10 campuses under direct control (9 with undergraduate and graduate schools, one professional/graduate only), one affiliated law school, and one national laboratory
In 1900, UC was one of the founders of theAssociation of American Universities and since the 1970s seven of its campuses, in addition to Berkeley, have been admitted to the association. Berkeley, Davis, Irvine, Los Angeles, Santa Barbara, Santa Cruz, Riverside, and San Diego are consideredPublic Ivies, making California the state with the most universities in the nation to hold the title.[6][7] UC campuses have large numbers of distinguishedfaculty in almost everyacademic discipline, with UC faculty and researchers having won 75Nobel Prizes as of 2025.[8]
The University of California was founded on March 23, 1868, and operated in Oakland, where it absorbed the assets of theCollege of California before moving toBerkeley in 1873.[11][12] It also affiliated itself with independent medical and law schools in San Francisco. Over the next eight decades, several branch locations and satellite programs were established across the state. In March 1951, the University of California began to reorganize itself into something distinct from its campus in Berkeley, with UC presidentRobert Gordon Sproul staying in place as chief executive of the UC system, whileClark Kerr became Berkeley's first chancellor[13][14][15][16] andRaymond B. Allen became the first chancellor of UCLA.[17] However, the 1951 reorganization was stalled by resistance from Sproul and his allies,[18] and it was not until Kerr succeeded Sproul as UC president that UC was able to evolve into a university system from 1957 to 1960.[19] At that time, chancellors were appointed for additional campuses and each was granted some degree of greater autonomy.[20]
In 1849, the state of California ratified its first constitution, which contained the express objective of creating a complete educational system including a state university.[21] Taking advantage of theMorrill Land-Grant Acts, theCalifornia State Legislature established an Agricultural, Mining, and Mechanical Arts College in 1866.[22][23] However, it existed only on paper, as a placeholder to secure federalland-grant funds.[23]
Meanwhile,CongregationalministerHenry Durant, an alumnus ofYale, had established the private Contra Costa Academy, on June 20, 1853, inOakland, California.[22] The initial site was bounded by Twelfth and Fourteenth Streets and Harrison and Franklin Streets indowntown Oakland[22] (and is marked today by State Historical Plaque No. 45 at the northeast corner of Thirteenth and Franklin). In turn, the academy's trustees were granted a charter in 1855 for aCollege of California, though the college continued to operate as acollege preparatory school until it added college-level courses in 1860.[22][23] The college's trustees, educators, and supporters believed in the importance of aliberal arts education (especially the study of the Greek and Romanclassics), but ran into a lack of interest inliberal arts colleges on theAmerican frontier (forpost-secondary degrees, the college was graduating only three or four students per year).[23]
South Hall, built in 1873, is the oldest building on theBerkeley campus.
In November 1857, the college's trustees began to acquire various parcels of land facing theGolden Gate in what is nowBerkeley for a future planned campus to the north of Oakland.[22] But first, they needed to secure the college's water rights by buying a large farm to the east.[22] In 1864, they organized the College Homestead Association, which borrowed $35,000 to purchase the land, plus another $33,000 to purchase 160 acres (650,000 m2) ofland to the south of the future campus.[24] The association subdivided the latter parcel and started selling lots with the hope it could raise enough money to repay its lenders and also create a newcollege town.[22] But sales of new homesteads fell short.[22]
GovernorFrederick Low favored the establishment of a state university based upon theUniversity of Michigan plan, and thus in one sense may be regarded as the founder of the University of California.[22][23] At the College of California's 1867commencement exercises, where Low was present,Yale University professorBenjamin Silliman Jr. criticized Californians for establishing apolytechnic school, instead of a real university.[22][23] That same day, Low reportedly first suggested a merger of the already-functional College of California (which had a liberal arts focus, land, buildings, faculty, and students, but not enough money) with the nonfunctional state college (which had a polytechnical focus, money and nothing else), and went on to participate in the ensuing negotiations.[22][23]
On October 9, 1867, the college's trustees reluctantly agreed to join forces with the state college to their mutual advantage, but under one condition—that there not be simply an "Agricultural, Mining, and Mechanical Arts College", but a complete university, within which the assets of the College of California would be used to create a College of Letters (now known as theCollege of Letters and Science).[22][23][25] Accordingly, the Organic Act, establishing the University of California, was introduced as a bill byAssemblymanJohn W. Dwinelle on March 5, 1868, and after it was duly passed by both houses of the state legislature, it was signed intostate law by GovernorHenry H. Haight (Low's successor) on March 23, 1868.[22][23][26]
However, as legally constituted, the new university wasnot an actual merger of the two colleges, but was an entirely new institution which merely inherited certain objectives and assets from each of them.[27] Governor Haight saw no need to honor any tacit understandings reached with his predecessor about institutional continuity.[23] Only two college trustees became regents and a single faculty member (Martin Kellogg) was hired by the new university.[23] By April 1869, the trustees had second thoughts about their agreement to donate the college's assets and disincorporate. To get them to proceed, regentJohn B. Felton helped them bring a "friendly suit" against the university to test the agreement's legality—which they promptly lost.[28]
