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Breton Democratic Union | |
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| French name | Union démocratique bretonne |
| Breton name | Unvaniezh Demokratel Breizh |
| Spokesperson(s) | Lydie Massard Pierre-Emmanuel Marais |
| Founded | 4 January 1964 |
| Split from | Movement for the Organization of Brittany (MOB) |
| Headquarters | Nantes |
| Newspaper | Le Peuple breton |
| Youth wing | UDB Youth (UDBy) |
| Membership(2010) | 850 |
| Ideology | Autonomism Environmentalism Pro-Europeanism |
| Political position | Left-wing |
| National affiliation | Regions and Peoples with Solidarity (1995–present) New Popular Front (2024–present) |
| European affiliation | European Free Alliance |
| Colors | Yellow |
| Regional Council of Brittany | 4 / 83 |
| National Assembly (Breton seats) | 0 / 27 |
| Senate (Breton seats) | 0 / 18 |
| European Parliament | 1 / 79 |
| Website | |
| www | |
Politics of Brittany | |
Breton Democratic Union (French:Union démocratique bretonne,Breton:Unvaniezh Demokratel Breizh,UDB) is aBreton nationalist,[1]autonomist,[2] andregionalist[3][4] political party inBrittany (Bretagne administrée) andLoire-Atlantique. The UDB advocatesdevolution for Brittany as well as the promotion of its regional languages (Breton andGallo) and its associated culture.
The Breton Democratic Union has presently four seats in the Regional council of Brittany.
The UDB was founded in 1964 inRennes by a group of about fifteen young people, most of them students, often from cultural organizations (Ar Falz, Bagadou, etc.) and influenced by socialist ideas. They includedRonan Leprohon (1939–2017) andPierre Le Moine (1927-2023).
The majority belonged to the "Mouvement pour l'organisation de la Bretagne" organization which also included former militants ofBreton Nationalist Party and supporters ofFrench Algeria, which was a cause of tensions.
The first congress of the UDB took place in December 1964 inQuimper, with a mere 18 participants.
The UDB was founded in opposition to thepractice of torture in Algeria and compared the decolonization of theMaghreb to Brittany.
The structure of the new party was then close to that of those of the far-left with astrict internaldiscipline. Its charter, elaborated in 1964, supported aplanned economy and the creation of aEuropean Federation. It claimed to be hostile to militarism and colonialism, which was an innovation in the Breton movement at the time.
The creation of the UDB marked a rupture in the history of theBreton nationalist movement which, until then, was rather right-wing.
It took part in the1965 local elections. Jean-Paul Berre was elected on a list of the Union of the left dominated by theFrench Communist Party inGuilvinec and becomes deputy-mayor and first elected official of the UDB.
The first years were difficult. The party grew slowly and had few resources. It approached the other left-wing parties, in particular thePSU andFGDS. After 1967, however, recruitment intensified, in particular in student unions.
In the1969 constitutional referendum, the UDB called for a "no" vote, like most of the left.
Internal contradictions within the party exploded during the 1969 congress when Alain Guyader challenged the charter of the UDB and proposed a line inspired byRosa Luxemburg's ideas. Moreover, he refused to condemn theSoviet invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968.
The conflict led to the exclusion of Jean-Yves Guiomar and Alain Guyader in 1970 for "rejection of democratic centralism, constant undervaluation of the adversary, impatience and the theory of active minorities, and the idolization of spontaneity".
The party was rebuilt during the congress ofGuidel and adopted democratic centralism. It also adopted aMarxist line and demanded in a modified version of its charter the abolition ofcapitalism and the collective appropriation of the means of production. At the same time, a UDB list won 11.5% of the votes in a local by-election inAuray, primarily thanks to the personality of its candidate Sten Kidna. In the1971 local elections the UDB took part in the lists of the Union of the Left, except in Brest where it polled 4.8% running independently.
The number of party members – 243 in 1971 – grew throughout the 1970s, thanks to the involvement of the party in social conflicts.
During the1973 general election, the UDB nominated five candidates who obtained between 0.8% and 3.2% of the vote despite a large showing by other left-wing parties. The most successful candidate, Erwan Evenou, won more than 3% in theHennebont constituency.
During the cantonal elections held that same year, the party won 4.45% of the votes – 6.7% in Lorient. In the1974 presidential election it campaigned in the second round forFrançois Mitterrand.
In the1976 cantonal elections the UDB ran nine candidates who won 5.27% on average. The local elections of 1977 enabled it to get 35 seats on the lists of the Union of the Left. In the1978 general election, the party ran 17 candidates in a strongly polarized environment.
