nanshe.^[16]^[17]

The door socket of Ur-Nanshe at the time of discovery
"The ships ofDilmun, from the foreign lands, brought him (Ur-Nanshe) wood as a tribute (?)" (𒈣𒆳𒋫𒄘𒄑𒈬-𒅅,ma₂ dilmun kur-ta gu₂giš mu-gal₂). Door socket of Ur-Nanshe.^[18]^[19]

The Plaque of Ur Nanshe

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Plaque of Ur-Nanshe, King of Lagash, with his sons and a cup bearer.Louvre Museum.^[11]^[20]

The Plaque of Ur Nanshe is a limestone plaque currently located at the Louvre Museum that honors Ur Nanshe. The figures displayed are the king and his court standing rigid and wide eyed, paying homage to the god Nanshe. They are dressed inkaunakes with their hands clasped together over their chest. Hierarchical scale of the king and the use ofcuneiform on the figures to identify them^[21] are employed as in the Perforated Relief.

𒌨𒀭𒀏 / 𒈗 / 𒉢𒁓𒆷 / 𒌉𒄖𒉌𒁺 / 𒂍𒀭𒊩𒌆𒄈𒋢 / 𒈬𒆕
Ur-Nanshe / lugal / Lagash / dumu Gunidu / E-Ningirsu / mudu
"Ur-Nanshe, king of Lagash, son of Gunidu, built the temple ofNingirsu"

— Inscription on the plaque of Ur-Nanshe.Louvre Museum.^[11]^[20]

Plaque of Ur-Nanshe at time of discovery
Ur-Nanshe himself
Akurgal (𒀀𒆳𒃲) as a child in the limestone votive relief of Ur-Nanshe

Additional inscriptions

[edit]

Ur-Nanshe inscription

"Ur-Nanshe"
𒌨𒀭𒀏

King of
𒈗

"Lagash"
𒉢𒁓𒆷

Fragmentary stele bearing from right to left the inscription "Ur-Nanshe/ King of/ Lagash/ son of Gunidu/ toNingirsu..." (Louvre)

There are many other inscriptions found by or mentioning Ur-Nanshe. Some of them include a listing of rulers of Lagash and a hymn to Nanshe.^[6]

Excerpt from Ruler of Lagash:

“Ur-Nanše, the son of ......, who built the E-Sirara, her temple of happiness and Niĝin, her beloved city, acted for 1080 years. Ane-tum, the son of Ur-Nanše”^[22]

Excerpt from A Hymn to Nanshe:

“There is perfection in the presence of the lady. Lagaš thrives in abundance in the presence of Nanše. She chose the šennu in her holy heart and seated Ur-Nanše, the beloved lord of Lagaš, on the throne. She gave the lofty scepter to the shepherd.”^[23]

Tablet of Ur-Nanshe (Urn 24): "Ur-Nanshe, King of Lagash, son of Gunidu, the son of Gurmu, built the house ofNanshe, fashioned (the statue of) Nanshe (...) Boats from the land of Dilmun carried the wood".^[24]^[25]^[26]
"The ships of Dilmun, from the foreign lands, brought him (Ur-Nanshe) wood as a tribute (?)" (𒈣𒆳𒋫𒄘𒄑𒈬-𒅅,ma₂ dilmun kur-ta gu₂giš mu-gal₂). Tablet of Ur-Nanshe (Urn 24).^[27]^[24]^[25]^[26]
Inscription in the name of Ur-Nanshe, an incantation to the reed and toEnki, before the foundation of theGirsu sanctuary for godNingirsu.^[28]^[29]
GoddessShul-utul, foundation peg, with inscription "Ur-Nanshe, King of Lagash, son of Gunidu, built the shrine Girsu", probably Girsu, Tell Telloh, Iraq, mid 3rd millennium BCE. Harvard Semitic Museum, Cambridge, MA
"Akurgal king of Lagash, son of Ur-Nanshe" (𒀀𒆳𒃲𒈗 𒉢𒁓𒆷𒆠 𒌉 𒌨𒀭𒀏) on theStele of the Vultures^[30]^[31]
Votive relief of Ur-Nanshe, king of Lagash, representing the bird-godAnzû (or Im-dugud) as a lion-headed eagle. Alabaster, Early Dynastic III (2550–2500 BC). Found in Telloh, ancient city of Girsu.
Temple foundation figurine in the name of Ur-Nanshe. Inscription "Ur-Nanshe, King of Lagash, has built the shrine ofGirsu". British Museum, BM 96565.^[32]^[33]
Stele of Ur-Nanshe with goddess Nisaba, ruler of Lagash, from Lagash, Iraq, 26th century BCE. Iraq Museum.