Section 8 of the Organic Act authorized the Board of Regents to affiliate the University of California with independent self-sustaining professional colleges.[30][31] "Affiliation" meant UC and its affiliates would "share the risk in launching new endeavors in education".[30] The affiliates shared the prestige of the state university's brand, and UC agreed to award degrees in its own name to their graduates on the recommendation of their respective faculties, but the affiliates were otherwise managed independently by their own boards of trustees, charged their own tuition and fees, and maintained their own budgets separate from the UC budget.[30] It was through the process of affiliation that UC was able to claim it had medical and law schools in San Francisco within a decade of its founding.[30]
In 1879, California adopted its second andcurrent constitution, which included unusually strong language to ensure UC's independence from the rest of thestate government.[9][32] This had lasting consequences for theHastings College of the Law, which had been separately chartered and affiliated in 1878 by an act of the state legislature at the behest of founderSerranus Clinton Hastings.[33] After a falling out with his own handpicked board of directors, the founder persuaded the state legislature in 1883 and 1885 to pass new laws to place his law school under the direct control of the Board of Regents.[34] In 1886, theSupreme Court of California declared those newer acts to be unconstitutional because the clause protecting UC's independence in the 1879 state constitution had stripped the state legislature of the ability to amend the 1878 act.[35][36] To this day, the College of the Law (which dropped Hastings from its name in 2023) remains a UC affiliate, maintains its own board of directors, and is not governed by the regents.[30][35]
Hart Hall atUC Davis, built in 1928, is listed in the National Register of Historic Places.
In contrast,Toland Medical College (founded in 1864 and affiliated in 1873) and later, the dental, pharmacy, and nursing schools in San Francisco were affiliated with UC through written agreements, and not statutes invested with constitutional importance by court decisions.[30] In the early 20th century, the Affiliated Colleges (as they came to be called) began to agree to submit to the regents' governance during the term of PresidentBenjamin Ide Wheeler, as the Board of Regents had come to recognize the problems inherent in the existence of independent entities that shared the UC brand but over which UC had no real control.[30] While Hastings remained independent, the Affiliated Colleges were able to increasingly coordinate their operations with one another under the supervision of the UC president and regents, and evolved into the health sciences campus known today as the University of California, San Francisco.[30]
Section 1 of the Organic Act authorized the university to "provide instruction and complete education" in many different fields and professions,[37] but the text of the Organic Act is notably silent aboutresearch.[38] It was not until the 1930s, during the administration of President Sproul, that UC's mission drifted away from its traditional focus on instruction—which became the province of the California State University—and towards research.[38] Sproul started to speak of UC's missions as "teaching, research, and public service",[38] which remains true today.[39] Thus, UC evolved into a research university whose faculty and staff would perform research to contribute directly to society, as opposed to indirect contributions by instructing students to equip them with the skills needed to later perform research in their own careers.[38] The Master Plan for Higher Education, as enacted into state law in 1960, provides that UC "shall be the primary state-supported academic agency for research".[40]
Powell Library, built in 1929, is one of the four oldest buildings on theUCLA campus.
In August 1882, theCalifornia State Normal School (whose originalnormal school inSan Jose is nowSan Jose State University) opened a second school in Los Angeles to train teachers for the growing population of Southern California.[41] In 1887, the Los Angeles school was granted its own board of trustees independent of the San Jose school.[42] The state constitution prohibited the legislature from directly commanding the Board of Regents to create a southern campus, but it did not prohibit the state legislature from passing legislation to create additional state universities, and the supporters of the Los Angeles State Normal School used the possibility of that scenario to pressure the Board of Regents to voluntarily accept the normal school as UC's southern campus.[43] In 1919, the state legislature transferred the normal school to UC control and renamed it the Southern Branch of the University of California.[44] In 1927, it became theUniversity of California at Los Angeles; the "at" would be replaced with a comma in 1958.[45]
Los Angeles surpassed San Francisco in the1920 census to become the most populous metropolis in California. Because Los Angeles had become the state government's single largest source of both tax revenue and votes, its residents felt entitled to demand more prestige and autonomy for their campus. Their efforts bore fruit in March 1951, when UCLA became the first UC site outside of Berkeley to achievede jure coequal status with the Berkeley campus. That month, the regents approved a reorganization plan under which both the Berkeley and Los Angeles campuses would be supervised by chancellors reporting to the UC president.[13][14][15][46] However, the 1951 plan was severely flawed; it was overly vague about how the chancellors were to become the "executive heads" of their campuses. Due to stubborn resistance from President Sproul and several vice presidents and deans—who simply carried on as before—the chancellors ended up as glorifiedprovosts with limited control over academic affairs and long-range planning while the president and the regents retainedde facto control over everything else.[18]
UC Irvine was founded and had its campus built out in the 1960s.
