TheUniversity of Pavia (Italian:Università degli Studi di Pavia,UNIPV orUniversità di Pavia;Latin:AlmaTicinensis Universitas) is a university located inPavia,Lombardy, Italy. There was evidence of teaching as early as 1361, making it one of theoldest universities in the world. It was the sole university inMilan and the greater Lombardy region until the end of the 19th century.[1] Currently, it has 18 departments and 9 faculties. It does not have a main campus; its buildings and facilities are scattered around the city, which is in turn called "a city campus". The university caters to more than 20,000 students who come from Italy and all over the world.
The university offers more than 80 undergraduate programs; over 40 master programs, and roughly 20 doctoral programs (including 8 in English).[1][2] About 1,500 students who enter the university every year are international students.[3]
The university operates multiple cultural and scientific museums, including theUniversity History Museum, a botanical garden, research centers, university libraries and a university press. The university is also affiliated withPoliclinico San Matteo, at which hundreds of medical students from the university performclinical rotations during their clinical years.
An edict issued by theFrankishking of Italy,Lothar I (ruled 818–55) mentions the existence of a higher education institution atPavia as early as AD 825.[5][6] This institution, mainly devoted to ecclesiastical and civil law as well as to divinity studies, was then selected as the prime educational centre fornorthern Italy.
In 1361, the institution was officially established as astudium generale by theHoly Roman emperorCharles IV, who granted the same teaching privileges enjoyed by theUniversity of Paris andBologna, allowing the institution to teach canon and civil law, philosophy, medicine and liberal arts. It was then expanded and renovated by the duke ofMilan,Gian Galeazzo Visconti,[7][8] becoming the sole university in theDuchy of Milan until the end of the 19th century.[1][9] Gian Galeazzo worked tirelessly to consolidate the institution and in 1389, he obtained a permission fromPope Boniface IX to teach advanced theology courses.[10]
It was divided into two distinct universities — of jurisprudence (teaching civil and canon law courses) and of arts (teaching medicine, philosophy and liberal arts courses). A rector was elected every year, normally a student who was over twenty years old.[10] The institution offered bachelor, licentiate and doctoral degrees. Despite the politics and hardships due to wars and pestilence, it experienced great growth and the institution was considered to be prestigious as evidenced by the influx of foreign students at the time.[5] In 1412,Filippo Maria Visconti further consolidated the universities, invited prominent scholars to teach there and declared an edict giving serious penalties aimed at preventing students from going elsewhere to study.
Towards the 15th century, prominent teachers such asBaldo degli Ubaldi,Lorenzo Valla,Giasone del Maino taught students in the fields of law, philosophy and literary studies. In the same years, Elia di Sabato da Fermo, personal doctor ofFilippo Maria Visconti, was the first professor of medicine of the Jewish religion at a European university, while from 1490 a teaching of Hebrew was established at the university.[11]Not many years later, probably in 1511,Leonardo da Vinci studied anatomy together withMarcantonio della Torre, professor of anatomy at the university.[12]During the ongoingItalian War of 1521–6, the authorities in Pavia were forced to close the university in 1524.[5][13] However, during the 16th century, after the university was re-opened, scholars and scientists such asAndrea Alciato andGerolamo Cardano taught here. During the period in which theduchy of Milan was governed by the kings of Spain, the research and educational activities of the university stagnated, but there were still prominent scholars such asGerolamo Saccheri who was still involved with the university.[5]
The rebirth of the university was, in part, due to the initiatives led byMaria Theresa andJoseph II of theHouse of Austria, in the second half of the 18th century. The initiatives included massive renovations to the teaching programs, research and structure rehabilitations, which were still retained by the university until now.[5]
In 1858, the university was the scene of intense student protests againstAustrian rule in northern Italy (through thekingdom of Lombardy–Venetia). The authorities responded by ordering the university's temporary closure. The incidents at Pavia were typical of the wave of nationalist demonstrations all over Italy that immediately preceded theUnification (1859–66).[5]
During the 19th century, the medical, natural science and mathematics schools were graced by prominent scientists who propelled the status of the university to new heights. ThreeNobel Prize winners taught in Pavia — physicianCamillo Golgi (at Pavia from 1861), who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology in 1906 for his studies on the structure of the nervous system, chemistGiulio Natta (at Pavia between 1933 and 1935) and physicistCarlo Rubbia. In addition, distinguished mathematiciansEugenio Beltrami,Felice Casorati andLuigi Berzolari were regular teachers in Pavia. It was also in the University of Pavia, in 1912,Carlo Forlanini discovered the first successful cure fortuberculosis —artificial pneumothorax.[14][15] In the 1960s, the Faculty of Economics and Commerce as well as Engineering were added to the current lineup of faculties.