References

[edit]

^^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^hLouvre Archived 2017-12-01 at theWayback Machine Pouysségur, Patrick , ed. "Perforated Relief of King Ur-Nanshe." Louvre Museum. Louvre Museum. Web. 13 Mar 2013.
^Transliteration:"CDLI-Found Texts".cdli.ucla.edu.
^Similar text:"CDLI-Found Texts".cdli.ucla.edu.
^^a ^b ^c ^d"CDLI-Found Texts".cdli.ucla.edu.
^"CDLI-Found Texts".cdli.ucla.edu.
^^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^fCDLI Wiki University of Oxford, 14 Jan 2010. Web. 13 Mar 2013.
^^a ^bVan De Mieroop, Marc (2004).A History of the Ancient Near East: Ca. 3000-323 BC. Wiley. pp. 50–51.ISBN 9780631225522.
^^a ^b ^cHansen, Donald "Royal Building Activity at Sumerian Lagash in the Early Dynastic Period." Biblical Archaeologist. 55.4 (1992): 206-11. Print.
^"CDLI-Found Texts".cdli.ucla.edu.
^^a ^bFinegan, Jack (2019).Archaeological History Of The Ancient Middle East. Routledge. p. 44.ISBN 978-0-429-72638-5.
^^a ^b ^cThomas, Ariane; Potts, Timothy (2020).Mesopotamia: Civilization Begins. Getty Publications. p. 164.ISBN 978-1-60606-649-2.
^Podany, Amanda (2002).Weavers, Scribes, and Kings: A New History of the Ancient Middle East. Oxford University Press. p. 70.ISBN 978-0190059040.
^"CDLI-Found Texts".cdli.ucla.edu.
^"RIME 1.09.01.05, ex. 01".Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative. Retrieved27 January 2021.
^Kramer, Samuel Noah (2010).The Sumerians: Their History, Culture, and Character. University of Chicago Press. p. 308, Door socket.ISBN 978-0-226-45232-6.
^Kramer, Samuel Noah (2010).The Sumerians: Their History, Culture, and Character. University of Chicago Press. p. 308 #6.ISBN 978-0-226-45232-6.
^Full transcription:"CDLI-Found Texts".cdli.ucla.edu.
^Full transcription:"CDLI-Found Texts".cdli.ucla.edu.
^Kramer, Samuel Noah (2010).The Sumerians: Their History, Culture, and Character. University of Chicago Press. p. 308 #6.ISBN 978-0-226-45232-6.
^^a ^bArt of the First Cities: The Third Millennium B.C. from the Mediterranean to the Indus. Metropolitan Museum of Art. 2003. p. 71.ISBN 978-1-58839-043-1.
^Cole, Karl. "Plaque of Ur Nanshe." SchoolArts. 100.1 (2000): 33. Print.
^E, J. translation : t.2.1.2." rulers of Lagaš (2003): n.pag. Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature. Web. 13 Mar 2013.
^C, G. Translation: t.4.14.1." hymn to Nanše (Nanše A) (2003): n.pag. Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature. Web. 13 Mar 2013.
^^a ^bKramer, Samuel Noah (2010).The Sumerians: Their History, Culture, and Character. University of Chicago Press. p. 308.ISBN 978-0-226-45232-6.
^^a ^bde Sarzec, E. (1892). "Deux Tablettes Archaïques de Tello".Revue d'Assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale.2 (4):146–149.ISSN 0373-6032.JSTOR 23284262.
^^a ^bFull transliteration:"CDLI-Found Texts".cdli.ucla.edu.
^Kramer, Noah (1964)."The Indus civilization and Dilmun"(PDF).Expeditions WWW.penn.museum: 49. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 2021-03-23. Retrieved2020-04-06.
^"Louvre Museum Official Website".cartelen.louvre.fr.
^Full transcription:"CDLI-Archival View".cdli.ucla.edu.
^Sallaberger, Walther; Schrakamp, Ingo (2015).History & Philology(PDF). Walther Sallaberger & Ingo Schrakamp (eds), Brepols. pp. 74–76.ISBN 978-2-503-53494-7.
^Découvertes en Chaldée... / publiées par L. Heuzey . 1ère-4ème livraisons / Ernest de Sarzec - Choquin de Sarzec, Ernest (1832-1901). pp. Plate XL.
^"plaque / figurine".British Museum.
^"CDLI-Archival View".cdli.ucla.edu.