Upon becoming president in October 1957, Clark Kerr supervised UC's rapid transformation into a true public university system through a series of proposals adopted unanimously by the regents from 1957 to 1960.[19][20] Kerr's reforms included expressly granting all campus chancellors the full range of executive powers, privileges, and responsibilities which Sproul had denied to Kerr himself, as well as the radical decentralization of a tightly knit bureaucracy in which all lines of authority had always run directly to the president at Berkeley or to the regents themselves.[19][20][46] In 1965, UCLA ChancellorFranklin D. Murphy tried to push this to what he saw as its logical conclusion: he advocated for authorizing all chancellors to report directly to the Board of Regents, thereby rendering the UC president redundant.[47] Murphy wanted to transform UC from one federated university into a confederation of independent universities, similar tothe situation in Kansas (from where he was recruited).[47] Murphy was unable to develop any support for his proposal, Kerr quickly put down what he thought of as "Murphy's rebellion", and therefore Kerr's vision of UC as a university system prevailed: "one university with pluralistic decision-making".[47]
During the 20th century, UC acquired additional satellite locations which, like Los Angeles, were all subordinate to administrators at the Berkeley campus. California farmers lobbied for UC to performapplied research responsive to their immediate needs; in 1905, the Legislature established a "University Farm School" atDavis and in 1907 a "Citrus Experiment Station" atRiverside as adjuncts to the College of Agriculture at Berkeley. In 1912, UC acquired aprivate oceanography laboratory in San Diego, which had been founded nine years earlier by local business promoters working with a Berkeley professor. In 1944, UC acquired Santa Barbara State College from the California State Colleges, the descendants of the State Normal Schools.[48] In 1958, the regents began promoting these locations to general campuses, thereby creatingUCSB (1958),UC Davis (1959),UC Riverside (1959),UC San Diego (1960), andUCSF (1964).[49][50] Each campus was also granted the right to have its own chancellor upon promotion. In response to California's continued population growth, UC opened two additional general campuses in 1965, withUC Irvine opening inIrvine andUC Santa Cruz opening inSanta Cruz.[49] The youngest campus,UC Merced opened in fall 2005 to serve theSan Joaquin Valley.
After losing campuses in Los Angeles and Santa Barbara to the University of California system, supporters of the California State College system arranged for the state constitution to be amended in 1946 to prevent similar losses from happening again in the future.[48]
With decentralization complete, it was decided in 1986 that the UC president should no longer be based at the Berkeley campus, and the UC Office of the President moved toKaiser Center in Oakland in 1989.[51] That lakefront location was subject to widespread criticism as "too elegant and too corporate for a public university".[52] In 1998, the Office of the President moved again, to a newly constructed but much more modest building near the former site of the College of California in Oakland.[53]
The Master Plan for Higher Education of 1960 established that UC must admit undergraduates from the top 12.5% (one-eighth) of graduating high school seniors in California. Prior to the promulgation of the Master Plan, UC was to admit undergraduates from the top 15%. UC does not currently adhere to all tenets of the original Master Plan, such as the directives that no campus was to exceed total enrollment of 27,500 students (in order to ensure quality) and that public higher education should betuition-free for California residents. Five campuses, Berkeley, Davis, Irvine, Los Angeles, and San Diego, each have current total enrollment at over 30,000, and of these five, all but Irvine have undergraduate enrollments over 30,000.[54]
After the state electorate severely limited long-termproperty tax revenue by enactingProposition 13 in 1978, UC was forced to make up for the resulting collapse in state financial support by imposing a variety of fees which were tuition in all but name.[55][56][57] On November 18, 2010, the regents finally gave up on the longstandinglegal fiction that UC does not charge tuition by renaming the Educational Fee to "Tuition".[58] As part of its search for funds during the 2000s and 2010s, UC quietly began to admit higher percentages of highly accomplished (and more lucrative) students from other states and countries,[59] but was forced to reverse course in 2015 in response to the inevitable public outcry and start admitting more California residents.[60][61]
Blake House and Gardens, built by architectWalter Danforth Bliss in 1924, served as the official residence of the UC President, from 1967 until 2008, when it was opened to the public.