Also critical to the university's reputation was its distinguished record of public education, epitomized by the establishment of private and public colleges. The oldest colleges, theCollegio Borromeo andCollegio Ghislieri, were built in the 16th century, and in more recent times others were founded through both public and private initiatives — theCollegio Nuovo, theCollegio Santa Caterina and the other eleven colleges managed byEDiSU. In 1997 theIUSS, was established, a Higher Learning Institution (Italian:Istituto Universitario di Studi Superiori) similar to the Scuola Normale Superiore and Istituto Superiore Sant'Anna in Pisa. The IUSS is the federal body that links the colleges of Pavia which constitute thePavia University System.
In 1989, Luca Bardi (violinist) and Franco Gerevini (pianist,oboist, andconductor) established the Camerata de' Bardi, the academicorchestra of the University of Pavia in Italy. As of 2016, Nicola Bisson served as the orchestra's conductor.[16][17]
Today, the university continues to offer a wide variety of disciplinary and inter-disciplinary teaching. Research is carried out in departments, institutes, clinics, centres and laboratories, in close association with public and private institutions, enterprises, and factories.
The city of Pavia is essentially a city campus, so the campus buildings are located all around the city. The campuses for Faculty of Political Science and Law are located atOld Campus at Via Strada Nuova, nearPavia Cathedral. The campuses for Faculty of Engineering, Pharmacy, Mathematics, Physics and Natural Sciences are located at Via Ferrata, about 3 km away from the city center, in a building complex called Polo Cravino.[20] The campuses for Faculty of Economics, Department of Psychology and Department of Philosophy are located at theMonastery of San Felice. The campus for Department of Musicology is located atPalazzo Raimondi, Cremona. The campuses for Faculty of Pharmacy and Medicine and Surgery are located at Via Forlanini and Via Taramelli, nearPoliclinico San Matteo.[21]
The entrance to theOld Campus, which hosts the Faculty of Political Science and Law, is located at Via Strada Nuova. The palace has 9 courtyards — Cortile dei Caduti, Cortile di Volta, Cortile delle Statue, Cortile di Atilia Secundina, Cortile del Miliario, Cortile delle Magnolie, Cortile dei Tassi, Cortile Sforzesco, Cortile Teresiano. The palace also hosts more than 40 lecture theatres,[22] including 8 lecture theatres for Faculty of Law and 10 lecture theatres for the Faculty of Political Science. The largest lecture theatre in the university is called Aula Magna, where inauguration ceremonies for graduations, white coat ceremonies and conferment of Medaglio Teresiana are held.
The palace dates back all the way to the 15th century. Originally, lessons by the university were held in private houses, in convents which provide suitable premises or in the same place as the municipal building. At the end of the 15th century,Ludovico il Moro assigned a building in Strada Nuova that belonged toAzzone Visconti to the university. Between 1661 and 1671, a major renovation was carried out under the guidance of the architectAmbrogio Pessina. During the 18th century,Maria Theresa ofAustria wanted to make some improvements both to the education system and the building, thus she assigned the architectGiuseppe Piermarini andLeopoldo Pollack to oversee the renovations. Giuseppe Piermarini was in charge of the building facade and the courtyards, while Leopoldo Pollack was in charge of the lecture halls.[23]
During the 19th century, the university also incorporated the former monastery of Leano, which was donated byJoseph II of Lorena Habsburg and expanded to Via Mentana, these works were entrusted to the architect Giuseppe Marchesi, who also constructed the Aula Magna.