Regnal titles

Preceded by

PossiblyLugalshaengur

King of Lagash
c. 2520 BC

Succeeded by

PossiblyAkurgal

Rulers of theancient Near East

Territories/ dates ^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]	Egypt		Canaan	Ebla	Mari	Kish/ Assur	Akshak/ Akkad	Uruk	Adab	Umma	Lagash	Ur	Elam
4000–3200 BCE	Pre-Dynastic period (4000–3200 BCE) Naqada I Naqada II		Levant Chalcolithic	Pre-Dynastic period (4000–2900 BCE)									Susa I
4000–3200 BCE				Uruk period (4000–3100 BCE) (Anu Ziggurat, 4000 BCE) (Anonymous "King-priests")									Susa II (Uruk influence or control)
3200–3100 BCE	Proto-Dynastic period (Naqada III) Early or legendary kings: Dynasty 0
3200–3100 BCE	Upper Egypt Finger SnailFishPen-AbuStorkBullScorpion IShendjwIry-Hor KaScorpion IINarmer /Menes	Lower Egypt Hedju-HorNy-HorHsekiuKhayuTiuTheshNehebWaznerMekhDouble FalconWash
3100–2900 BCE	Early Dynastic Period First Dynasty of Egypt Narmer Palette Narmer Menes Neithhotep^♀ (regent)Hor-Aha Djer Djet Merneith^♀ (regent)Den Anedjib Semerkhet Qa'aSneferkaHorus Bird		Canaanites	Jemdet Nasr period (3100–2900 BCE)									Proto-Elamite period (Susa III) (3100–2700 BCE)
2900 BCE	Second Dynasty of Egypt Hotepsekhemwy Nebra/Raneb NynetjerBaNubneferHorus SaWeneg-NebtyWadjenesSenedjSeth-Peribsen Sekhemib-PerenmaatNeferkare INeferkasokarHudjefa IKhasekhemwy			Early Dynastic Period I (2900–2700 BCE)
2900 BCE				First Eblaite Kingdom	First kingdom of Mari	Kish I dynasty Jushur,Kullassina-bel Nangishlishma, En-tarah-ana Babum,Puannum,Kalibum
2800 BCE						Kalumum Zuqaqip Atab Mashda Arwium Etana Balih En-me-nuna Melem-Kish Barsal-nuna		Uruk I dynasty Meshkiangasher
2800 BCE								Enmerkar ("conqueror ofAratta")
2700 BCE				Early Dynastic Period II (2700–2600 BCE)
						Zamug,Tizqar,Ilku Iltasadum		Lugalbanda Dumuzid, the Fisherman
						Enmebaragesi ("made the land of Elam submit")^[6]
						Aga of Kish		Gilgamesh					Old Elamite period (2700–1500 BCE) Indo-Mesopotamia relations
2600 BCE	Third Dynasty of Egypt Djoser (FirstEgyptian pyramids) Sekhemkhet SanakhtNebkaKhabaQahedjetHuni			Early Dynastic Period III (2600–2340 BCE)
				Sagisu Abur-lim Agur-lim Ibbi-Damu Baba-Damu		Kish II dynasty (5 kings) Uhub Mesilim		Ur-Nungal Udulkalama Labashum			Lagash En-hegal Lugal- shaengur	Ur A-Imdugud Ur-Pabilsag Meskalamdug Puabi Akalamdug
						Kish II dynasty (5 kings) Uhub Mesilim		Enun-dara-anna Mesh-he Melem-ana Lugal-kitun	Adab Nin-kisalsi Me-durba Lugal-dalu		Lagash En-hegal Lugal- shaengur	Ur A-Imdugud Ur-Pabilsag Meskalamdug Puabi Akalamdug
2575 BCE	Old Kingdom of Egypt Fourth Dynasty of Egypt Snefru Khufu Djedefre KhafreBikherisMenkaure ShepseskafThamphthis				Ur I dynasty Mesannepada "King of Ur and Kish", victorious over Uruk
2500 BCE			Phoenicia (2500–539 BCE)		Second kingdom of Mari Ikun-Shamash Iku-Shamagan Ansud Sa'umu Ishtup-Ishar Ikun-Mari Iblul-Il Nizi Enna-Dagan	Kish III dynasty Ku-Baba^♀	Akshak dynasty Unzi Undalulu	Uruk II dynasty Ensha- kushanna	Mug-si	Umma I dynasty Pabilgagaltuku	Lagash I dynasty Ur-Nanshe Akurgal	A'annepada Meskiagnun Elulu Balulu	Awan dynasty Peli Tata Ukkutahesh Hishur