Originally, the president was the chief executive of the first campus, Berkeley. In turn, other UC locations (with the exception of the Hastings College of the Law) were treated as off-site departments of the Berkeley campus, and were headed byprovosts who were subordinate to the president. In March 1951, the regents reorganized the university's governing structure. Starting with the 1952–53 academic year, day-to-day "chief executive officer" functions for the Berkeley and Los Angeles campuses were transferred tochancellors who were vested with a high degree of autonomy, and reported as equals to UC's president.[13][14][15] As noted above, the regents promoted five additional UC locations to campuses and allowed them to have chancellors of their own in a series of decisions from 1958 to 1964,[49] and the three campuses added since then have also been run by chancellors. In turn, all chancellors (again, with the exception of Hastings) report as equals to the University of California President. Today, the UC Office of the President (UCOP) and the Office of the Secretary and Chief of Staff to the Regents of the University of California share an office building in downtown Oakland that serves as the UC system's headquarters.[65]
Kerr's vision for UC governance was "one university with pluralistic decision-making".[66] In other words, the internal delegation of operational authority to chancellors at the campus level and allowing nine other campuses to become separate centers of academic life independent of Berkeley did not change the fact that all campuses remain part of one legal entity. As a 1968 UC centennialcoffee table book explained: "Yet for all its campuses, colleges, schools, institutes, and research stations, it remains one University, under one Board of Regents and one president—the University of California."[67] UC continues to take a "united approach" as one university in matters in which it inures to UC's advantage to do so, such as when negotiating with the legislature and governor in Sacramento.[66] The University of California continues to manage certain matters at the systemwide level in order to maintain common standards across all campuses, such as student admissions, appointment and promotion of faculty, and approval of academic programs.[68]
^Direct control of Berkeley and other campuses were transferred to respective campus chancellors, such as Clark Kerr for Berkeley campus, on July 1, 1952.[93] Retired as president of UC system[94]
All UC presidents had been white men until 2013, when formerHomeland SecuritySecretary, andGovernor of Arizona,Janet Napolitano became the first woman to hold the office of UC President.[125] On July 7, 2020, Dr.Michael V. Drake, a former UC chancellor and medical research professor, was selected as the 21st president of the University of California system, making him the first black president to hold the office in UC's 152-year history. He took office on August 1, 2020.[126]
University House, Berkeley served as the official residence of the UC President from 1911 until 1958. Today it serves Berkeley's Chancellor.
Besides substantial six-figure incomes, the UC president and all UC chancellors enjoy controversial perks such as free housing in the form of university-maintained mansions.[127] In 1962, Anson Blake's will donated his 10-acre (40,000 m2) estate (Blake Garden) and mansion (Blake House) inKensington to the University of California's Department of Landscape Architecture. In 1968, the regents decided to make Blake House the official residence of the UC president. As of 2005, it cost around $300,000 per year to maintain Blake Garden and Blake House; the latter, built in 1926, is a 13,239-square-foot (1,229.9 m2) mansion with a view of San Francisco Bay.[127]
Blake House has sat vacant since President Dynes departed in 2008, due to the high cost of needed seismic strengthening and renovating its dilapidated interior (estimated at $3.5 million in 2013).[128] From 2008 to 2022, all three UC presidents during that timeframe (i.e., Yudof, Napolitano, and Drake) lived in rented homes.[128] In 2022, UC finally purchased theSelden Williams House, a 6,400-square-foot (590 m2) house in Berkeley, for $6.5 million to serve as the UC president's official residence.[128] UC had previously owned the same home from 1971 to 1991, when it served as the official residence of the UC vice president.[128] (UC no longer has a single "vice president"; the president's direct reports now have titles like "executive vice president", "senior vice president", or "vice president".[129])
Selden Williams House, built in 1928 and designed by architectJulia Morgan, serves as the official residence of the UC President, since 2022.
All UC chancellors traditionally live for free in a mansion on or near campus that is usually known asUniversity House, where they host social functions attended by guests and donors.[130] Berkeley'sUniversity House formerly served as the official residence of the UC president, but is now the official residence of Berkeley's chancellor. UCSD'sUniversity House was closed from 2004 to 2014 for $10.5 million in renovations paid for by private donors, which were so expensive because the 12,000-square-foot structure sits on top of a sacred Native American cemetery and next to an unstable coastal bluff.[131][132] Not all chancellors prefer to live on campus; at Santa Barbara, ChancellorRobert Huttenback found that campus's University House to be unsatisfactory, then was convicted in 1988 of embezzlement for his unauthorized use of university funds to improve his off-campus residence.[133]
The State of California currently (2021–2022) spends $3.467 billion on the UC system, out of total UC operating revenues of $41.6 billion. The "UC Budget for Current Operations" lists the medical centers as the largest revenue source, contributing 39% of the budget, the federal government 11%, Core Funds (State General Funds, UC General Funds, student tuition) 21%, private support (gifts, grants, endowments) 7%, and Sales and Services at 21%. In 1980, the state funded 86.8% of the UC budget.[134] While state funding has somewhat recovered, as of 2019 state support still lags behind even recent historic levels (e.g. 2001) when adjusted for inflation.[134][135]
According to the California Public Policy Institute, California spends 12% of its General Fund on higher education, but that percentage is divided between the University of California, California State University and California Community Colleges. Over the past forty years, state funding of higher education has dropped from 18% to 12%, resulting in a drop in UC's per student funding from $23,000 in 2016 to a current $8,000 per year per student.[136]
View of the UC Office of the President.