In 1932, the university acquired a vast 15th century complex which belonged toSan Matteo Hospital, thus completing its expansion. This complex now houses the Department of Molecular Medicine, which is in charge of the health courses.
Polo Nave, Faculty of Engineering in Polo Cravino Complex
The land where Polo Cravino was built was purchased by the university at end of 1960. The complex was designed by an architectGiancarlo De Carlo.[20] In 1980, the buildings for Faculty of Engineering, Department of Genetics, lecture halls, laboratories as well as a complex for Institute of Molecular Genetics, under the National Research Council[24] were completed. In 1990, buildings for Department of Mathematics, Department of Earth and Environmental Science and a Computer Center were added.
TheUniversity History Museum (Italian:Museo per la Storia dell'Università) hosts a large number of scientific instruments, anatomical and pathological preparations and samples, historical documents and volumes which are part of the university's history. The museum collection includesAntonio Scarpa's preserved severed head.[27][28]
In addition to Scarpa's head,[29] the museum also displays his kidneys and four of his fingers. Other anatomical samples include the aneurysm that killed mathematicianVincenzo Brunacci in 1818, the bladder of naturalistLazzaro Spallanzani, who died of kidney cancer in 1799 as well as a plaster cast ofAlessandro Volta's unusually large skull.[27]
The Museum of Electrical Technology (Italian:Museo della Tecnica Elettrica) is intended as a permanent tribute to Alessandro Volta. It has an area of 5,000 sqm, with 3,200 sqm reserved for visitors.[citation needed] It is divided into 5 sections, each section represents a different era of advancements in field of electricity and electronics.[30][31]
In 2017, the museum implemented a 3D tactile map for the blind and disabled.[38][39] The museum also organizes exhibitions and projects with primary and secondary schools.[40]
TheMuseum of Natural History (Italian:Museo di Storia Naturale) dates back to 1769 when Lazzaro Spallanzani became professor on Natural History at the University of Pavia. The museum is divided into three sections — Comparative Anatomy, Zoology and Geopaleontology. The museum is currently located inPalazzo Botta Adorno.
the Zoology collection[42] which contains over 5,000 specimens of vertebrates and invertebrates.
the Geopaleontology collection[43] which contains over 30,000 fossil specimens, which date back thePliocene andMiocene eras. The collections also includes 5,000 rocks and minerals and 65 slabs of fish from Bolca deposit.
the Comparative Anatomy collection[44] which contains more than 5,000 artifacts including skeletons, specimens and anatomical preparations of mainly vertebrates including an elephant,[45] which underwent restoration in 2014.[46]
TheMuseum of Archeology (Italian:Museo di Archeologia) had its first collection funded byPietro Vittorio Aldini in 1819 for education purposes. Now, it houses different collections such as engraved coins and gems from the late Roman empire, Celtic and Byzantine eras, potteries, figurines dating back to 2000 BC and a pair of mummies.[47][48][49][50]
Museum Camillo Golgi, the laboratory, with the original tools, used byCamillo Golgi and his students
The Museum Camillo Golgi (Italian:Museo Camillo Golgi) was built in honor ofCamillo Golgi and his most important discoveries, theblack reaction to visualizeneurons[51] as well as his studies onmalaria. The museum hosts a collection of his scientific publications and instruments used such assyringes,microtomes,microscopes, original photographic plates of histological preparations, all dating back to the 1900s.[52][53] The museum was set in the same building where he conducted most of his experiments via the Institute of General Pathology.[54]
The Pavia Botanical Garden (Italian:Orto Botanico), which was established at the end of the 18th century, covers an area of 2 hectares.[55] The botanical gardens host a seed and herbarium bank at its educational center, Bosco Siro Negri Park Reserve.[56] The garden hosts a variety of plant collections includingroses,orchids as well as other plant species native toLombardy.[57]
The Museum of Mineralogy (Italian:Museo di Mineralogia) originated from a section dedicated to minerals in the Museum of Natural History. The museum hosts a large collection of rocks and minerals, categorized systematically.[58] The collection also includes minerals from different Italian regions. In 1923. ProfessorAngelo Bianchi donated rock samples which he had collected earlier in his career. Each sample was meticulously described in details in his various scientific publications.