2450 BCE	Fifth Dynasty of Egypt Userkaf Sahure Neferirkare Kakai Neferefre Shepseskare Nyuserre Ini Menkauhor Kaiu Djedkare Isesi Unas			Enar-Damu Ishar-Malik						Ush Enakalle		A'annepada Meskiagnun Elulu Balulu	Awan dynasty Peli Tata Ukkutahesh Hishur
2450 BCE				Enar-Damu Ishar-Malik						Ush Enakalle		Elamite invasions (3 kings)^[6]	Shushun-Tarana Napi-Ilhush
2425 BCE				Kun-Damu		Eannatum (King of Lagash, Sumer, Akkad, conqueror of Elam)
2400 BCE				Adub-Damu Igrish-Halam Irkab-Damu		Kish IV dynasty Puzur-Suen Ur-Zababa	Urur	Lugal-kinishe-dudu Lugal-kisalsi	E-iginimpa'e Meskigal	Ur-Lumma Il Gishakidu (QueenBara-irnun)	Enannatum Entemena Enannatum II Enentarzi	Ur II dynasty Nanni Mesh-ki-ang-Nanna II	Kikku-Siwe-Temti
2380 BCE	Sixth Dynasty of Egypt Teti Userkare Pepi I Merenre Nemtyemsaf I Pepi II Merenre Nemtyemsaf II Netjerkare Siptah			Adab dynasty Lugal-Anne-Mundu "King of the four quarters of the world"
2370 BCE				Isar-Damu	Enna-Dagan Ikun-Ishar Ishqi-Mari	Invasion byMari Anbu, Anba, Bazi, Zizi of Mari, Limer, Sharrum-iter^[6]				Ukush	Lugalanda Urukagina		Luh-ishan
2350 BCE				Isar-Damu	Enna-Dagan Ikun-Ishar Ishqi-Mari		Puzur-Nirah Ishu-Il Shu-Sin	Uruk III dynasty Lugal-zage-si (Governor of Umma, King of all Sumer)					Luh-ishan
2340 BCE					Akkadian Period (2340–2150 BCE)
2340 BCE				Akkadian Empire Sargon of Akkad Rimush Manishtushu									Akkadian Governors: Eshpum Ilshu-rabi Epirmupi Ili-ishmani
2250 BCE				Naram-Sin							Lugal-ushumgal (vassal of the Akkadians)
2200 BCE	First Intermediate Period Seventh Dynasty of Egypt Eighth Dynasty of Egypt Menkare Neferkare II Neferkare Neby Djedkare Shemai Neferkare Khendu Merenhor Neferkamin Nikare Neferkare Tereru Neferkahor Neferkare Pepiseneb Neferkamin Anu Qakare Ibi Neferkaure Neferkauhor Neferirkare			SecondEblaite Kingdom	Third kingdom of Mari (Shakkanakku dynasty) Ididish Shu-Dagan Ishma-Dagan (vassals of the Akkadians)	Shar-Kali-Sharri					Lugal-ushumgal (vassal of the Akkadians)
2200 BCE						Igigi,Imi,Nanum,Ilulu (3 years) Dudu Shu-turul		Uruk IV dynasty Ur-nigin Ur-gigir			Lagash II dynasty Puzer-Mama Ur-Ningirsu I Pirig-me Lu-Baba Lu-gula Ka-ku		Hishep-ratep Helu Khita Puzur-Inshushinak
2150 BCE	Ninth Dynasty of Egypt Meryibre Khety Neferkare VII Nebkaure Khety Setut				Ur III period (2150–2000 BCE)
					Nûr-Mêr Ishtup-Ilum Ishgum-Addu Apil-kin	Gutian dynasty (21 kings) La-erabum Si'um		Kuda (Uruk) Puzur-ili Ur-Utu		Umma II dynasty Lugalannatum (vassal of the Gutians)	Ur-Baba Gudea Ur-Ningirsu Ur-gar Nam-mahani
						Tirigan					Ur-Baba Gudea Ur-Ningirsu Ur-gar Nam-mahani
2125 BCE	Tenth Dynasty of Egypt Meryhathor Neferkare VIII Wahkare Khety Merikare					Uruk V dynasty Utu-hengal
2100 BCE				(Vassals of UR III)	Iddi-ilum Ili-Ishar Tura-Dagan Puzur-Ishtar (vassals of Ur III)^[7]	Ur III dynasty "Kings of Ur, Sumer and Akkad" Ur-Nammu Shulgi Amar-Sin Shu-Sin
2025–1763 BCE				Amorite invasions							Ibbi-Sin	Elamite invasions Kindattu (Shimashki Dynasty)
