 | You can helpexpand this article with text translated fromthe corresponding article in Serbian. (January 2012)Click [show] for important translation instructions.
|
| Herzegovina Uprising of 1875 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 An illustrated depiction ofBogdan Zimonjić,Mićo Ljubibratić,Stojan Kovačević andPecija in the 1876 issue ofOrao, a Serb annual magazine published inNovi Sad | |||||||
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
|  Ottoman Empire | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
|
| ||||||
| Strength | |||||||
| Unknown | 24,000+ | ||||||
TheHerzegovina uprising (Serbian:Херцеговачки устанак,romanized: Hercegovački ustanak) was an uprising led by the ChristianSerb population against theOttoman Empire, firstly and predominantly inHerzegovina (hence its name), from where it spread intoBosnia andRaška. It broke out in the summer of 1875, and lasted in some regions up to the beginning of 1878. It was followed by the BulgarianApril Uprising of 1876, and coincided withSerbian-Turkish wars (1876–1878), all of those events being part of theGreat Eastern Crisis (1875–1878).[1]
The uprising was precipitated by the harsh treatment under thebeys andaghas of theOttoman province (vilayet) of Bosnia—the reforms announced by the Ottoman SultanAbdülmecid I, involving new rights for Christian subjects, a new basis for army conscription and an end to the much-hated system oftax-farming were either resisted or ignored by the powerful Bosnian landowners. They frequently resorted to more repressive measures against their Christian subjects. The tax burden on Christian peasants constantly increased.
The rebels were aided with weapons and volunteers from the principalities ofMontenegro andSerbia, whose governments eventually jointly declared war on the Ottomans on 18 June 1876, leading to theSerbian-Ottoman War (1876–78) andMontenegrin–Ottoman War (1876–78), which in turn led to theRusso-Turkish War (1877–78) andGreat Eastern Crisis. A result of the uprisings and wars was theBerlin Congress in 1878, which gave Montenegro and Serbia independence and more territory, whileAustro-Hungary occupied Bosnia and Herzegovina for 30 years, although it remainedde jure Ottoman territory.
In the early 19th century, most of the Balkans was under Ottoman rule. Christian communities of Serbs and Greeks, under Ottoman control for four centuries, rose up and succeeded in obtaining autonomy by means of theSerbian Revolution of 1804–17 andGreek War of Independence of 1821–29, establishing thePrincipality of Serbia and theHellenic Republic.[2] The weakened Ottoman central powers was evident in separatist provincial lords (pashas) as seen inPazvantoğlu,Ali Pasha,Gradaščević (who led a Bosnian beyrebellion in 1831–32) andMuhammad Ali.[2] Ottoman SultanMahmud II succeeded in abolishing the problematicJanissaries in 1826, in his reform work.[2] Beginning in the 1830s, the Ottoman Empire seemed to many European observers to be on the verge on collapsing.[2]
Thetax-paying lower class (rayah, made up of Christian and Muslim peasants) in theBosnia Vilayet of the Ottoman Empire experienced harsh economic conditions in the previous century.[3] Bosnian Muslimbeys sometimes took as much as half of each peasant's crop annually, besides various taxes on farm products and animals for which Christian peasants were responsible.[3] Furthermore, tax farmers (mütesellim) levied additional taxes on the remaining yield.[3] The failure of the 1874 crop and plight of peasants and external influence inPan-Slavism andPan-Serbism and also Austrian aspirations on further South Slavic lands were leading causes of the ensuing rebellion.[3]
Other notable preceding Serb peasant rebellions in the region were theHerzegovina Uprising (1852–62) andPecija's First Revolt (1858).