In May 2004, UC PresidentRobert C. Dynes and CSU ChancellorCharles B. Reed struck a private deal, called the "Higher Education Compact", with GovernorSchwarzenegger. They agreed to slash spending by about a billion dollars (about a third of the university's core budget for academic operations) in exchange for a funding formula lasting until 2011. The agreement calls for modest annual increases in state funds (but not enough to replace the loss in state funds Dynes and Schwarzenegger agreed to), private fundraising to help pay for basic programs, and large student fee hikes, especially for graduate and professional students. A detailed analysis of the Compact by the Academic Senate "Futures Report" indicated, despite the large fee increases, the university core budget did not recover to 2000 levels.[137] Undergraduate student fees have risen 90% from 2003 to 2007.[138] In 2011, for the first time in UC's history, student fees exceeded contributions from the State of California.[139]
TheFirst District Court of Appeal in San Francisco ruled in 2007 that the University of California owed nearly $40 million in refunds to about 40,000 students who were promised that their tuition fees would remain steady, but were hit with increases when the state ran short of money in 2003.[140]
In September 2019, the University of California announced it willdivest its $83 billion in endowment and pension funds from the fossil fuel industry, ostensibly to avoid the "financial risk" inherent in that industry because ofclimate change, but also in response to pleas to stop investing in fossil fuel.[141]
In 2008, theWestern Association of Schools and Colleges, the regional accreditor of the UC schools, criticized the UC system for "significant problems in governance, leadership and decision making" and "confusion about the roles and responsibilities of the university president, the regents and the 10 campus chancellors with no clear lines of authority and boundaries".[142]
In 2016, university system officials admitted that they monitored all e-mails sent to and from their servers.[143]
At present, the UC system officially describes itself as a system of "10 campuses" consisting of the campuses listed below.[144] These campuses are under the direct control of the regents and president.[145] Only ten campuses are listed on the official UC letterhead.[146]
Although it shares the name and public status of the UC system, theCollege of the Law, San Francisco (formerly Hastings College of the Law) is not controlled by the regents or president; it has a separate board of directors and must seek funding directly from the Legislature. However, under the California Education Code, Hastings degrees are awarded in the name of the regents and bear the signature of the UC president.[147] Furthermore, Education Code section 92201 states that Hastings "is affiliated with the University of California, and is the law department thereof".[148]
Three UC campuses: Berkeley, UCLA, and UC San Diego all ranked in the top 15 universities in the US according to the 2020Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU) US National University Rankings and also in the top 20 in World University Rankings. TheAcademic Ranking of World Universities also ranked UCSF, UC Davis, UC Irvine, and UC Santa Barbara in the top 50 US National Universities and in the top 100 World Universities in 2020.[needs update]
Berkeley, UCLA, and UC San Diego all ranked in the top 50 universities in the world according to both theTimes Higher Education World University Rankings for 2021 and theCenter for World University Rankings (CWUR) for 2020, while UC Irvine, UC Santa Barbara, and UC Davis ranked in the top 100 universities in the world.[needs update]Forbes also ranked the six UC campuses mentioned above as being in the top 50 universities in America in 2021.[156] Forbes also named the top three public universities in America as all being UC campuses, namely, Berkeley, UCLA, and UCSD, and ranked three more campuses, UC Davis, UC Santa Barbara, and UC Irvine as being among the top 20 public universities in America in 2021.[157] The six aforementioned campuses are all consideredPublic Ivies.[6] TheQS World University Rankings for 2021 ranked three UC campuses: Berkeley, UCLA and UC San Diego as being in the top 100 universities in the world.[needs update]
Individual academic departments also rank highly among the UC campuses. The 2021U.S. News & World Report Best Graduate Schools report ranked Berkeley as being among the top 5 universities in the nation in the departments of Psychology, Economics, Political Science, Computer Science, Engineering, Biological Sciences, Chemistry, Mathematics, Earth Sciences, Physics, Sociology, History, and English, and ranked UCLA in the top 20 in the same departments.[158][159]U.S. News & World Report also ranked the same departments at UC San Diego among the top 20 in the nation, with the exception of the departments of Sociology, History, and English.[160] UC Davis, UC Irvine and UC Santa Barbara ranked in the top 50 in the departments of Psychology, Economics, Political Science, Computer Science, Engineering, Biological Sciences, Chemistry, Mathematics, Earth Sciences, Physics, Sociology, History, and English, with the exception of UC Santa Barbara's Psychology and Political Science departments, according toU.S. News & World Report.UC Santa Cruz andUC Riverside ranked in the top 100 in the nation in the same departments, along withUC Merced's Psychology and Political Science departments.[161][162][163]
As of the end of fiscal year 2023, UC controls 13,810 active patents. UC researchers and faculty were responsible for 1,440 new inventions that same year.[2] On average, UC researchers create four new inventions per day.[2]
As of October 2021, the following data are taken fromList of Nobel laureates by university affiliation, which counts university alumni and staff, and are not the official count from the University of California.