	Middle Kingdom of Egypt Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt Mentuhotep I Intef I Intef II Intef III Mentuhotep II Mentuhotep III Mentuhotep IV
				Third Eblaite Kingdom (Amorites) Ibbit-Lim Immeya Indilimma	(Amorite Shakkanakkus) Hitial-Erra Hanun-Dagan (...) Lim Dynasty ofMari (Amorites) Yaggid-Lim Yahdun-Lim Yasmah-Adad Zimri-Lim (QueenShibtu)	Old Assyria Puzur-Ashur I Shalim-ahum Ilu-shuma Erishum I Ikunum Sargon I Puzur-Ashur II Naram-Sin Erishum II	Isin-Larsa period (Amorites) Dynasty of Isin:Ishbi-Erra Shu-Ilishu Iddin-Dagan Ishme-Dagan Lipit-Ishtar Ur-Ninurta Bur-Suen Lipit-Enlil Erra-imitti Enlil-bani Zambiya Iter-pisha Ur-du-kuga Suen-magir Damiq-ilishu Dynasty of Larsa:Naplanum Emisum Samium Zabaia Gungunum Abisare Sumuel Nur-Adad Sin-Iddinam Sin-Eribam Sin-Iqisham Silli-Adad Warad-Sin Rim-Sin I (...)Rim-Sîn II Uruk VI dynasty: Alila-hadum Sumu-binasa Naram-Sin of UrukSîn-kāšid Sîn-iribamSîn-gāmil Ilum-gamilAn-am Irdanene Rîm-Anum Nabi-ilišu						Sukkalmah dynasty Siwe-Palar-Khuppak
	Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt Amenemhat I Senusret I Amenemhat II Senusret II Senusret III Amenemhat III Amenemhat IV Sobekneferu^♀
1800–1595 BCE	Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt		Abraham (Biblical) Kings of Byblos Kings of Tyre Kings of Sidon	Yamhad (Yamhad dynasty) (Amorites)	Old Assyria (Shamshi-Adad dynasty 1808–1736 BCE) (Amorites) Shamshi-Adad I Ishme-Dagan I Mut-Ashkur Rimush Asinum Ashur-dugul Ashur-apla-idi Nasir-Sin Sin-namir Ipqi-Ishtar Adad-salulu Adasi (Non-dynastic usurpers 1735–1701 BCE) Puzur-Sin Ashur-dugul Ashur-apla-idi Nasir-Sin Sin-namir Ipqi-Ishtar Adad-salulu Adasi (Adaside dynasty 1700–722 BCE) Bel-bani Libaya Sharma-Adad I Iptar-Sin Bazaya Lullaya Shu-Ninua Sharma-Adad II Erishum III Shamshi-Adad II Ishme-Dagan II Shamshi-Adad III Ashur-nirari I Puzur-Ashur III Enlil-nasir I Nur-ili Ashur-shaduni Ashur-rabi I Ashur-nadin-ahhe I Enlil-Nasir II Ashur-nirari II Ashur-bel-nisheshu Ashur-rim-nisheshu Ashur-nadin-ahhe II		First Babylonian dynasty ("Old Babylonian Period") (Amorites) Sumu-abum Sumu-la-El Sabium Apil-Sin Sin-Muballit Hammurabi Samsu-iluna Abi-Eshuh Ammi-Ditana Ammi-Saduqa Samsu-Ditana Early Kassite rulers				Second Babylonian dynasty ("Sealand Dynasty") Ilum-ma-ili Itti-ili-nibi Damqi-ilishu Ishkibal Shushushi Gulkishar ^mDIŠ+U-EN Peshgaldaramesh Ayadaragalama Akurduana Melamkurkurra Ea-gamil
1800–1595 BCE	Second Intermediate Period Sixteenth Dynasty of Egypt Abydos Dynasty Seventeenth Dynasty of Egypt	Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt ("Hyksos") Pharaoh Ahmose I slaying a Hyksos Semqen'Aper-'AnatiSakir-Har Khyan Apepi Khamudi		Mitanni (1600–1260 BCE) Kirta Shuttarna I Baratarna