The Serbian leaders of the people of Herzegovina:Jovan Gutić,Simun Zečević,Ilija Stevanović,Trivko Grubačić,Prodan Rupar andPetar Radović, at the end of August and beginning of September 1874, met and decided to start preparing a rebellion.[4] They began collecting weapons and ammunition and establishing safe-places. With the assistance ofMontenegro in the uprising, it was to begin in springtime 1875.[4] The group entered in talks with Montenegrin rulerNikola I Petrović, but he was unwilling to break and risk the unreadiness of Russia in its war with the Ottomans.[4] The preparations continued; and inBileća and Trebinje region, serdarTodor Mujičić,Gligor Milićević,Vasilj Svorcan andSava Jakšić lead the revolt in these regions.Lazar Sočica led thePiva tribe inOld Herzegovina.[4]
The Ottomans heard of the talks between Nikola I and tried to capture the ringleaders, who fled into Montenegro in the winter of 1874. In 1875, Austria was drawn in, who with its interests in Bosnia and Herzegovina, asked the Ottomans to give the ringleaders amnesty. The Ottomans agreed to enter discussions with Austria.[4]
The preparations started somewhat later than the Herzegovinian and did not manage to coordinate actions of the two regions. In the preparations areVaso Vidović,Simo andJovo Bilbija,Spasoje Babić andVaso Pelagić.[5] The plans began with firstly liberating the villages ofKozara;Prosara andMotajica, then attacking the communications and blocking the cities of theSava river, later to take overBanja Luka. The start of the uprising was envisaged on 18 August 1875. The Ottomans imprisoned priests in Prijedor, which put further pressure on the people, therefore villagers fromDvorište,Čitluka,Petrinje,Bačvani,Pobrđani andTavija attacked the Turks in Dvorište on 15 August. The uprising sparked wide; and the leader of the uprising was chosen to beOstoja Kormanoš.
The Catholic[6] population in theGabela area suffered the difficult living conditions in what was then Turkey.[7]According to some historians, rebellion in the Gabela area started on 19 June 1875, while according toNoel Malcolm it started on 3 July 1875. British consul in Sarajevo, William Holmes, on 9 July 1875 reported that a "band" of rebels, had blocked the bridge over the Krupa river and road betweenMetković andMostar.[8] InTrebinje was gathered about 2,000 Catholic and Orthodox participants and they selected Fr.Ivan Musić as leader of the uprising.[9] Dervish Pasha, governor-general of Bosnia and Herzegovina at that time, claim that both Catholics and Orthodox took part in the revolt. According to a correspondent forthe Times in Herzegovina, William James Stillman, violence in Herzegovina started as a revolt of"the Catholic population betweenPopovo and Gabela" who"anticipated an Austrian intervention" and he also observed that Catholics at that time were"the most enthusiastic in the revolt".[8] Soon new conflicts erupted in northern Bosnia and a large number of people fled to Croatia and Montenegro. By the end of 1876, the number of refugees from Bosnia and Herzegovina was between 100,000 and perhaps 250,000 people.[10][11] According to Richard C. Hall, 150,000 people fled to Croatia.[12]
The leaders returned in 1875 and continued their plans for revolt, the plan was for the liberation ofNevesinje region, then expansion to the rest of Herzegovina. In the meantime, Turks seekhajdukPera Tunguz, who on 5 July, had attacked a caravan onBišini mountain. On 9 July, the Turks clashed with the armed villagers ofJovan Gutić on the Gradac hill north ofKrekovi. This conflict would be known in Serbian asNevesinjska puška ("Nevesinje rifle") and marked the beginning of the uprising in all of Herzegovina. Firstly Nevesinje,Bileća andStolac were involved, then in August,Gacko and the frontier towards Montenegro. Bands (known asčeta) of 50–300 people and detachments of 500–2,000 people gathered and attacked Ottoman border posts andbey towers.
The Ottomans had 4 battalions of the regular army (Nizami) with a total of 1,800 soldiers, situated inMostar,Trebinje,Nikšić,Foča and the border posts, also a larger number ofbaşıbozuk were present all over the province. The Ottoman troops were commanded bySelim Pasha (Selim-paša) who in turn is under Dervish Pasha (Derviš-paša), the commander of theBosnia Vilayet. After the outbreak of the uprising, the Turks tried to gain time by starting negotiations while reinforcements arrived. The rebels wanted lower taxes, which the Turks refused, and the fighting continued. In August, 4,000 Nizami arrived from Bosnia, and later 4 more battalions by sea throughKlek in Trebinje. The rebels had by July and August destroyed the majority of border posts and besieged Trebinje by 5 August. The Turks regained Trebinje by 30 August. In the end of August, fighting broke out in Bosnia, andSerbia andMontenegro promised aid, sparking an intensification of the uprising.