At 40.8 million print volumes,[176] the University of California library system is home to one of the largest collections of printed materials in the world. On July 27, 2021, all ten campuses went live with a unified online library catalog, UC Library Search. Besides on-campus libraries, the UC system also maintains two regional library facilities (one each for Northern and Southern California), which each accept older items from all UC campus libraries in their respective region. As of 2019, Northern Regional Library Facility is home to 7.4 million items, while Southern Regional Library Facility is home to 6.5 million items.
In 1966, UC switched itsacademic calendar from the semester system to the quarter system. This was "part of a national trend to join state campuses across the U.S. that were aligning with private universities, includingStanford, that had operated on quarters since World War I to accommodate students inmilitary training programs".[177]
Berkeley returned to the semester system in 1983, and Merced has operated on the semester system since its 2005 opening. However, all five law schools operate on the semester system, as does theDavid Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA.
In fall 2024, with the quarter system in decline nationwide (down to about 50 institutions and falling), UC initiated a systemwide study of switching all campuses back to the semester system.[177]
Davis, Los Angeles, Riverside, and Santa Barbara all followed Berkeley's example by aggregating the majority ofarts, humanities, and science departments into a relatively large College of Letters and Science. Therefore, atBerkeley,Davis,Los Angeles, andSanta Barbara, their respective College of Letters and Science is by far the single largest academic unit on each campus. The College of Letters and Science at Los Angeles is the largest academic unit in the entire UC system.[178] Riverside laterseparated the natural sciences and kept onlysocial sciences grouped with arts and humanities, an example followed by Merced at its founding (although Merced organizes its departments into schools and not colleges).
Due to President Kerr's interest in not reproducing the impersonal undergraduate experience often seen in such gigantic academic units, San Diego and Santa Cruz both implementedresidential college systems inspired by British models (in which each college has distinctive general education requirements reflecting its chosen theme)[179] and grouped most academic departments into a small number of broadly defined divisions which are all independent of the colleges. In February 2022, San Diego turned its divisions into schools.
Irvine is organized into 13 schools and San Francisco is organized into four schools, all of which are relatively narrow in scope. Originally, Irvine was also going to have a College of Letters and Science, like Berkeley. But the original UCI plan, written byIvan Hinderaker, granted the college's five divisions so much autonomy from one another that by 1967, the UCI Academic Senate voted to transform the divisions into "schools" whose deans would report directly to the vice chancellor for academic affairs.[180]
Each UC campus handles admissions separately, but a student wishing to apply for an undergraduate or transfer admission uses one application for all UC campuses. Graduate and professional school admissions are handled directly and separately by each department or program to which one applies.
In May 2020, UC approved plans to suspend standardized testing score requirements in admissions until 2024.[181] In May 2021, after a student lawsuit, the University of California announced that it would no longer consider SAT and ACT scores in admissions and scholarship decisions.[182]
TheEarly Academic Outreach Program (EAOP) was established in 1976 by University of California (UC) in response to theState Legislature's recommendation to expand post-secondary opportunities to all of California's students including those who are first-generation, socioeconomically disadvantaged, and English-language learners.[183] As UC's largest academic preparation program, EAOP assists middle and high school students with academic preparation, admissions requirements, and financial aid requirements for higher education.[184] The program designs and provides services to foster students' academic development, and delivers those services in partnership with other academic preparation programs, schools, other higher education institutions and community/industry partners.[185]
The University of California admits a significant number of transfer students primarily from theCalifornia Community Colleges.[186] Approximately one out of three UC students begin at a community college before graduating.[186] In evaluating a transfer student's application the universities conduct a "comprehensive review" process that includes consideration of grade point averages of the generally required, transferable and or related courses for the intended major. The review may also include consideration of an applicant's enrollment in selective honor courses or programs, extracurricular activities, essay, family history, life challenges, and the location of the student's residence. Different universities emphasize different factors in their evaluations.[187]
Before 1986, students who wanted to apply to UC for undergraduate study could only apply to one campus. Students who were rejected at that campus but otherwise met the UC minimum eligibility requirements wereredirected to another campus with available space.[188][189] Students who did not want to be redirected were refunded their application fees.[citation needed] UC Riverside chancellorIvan Hinderaker explained in 1972: "Redirection has been a negative rather than a plus. Some come with achip on their shoulders so big they never give the campus a chance. They poison the attitudes of the students around them."[189]