1531–1155 BCE	Tutankhamun New Kingdom of Egypt Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt Ahmose I Amenhotep I			Mitanni (1600–1260 BCE) Kirta Shuttarna I Baratarna			Third Babylonian dynasty (Kassites) Agum-Kakrime Burnaburiash I Kashtiliash III Ulamburiash Agum III Karaindash Kadashman-Harbe I Kurigalzu I Kadashman-Enlil I Burna-Buriash II Kara-hardash Nazi-Bugash Kurigalzu II Nazi-Maruttash Kadashman-Turgu Kadashman-Enlil II Kudur-Enlil Shagarakti-Shuriash Kashtiliash IV Enlil-nadin-shumi Kadashman-Harbe II Adad-shuma-iddina Adad-shuma-usur Meli-Shipak II Marduk-apla-iddina I Zababa-shuma-iddin Enlil-nadin-ahi						Middle Elamite period (1500–1100 BCE) Kidinuid dynasty Igehalkid dynasty Untash-Napirisha
	Thutmose I Thutmose II Hatshepsut^♀Thutmose III
	Amenhotep II Thutmose IV Amenhotep III AkhenatenSmenkhkareNeferneferuaten^♀Tutankhamun Ay Horemheb			Hittite Empire (1450–1180 BCE) Suppiluliuma I Mursili II Muwatalli II Mursili III Hattusili III Tudhaliya IV Suppiluliuma II Ugarit (vassal of Hittites)
	Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt Ramesses I Seti I Ramesses II Merneptah Amenmesses Seti II Siptah Tausret^♀						Elamite Empire Shutrukid dynasty Shutruk-Nakhunte
1155–1025 BCE	Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt Setnakhte Ramesses III Ramesses IV Ramesses V Ramesses VI Ramesses VII Ramesses VIII Ramesses IX Ramesses X Ramesses XI Third Intermediate Period Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt Smendes Amenemnisu Psusennes I Amenemope Osorkon the Elder Siamun Psusennes II		Phoenicia Kings of Byblos Kings of Tyre Kings of Sidon Kingdom of Israel Saul Ish-bosheth David Solomon	Syro-Hittite states Carchemish Tabal	Middle Assyria Eriba-Adad I Ashur-uballit I Enlil-nirari Arik-den-ili Adad-nirari I Shalmaneser I Tukulti-Ninurta I Ashur-nadin-apli Ashur-nirari III Enlil-kudurri-usur Ninurta-apal-Ekur Ashur-dan I Ninurta-tukulti-Ashur Mutakkil-Nusku Ashur-resh-ishi I Tiglath-Pileser I Asharid-apal-Ekur Ashur-bel-kala Eriba-Adad II Shamshi-Adad IV Ashurnasirpal I Shalmaneser II Ashur-nirari IV Ashur-rabi II Ashur-resh-ishi II Tiglath-Pileser II Ashur-dan II		Fourth Babylonian dynasty ("Second Dynasty of Isin") Marduk-kabit-ahheshu Itti-Marduk-balatu Ninurta-nadin-shumi Nebuchadnezzar I Enlil-nadin-apli Marduk-nadin-ahhe Marduk-shapik-zeri Adad-apla-iddina Marduk-ahhe-eriba Marduk-zer-X Nabu-shum-libur						Neo-Elamite period (1100–540 BCE)
1025–934 BCE							Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, Babylonian dynasties ("Period of Chaos") Simbar-shipak Ea-mukin-zeri Kashshu-nadin-ahi Eulmash-shakin-shumi Ninurta-kudurri-usur I Shirikti-shuqamuna Mar-biti-apla-usur Nabû-mukin-apli						Neo-Elamite period (1100–540 BCE)
911–745 BCE	Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt Shoshenq I Osorkon I Shoshenq II Takelot I Osorkon II Shoshenq III Shoshenq IV Pami Shoshenq VPedubast IIOsorkon IV Twenty-third Dynasty of Egypt Harsiese A Takelot II Pedubast I Shoshenq VI Osorkon III Takelot III Rudamun Menkheperre Ini Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt Tefnakht Bakenranef		Kingdom of Samaria Kingdom of Judah		Neo-Assyrian Empire Adad-nirari II Tukulti-Ninurta II Ashurnasirpal II Shalmaneser III Shamshi-Adad V Shammuramat^♀ (regent)Adad-nirari III Shalmaneser IV Ashur-Dan III