Party growth slowed as a result of failure of the legislative elections and the collapse of the United Left, in which the UDB was firmly anchored. While the party scored encouraging results (5.63%) in the1979 cantonal elections, these were marked by very low voter turnout.
The victory of the left in 1981, paradoxically, increased the UDB's loss of momentum. Although policies in line with UDB positions were passed (such as decentralization, the cancelling of thePlogoff nuclear plant and the abolition of thedeath penalty), the UDB could claim little responsibility for them compared to the then-triumphantPS, and its usefulness seemed questionable.
In 1984, during theLorient congress, one of the sections from Léon, whose motion had won a third of the votes, created a splinter group,Frankiz Breizh, based primarily inBrest and its immediate surroundings.
After the departure of the Brest militants, the party was rebuilt and approached theEuropean Free Alliance which then united about fifteen European regionalist parties of the centre-left. Despite considerable financial problems, it ran about thirty candidates in the1985 cantonal elections and won on average 4.2%. Results in the Brest area, however, had considerably declined.
The1986 regional elections, characterized by a strong bipolarization, were a failure for the party which won only 1.51%. During this time, contacts withPlaid Cymru became regular and in 1987 the UDB joined theEuropean Free Alliance.
In the1988 presidential election, the UDB supported the formerCommunistPierre Juquin in the first round andFrançois Mitterrand in the runoff.
In 1992, following the failure of negotiations with the Greens, the UDB presented its own list along withEmgann (which would eventually withdraw because of a nomination problem). The results were disappointing (2%) and strengthened the mistrust of the UDB towards alliances with the other nationalist groups.
TheSaint-Brieuc congress, held in 1994, was an occasion for reconciliation withFrankiz Breizh whose political positions had never differed much from those of the UDB. In November of the same year the two organizations, together with theOccitan Party, theParty of the Corsican Nation, andBasque Solidarity, took part in the creation of theFederation of Regions and Peoples with Solidarity.
After 2001, the party experienced notable membership growth as well as an improvement in its electoral results.
In the2001 local elections it chose to take part in lists presented by the united left except inGuingamp,Redon,Lannion andSaint-Nazaire. Their results varied between 6.02% in Saint-Nazaire and 13.7% in Guingamp. The UDB remained in the second round inSarzeau andGuingamp. Moreover, the party participated in the victorious list of Christian Troadec inCarhaix.
This success encouraged the UDB to consider presenting an autonomous list in the2004 regional elections. It finally resolved to open negotiations withThe Greens. The UDB was in a strong position. A separate regionalist list could have won between three and five percent, thus cutting into the vote share of the ecologists and condemning their efforts to assert their independence from theSocialist Party.
The elections themselves were a success forThe Greens-UDB list, which won nearly 10%. The UDB won three seats and a vice-presidency.
The2005 French European Constitution referendum caused several well-known members of the UDB to call for a "no" vote, against the official position of the party which called for a vote in favour of the proposed constitution.
During the2007 presidential election, the UDB supportedGreen candidateDominique Voynet.
In the2009 European Parliament election, the party supported theEurope Écologie electoral coalition, which includedThe Greens.
In June 2012 Paul Molac was elected to the National Assembly of France, the first Breton autonomist to do so.[5] He stood for the UDB as aEurope Ecology – The Greens candidate inMorbihan uncontested by their electoral allies, theSocialist Party.[6]
In the2015 regional elections, the UDB made an alliance withChristian Troadec, one of the leaders of Breton autonomy. However, the UDB gained only 6.7% of votes, which was insufficient to ensure the election of regional councillors (a party must win at least 10% of the votes in order to go forward to the second round).[7]
During the 2017 legislative elections, the UDB, together with the MBP, reactivated the dynamics of "Oui la Bretagne" (Yes Brittany) by aligning 34 candidates on 37 constituencies. This coalition obtained 32,422 votes, its highest score in this type of election, which was unfavourable to it. At the same time, it gains its independence for access to public funding for political parties.
During the 2019 European elections, the UDB, through the federation Régions et Peuples Solidaires (R&PS) associated with EELV (the Greens), participates in the important score achieved by the national EELV list in Brittany, with 16.92% of the votes, while the average score of the list outside the zones where regionalists are associated is only 13.1% in the hexagon. François Alfonsi from Corsica (R&PS) was elected in 9th position on the list, Lydie Massard from the UDB, 14th on the list, was not elected with only 30,000 votes, but entered the European Parliament in September 2023 to replace Yannick Jadot.
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