Therefore, in 1986, the undergraduate application system was changed to the current "multiple filing" system, in which students can apply to as many or as few UC campuses as they want on one application, paying a fee for each campus. This significantly increased the number of applications to the Berkeley and Los Angeles campuses, since students could choose a campus to attend after they received acceptance letters, without fear of being redirected to a campus they did not want to attend.[188]
The University of California accepts fully eligible students from among the top one-eighth (1/8) of California public high school graduates through regular statewide admission, or the top 9% of any given high school class through Eligibility in the Local Context (see below). Part of the eligibility process is completion of theA-G requirements in high school. All eligible California high school students who apply are accepted to the university, though not necessarily to the campus of choice.[190][191] Eligible students who are not accepted to the campus(es) of their choice are placed in the "referral pool", where campuses with open space may offer admission to those students; in 2003, 10% of students who received an offer through this referral process accepted it.[192] In 2007, about 4,100 UC-eligible students who were not offered admission to their campus of choice were referred to UC Riverside or the system's newest campus, UC Merced.[193] In 2015, all UC-eligible students rejected by their campus of choice were redirected to UC Merced, which is now the only campus that has space for all qualified applicants.[194]
UCLA School of Law is one of the top ranked law schools in the United States.
The old undergraduate admissions were conducted on a two-phase basis. In the first phase, students were admitted based solely on academic achievement. This accounted for between 50 and 75% of the admissions. In the second phase, the university conducted a "comprehensive review" of the student's achievements, including extracurricular activities, essay, family history, and life challenges, to admit the remainder. Students who did not qualify for regular admission were "admitted by exception"; in 2002, approximately 2% of newly admitted undergraduates were admitted by exception.[195]
The process for determining admissions varies. At some campuses, such asSanta Barbara andSanta Cruz, a point system is used to weightgrade point average,SAT Reasoning orACT scores, and SAT Subject scores, while atSan Diego,Berkeley, andLos Angeles, academic achievement is examined in the context of the school and the surrounding community, known as a holistic review.
Eligibility in the Local Context, commonly referred to as ELC, is met by applicants ranked in the top 9% of their high school class in terms of performance on an 11-unit pattern of UC-approved high school courses. Beginning with fall 2007 applicants, ELC also requires a UC-calculated GPA of at least 3.0. Fully eligible ELC students are guaranteed a spot at one of UC's undergraduate campuses, though not necessarily at their first-choice campus or even to a campus to which they applied.[190]
In 2021, the University of California freshmen class was its most diverse and largest ever, with 84,223 students.[196] Latinos were the largest group at 37%; Asian Americans at 34%; white non-Hispanics at 20%; African-Americans at 5%; and 4% composed of American Indians, Pacific Islanders or those who declined to state their race or ethnicity.[196]
Mrak Hall serves as the administrative seat of UC Davis.
In many recent years, the University of California has faced growing criticism for high admissions of out-of-state or international students as opposed to in-state, California students. In particular, UC Berkeley and UCLA have been heavily criticized for this phenomenon due to their extraordinarily low acceptance rates compared to other campuses in the system.[200] At a Board of Regents meeting in 2015, California GovernorJerry Brown reportedly said about the problem: "And so you got your foreign students and you got your 4.0 folks, but just the kind of ordinary, normal students, you know, that got good grades but weren't at the top of the heap there—they're getting frozen out."[201] State lawmakers have proposed legislation that would reduce out-of-state admission.[202]
A 2020 Californiaauditor's report indicated that at least 64 wealthy students were wrongfully admitted to UC schools as favors to powerful figures.[203][204][205] Many of the admissions were justified by falsely classifying the applicants as student athletes. The incidents disproportionately (55 of 64) occurred atUC Berkeley.
On July 24, 2013, the UC Academic Senate adopted anOpen Access Policy, mandating that all UC faculty produced research with a publication agreement signed after that date be first deposited in UC's eScholarshipopen access repository.[207]
University of California systemwide research on theSAT exam found that, after controlling for familial income and parental education, so-called achievement tests known as the SAT II had 10 times more predictive ability of college aptitude than the SAT I.[208]
The University of California has a long tradition of involvement in many enterprises that are often geographically or organizationally separate from its general campuses, including national laboratories, observatories, hospitals, continuing education programs, hotels, conference centers, an airport, a seaport, and an art institute.
UC is a limited partner in two separate privatelimited liability companies that manage and operate two other Department of Energy national laboratories:
TheLawrence Berkeley National Laboratory conducts unclassified research across a wide range of scientific disciplines with key efforts focused on fundamental studies of the universe, quantitative biology, nanoscience, new energy systems and environmental solutions, and the use of integrated computing as a tool for discovery.