Ashur-nirari V		Eight Babylonian Dynasty Ninurta-kudurri-usur II Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina Shamash-mudammiq Nabu-shuma-ukin I Nabu-apla-iddina Marduk-zakir-shumi I Marduk-balassu-iqbi Baba-aha-iddina (five kings)Ninurta-apla-X Marduk-bel-zeri Marduk-apla-usur Eriba-Marduk Nabu-shuma-ishkun Nabonassar Nabu-nadin-zeri Nabu-shuma-ukin II Nabu-mukin-zeri						Humban-Tahrid dynasty Urtak Teumman Ummanigash Tammaritu I Indabibi Humban-haltash III
745–609 BCE	Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt Taharqa ("Black Pharaohs") Piye Shebitku Shabaka Taharqa Tanutamun		Neo-Assyrian Empire (Sargonid dynasty) Tiglath-Pileser^†Shalmaneser^†Marduk-apla-iddina II Sargon^†Sennacherib^†Marduk-zakir-shumi II Marduk-apla-iddina II Bel-ibni Ashur-nadin-shumi^†Nergal-ushezib Mushezib-Marduk Esarhaddon^†Ashurbanipal Ashur-etil-ilani Sinsharishkun Sin-shumu-lishir Ashur-uballit II
745–609 BCE	Assyrian conquest of Egypt												Assyrian conquest of Elam
626–539 BCE	Late Period Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt Necho I Psamtik I Necho II Psamtik II Wahibre Ahmose II Psamtik III		Neo-Babylonian Empire Nabopolassar Nebuchadnezzar II Amel-Marduk Neriglissar Labashi-Marduk Nabonidus										Median Empire Deioces Phraortes Madyes Cyaxares Astyages
539–331 BCE	Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt (First Achaemenid conquest of Egypt)		Kings of Byblos Kings of Tyre Kings of Sidon	Achaemenid Empire Cyrus Cambyses Darius I Xerxes Artaxerxes I Darius II Artaxerxes II Artaxerxes III Artaxerxes IV Darius III
	Twenty-eighth Dynasty of Egypt Twenty-ninth Dynasty of Egypt Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt
	Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt
331–141 BCE	Argead dynasty andPtolemaic Kingdom Ptolemy I Soter Ptolemy Ceraunus Ptolemy II Philadelphus Arsinoe II^♀Ptolemy III Euergetes Berenice II Euergetis^♀Ptolemy IV Philopator Arsinoe III Philopator^♀Ptolemy V Epiphanes Cleopatra I Syra^♀Ptolemy VI Philometor Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator Cleopatra II Philometor Soteira^♀Ptolemy VIII Physcon Cleopatra III^♀Ptolemy IX Soter Cleopatra IV^♀Ptolemy X Alexander Berenice III^♀Ptolemy XI Alexander Ptolemy XII Auletes Cleopatra V^♀Cleopatra VI Tryphaena^♀Berenice IV Epiphanea^♀Ptolemy XIII Ptolemy XIV Cleopatra VII Philopator^♀Ptolemy XV Caesarion Arsinoe IV^♀		Hellenistic Period Seleukos I Nikator Tetradrachm from Babylon Argead dynasty:Alexander III Philip III Alexander IV Antigonid dynasty:Antigonus I Seleucid Empire:Seleucus I Antiochus I Antiochus II Seleucus II Seleucus III Antiochus III Seleucus IV Antiochus IV Antiochus V Demetrius I Alexander III Demetrius II Antiochus VI Dionysus Diodotus Tryphon Antiochus VII Sidetes