Prince Nikola sent Petar Vukotić, while a large number of Montenegrin volunteers arrived at the command ofPeko Pavlović. The Serbian government dared not to publicly assist because of international pressure but secretly sentMićo Ljubibratić (who took part in the 1852–1862 uprising) among others. There was a conflict between the rebels because of disagreement between the representatives of the Montenegrin and Serbian governments, causing failures in the ongoing uprising.
Many Europeans took part in the uprising with the idea of bringing down Muslim rule over Christians (mainly Italians, formerGaribaldinians).[13]
According to Herr Fritz, the Serb rebels were "extremely numerous and in some cases well armed" and were divided among following troops and bands:[14]
The aim of the Bosnian rebel bands was to prevent any greater concentration of Ottoman troops on theDrina, which was the western frontier of Serbia. As a systemically organised insurrection in Bosnia was impossible, the rebels pursued and drove back the"Turk" (Muslim) population into their towns. The bands protected and helped the exiles into hiding in the woods and leading unarmed men, women and children, to reach the frontier of Austria or Serbia through safe conduct.[15]
According to Mackenzie and Irby who travelled the region in 1877, the state of the common Christian people was serious, and the number of fugitives exceeded 200,000 all round the frontier by January 1877.[16]
The rebels in South Bosnia had cleared the region of Muslims, presently under the command of Despotović, between the Austrian frontier and the Ottoman fortresses ofKulen Vakuf,Ključ andGlamoč.[17]
In August 1877, all Bosnian Muslims men from 15 to 70 were ordered to fight, although there was already 54 battalions, each with 400–700 men.[18]
The uprising was the starting point of theGreat Eastern Crisis, the reopening of the "Eastern Question".[19] The unrest rapidly spread among the Christian populations of the other Ottoman provinces in theBalkans (notably theApril Uprising in Bulgaria) setting off what would become known as the Great Eastern Crisis. The Ottoman atrocities in suppressing unrest in the Balkan provinces eventually led to theRusso-Turkish War of 1877–78, which ended in Turkish defeat, and the signing of theTreaty of San Stefano in March 1878, followed in July of the same year by theTreaty of Berlin, severely reducing Ottoman territories and power in Europe. TheCongress of Berlin decided that Bosnia and Herzegovina, while remaining nominally under Turkish sovereignty, would be governed byAustria-Hungary. Austria-Hungary annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1908. The occupation and annexation enraged Serbs and was a catalyst for the assassination ofArchduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria by theBosnian Serb nationalistGavrilo Princip.
Part ofa series on the |
|---|
| History of Herzegovina |
|
 Bosnia and Herzegovina portal |
TheNevesinje municipality has a coat of arms with two rifles, symbolising the revolt. The government ofRepublika Srpska together with the Nevesinje municipality annually organises the anniversary of the revolt.[20]
In 1963, a Yugoslav film byŽika Mitrović about the Nevesinje rebellion was released, titled in Serbian asНевесињска пушка and in English asThundering Mountains.[21]
Jovan Bratić (born 1974), a comic artist from Nevesinje, made a cartoon series on the Herzegovina Uprising, titledNevesinjska puška, the first part released in 2008,[22] and the second partNevesinjska puška 2: Bitka na Vučjem dolu.[23]
According to historian Edin Radušić: "Milorad Ekmečić gave the main word in interpretations of a wide range of issues related to the uprising in domestic historiography, in the 1960s he fromVaso Čubrilović took over the primacy as the main interpreter of the uprising, and since then he had the greatest influence on other historians who have dealt with this thematic framework". Also, "Ekmečić became more openly politically engaged in recent works, openly linking the motives of the 19th century uprising with the insurgent movements from WWII and violence in Bosnia and Herzegovina from the end of the 20th century, with the thesis of religious war as the appearance of the long duration, which has one of its key episodes in the uprising of 1875–1878".[24]
.svg)