The Center of Manuscripts[60] (Italian:Centro di ricerca sulla tradizione manoscritta di autori moderni e contemporane orItalian:Centro Manuscritto) was formally established on 24 January 1980; however, in 1969,Maria Corti,[61] a professor at the University of Pavia, had an idea to set up a Manuscript Fund (Italian:Fondo Manoscritti), dedicated to preserving writings and manuscripts from twentieth-century authors. The center hosts a collection of writings and manuscripts from writers of the last two centuries including manuscripts and papers handwritten by the poetEugenio Montale,[62] as well as various autographed editions of the novel the Philosophy of Madonna (Italian:La Madonna dei filosofi) byCarlo Emilio Gadda, and an annotated edition of the manuscript for My Cousin Andrea (Italian:Mio cugino Andrea) byRomano Bilenchi. The collection preserved by the center covers more than 200 authors.
Center of Manuscripts
The center is located at thePalazzo Centrale of the University of Pavia, and a branch is recently added to one of the university's sites at Via Luino.
The university also hosts special collections which are accessible only by appointments. These collections are not accessible by the public:[63]
Physiology collections covers 300 various instruments used in physiological research, such as galvanometers, scales, devices for measuring tactile sensation and pain sensitivity and so on. The collection is hosted by the Department of Molecular Medicine.
Histology and embryology collections covers over 10,000 histological slides of different tissues and organs, embryological models in wax as well as microscopes and other instruments. The collection is hosted by the Department of Experimental Medicine.
EDISU Pavia is an agency established by the university in order to manage activities and services related to the right of study. It manages 4 refectories and 12 public colleges, which are:[66]
Samantha Cristoforetti was presented with honorary doctorate
TheMedaglia teresiana is an academic recognition that establishes the entry of a full professor in the University of Pavia. This award can also be conferred by the Rector of the University of Pavia to people who are particularly distinguished, traditionally hosted at the inauguration of the academic year or the day of the graduates:
^Savini, A.; Galdi, R.; Pietra, F.; Zanetta, L.; Bowers, B. (September 2008). "The SIRTI collection of telephones in the Pavia Museum of Electrical Technology".2008 IEEE History of Telecommunications Conference. pp. 124–130.doi:10.1109/HISTELCON.2008.4668727.ISBN978-1-4244-2530-3.S2CID42066614.
^Galdi, R.; Pietra, F.; Savini, A. (September 2012). "Collecting the old and the new at the Pavia Museum of Electrical Technology".2012 Third IEEE HISTory of ELectro-technology CONference (HISTELCON). pp. 1–5.doi:10.1109/HISTELCON.2012.6487557.ISBN978-1-4673-3078-7.S2CID44640787.
^Giglioni, Guido (2019),"Girolamo [Geronimo] Cardano", in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.),The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2019 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, retrieved24 April 2019
^Capani, Jennifer B. (January 2017)."PhD Dissertation".An 'Alter Kampfer' at the Forefront of the Holocaust: Otto Ohlendorf Between Careerism and Nazi Fundamentalism.
^"Laurea " ad honorem " in Scienze Politiche a Herbert A. Simon (Università di Pavia, 12 ottobre 1988)".Il Politico.53 (4 (148)):723–728. 1988.ISSN0032-325X.JSTOR43100874.
^abCossiga, Francesco; Schmid, Roberto; Scaramozzino, Pasquale; Ara, Angelo; Colombo, Arturo (1991). "LAUREA " HONORIS CAUSA " IN SCIENZE POLITICHE A RICHARD VON WEIZSÄCKER E AGOSTINO CASAROLI (Università di Pavia, 28 giugno 1991)".Il Politico.56 (2 (158)):375–392.ISSN0032-325X.JSTOR43101202.
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