141–30 BCE			Kingdom of Judea Simon Thassi John Hyrcanus Aristobulus I Alexander Jannaeus Salome Alexandra^♀Hyrcanus II Aristobulus II Antigonus II Mattathias	Alexander II Zabinas Seleucus V Philometor Antiochus VIII Grypus Antiochus IX Cyzicenus Seleucus VI Epiphanes Antiochus X Eusebes Antiochus XI Epiphanes Demetrius III Eucaerus Philip I Philadelphus Antiochus XII Dionysus Antiochus XIII Asiaticus Philip II Philoromaeus	Parthian Empire Mithridates I Phraates Hyspaosines Artabanus Mithridates II Gotarzes Mithridates III Orodes I Sinatruces Phraates III Mithridates IV Orodes II Phraates IV Tiridates II Musa Phraates V Orodes III Vonones I Artabanus II Tiridates III Artabanus II Vardanes I Gotarzes II Meherdates Vonones II Vologases I Vardanes II Pacorus II Vologases II Artabanus III Osroes I
30 BCE–116 CE	Roman Empire
30 BCE–116 CE	(Roman conquest of Egypt) Province of Egypt		Judaea	Syria
116–117 CE			Judaea		Province of Mesopotamia underTrajan			Parthamaspates of Parthia
117–224 CE			Syria Palaestina		Province of Mesopotamia	Sinatruces II Mithridates V Vologases IV Osroes II Vologases V Vologases VI Artabanus IV
224–270 CE			Syria Palaestina		Province of Mesopotamia	Sasanian Empire Province of Asoristan Coin of Ardashir I, Hamadan mint. Ardashir I Shapur I Hormizd I Bahram I Bahram II Bahram III Narseh Hormizd II Adur Narseh Shapur II Ardashir II Shapur III Bahram IV Yazdegerd I Shapur IV Khosrow Bahram V Yazdegerd II Hormizd III Peroz I Balash Kavad I Jamasp Kavad I Khosrow I Hormizd IV Khosrow II Bahram VI Chobin Vistahm
270–273 CE	Palmyrene Empire Vaballathus Zenobia^♀Antiochus
273–395 CE	Roman Empire
273–395 CE	Province of Egypt		Syria Palaestina	Syria	Province of Mesopotamia
395–618 CE	Byzantine Empire
395–618 CE	Byzantine Egypt		Palaestina Prima,Palaestina Secunda	Byzantine Syria	Byzantine Mesopotamia
618–628 CE	(Sasanian conquest of Egypt) Province of Egypt Shahrbaraz Shahralanyozan Shahrbaraz		Sasanian Empire Province of Asoristan Khosrow II Kavad II
628–641 CE	Byzantine Empire					Ardashir III Shahrbaraz Khosrow III Boran^♀Shapur-i Shahrvaraz Azarmidokht^♀Farrukh Hormizd Hormizd VI Khosrow IV Boran Yazdegerd III Peroz III Narsieh
628–641 CE	Byzantine Egypt		Palaestina Prima,Palaestina Secunda	Byzantine Syria	Byzantine Mesopotamia
639–651 CE	Muslim conquest of Egypt		Muslim conquest of the Levant		Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia and Persia
Chronology of the Neolithic period							Rulers of ancient Central Asia
^Rulers with names in italics are considered fictional. ^Hallo, William W.;Simpson, William Kelly (1971).The Ancient Near East: A History. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. pp. 48–49.ISBN 978-0-15-502755-8. ^"Rulers of Mesopotamia".CDLI:wiki. Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative. ^Thomas, Ariane;Potts, Timothy, eds. (2020).Mesopotamia: Civilization Begins. Los Angeles: The J. Paul Getty Museum. p. 14.ISBN 978-1-60606-649-2. ^Roux, Georges (1992).Ancient Iraq. London: Penguin Books Limited. pp. 532–534 (Chronological Tables).ISBN 978-0-14-193825-7. ^^a ^b ^cPer theSumerian King List. ^Unger, Merrill F. (2014).Israel and the Aramaeans of Damascus: A Study in Archaeological Illumination of Bible History. Eugene, Oregon: Wipf and Stock. p. 5.ISBN 978-1-62564-606-4.