TheLawrence Livermore National Laboratory uses advanced science and technology to ensure that U.S. nuclear weapons remain reliable. LLNL also has major research programs in supercomputing and predictive modeling, energy and environment, bioscience and biotechnology, basic science and applied technology, counter-proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, and homeland security. It is also home to the most powerful supercomputers in the world.
TheLos Alamos National Laboratory focuses most of its work on ensuring the reliability of U.S. nuclear weapons. Other work at LANL involves research programs into preventing the spread of weapons of mass destruction and US national security, such as protection of the US homeland from terrorist attacks.
The UC system's ties to the three laboratories have occasionally sparked controversy and protest, because all three laboratories have been intimately linked with the development ofnuclear weapons. During theWorld War IIManhattan Project, Lawrence Berkeley Lab developed the electromagnetic method for the separation of uranium isotopes used to develop the first atomic bombs. The Los Alamos and Lawrence Livermore labs have been involved in designing U.S. nuclear weapons from their inception until the shift intostockpile stewardship after the end of theCold War. Historically the two national laboratories in Berkeley and Livermore named afterErnest O. Lawrence, have had very close relationships on research projects, as well as sharing some business operations and staff. In fact,LLNL was not officially severed administratively fromLBNL until the early 1970s. They also have much deeper ties to the university than the Los Alamos Lab, a fact seen in their respective original names; the University of California Berkeley Radiation Laboratory and the University of California Radiation Laboratory at Livermore.
The UC system's ties to the labs have so far outlasted all periods of internal controversy. However, in 2003, the U.S. Department of Energy for the first time opened theLos Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) contract for bidding by other vendors. UC entered into a partnership withBechtel Corporation,BWXT, and theWashington Group International, and together they created a private company calledLos Alamos National Security, LLC (LANS). The only other bidder on the LANL contract was aLockheed Martin Corporation-created company that included, among others, theUniversity of Texas System. In December 2005, a seven-year contract to manage the laboratory was awarded to the Los Alamos National Security, LLC.[210] On October 1, 2007, the University of California ended its direct involvement in operating the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. Management of the laboratory was taken over by Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC, a limited liability company whose members are Bechtel National, the University of California, Babcock & Wilcox, the Washington Division of URS Corporation, Battelle Memorial Institute, and The Texas A&M University System. Other than UC appointing three members to the two separate boards of directors (each with eleven members) that oversee LANS and LLNS, UC now has virtually no responsibility for or direct involvement in either LANL or LLNL. UC policies and regulations that apply to UC campuses and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in California no longer apply to LANL and LLNL, and the LANL and LLNL directors no longer report to the UC Regents or UC Office of the President.
The University of California is a founding and charter member of theCorporation for Education Network Initiatives in California, a nonprofit organization that provides high-performance Internet-based networking to California's K-20 research and education community.
TheNRS was established in January 1965 to provide UC faculty with large areas of land where they could conduct long-term ecosystem research without having to worry about outside disturbances like tourists. Today, the NRS manages 39 reserves that total more than 756,000 acres (3,060 km2).
University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources[211] (UCANR, Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources) plays an important role in the state's agriculture industry, as mandated by UC's legacy as a land-grant institution. In addition to conducting agriculture andYouth development research, every county in the state has acooperative extension office with county farm advisors. The county offices also support4-H programs and have nutrition, family, and consumer sciences advisors who assist local government. Currently, the division's University of California 4-H Youth Development Program[212] is a national leader in studyingthriving in the field of youth development.[213]
From September 2003 to July 2016, UC managed a contract valued at more than $330 million to establish and operate a University Affiliated Research Center (UARC) at theNASA Ames Research Center atMoffett Federal Airfield —the largest grant ever awarded the university.UC Santa Cruz managed the UARC for the University of California, with the goal of increasing the science output, safety, and effectiveness ofNASA's missions through new technologies and scientific techniques.
Each medical center serves as the primary teaching site for that campus's medical school. UCSF is perennially among the top five programs in both research and primary care, and both UCLA and UC San Diego consistently rank among the top fifteen research schools, according to annual rankings published byU.S. News & World Report.[214] The teaching hospitals affiliated with each school are also highly regarded – theUCSF Medical Center was ranked the number one hospital in California and number 5 in the country byU.S. News & World Report's 2017 Honor Roll for Best Hospitals in the United States.[215] UC also has a sixth medical school—UC Riverside School of Medicine, the only one in the UC system without its own hospital.
In the latter half of the 20th century, the UC hospitals became the cores of full-fledged regional health systems; they were gradually supplemented by many outpatient clinics, offices, and institutes. Three UC hospitals are actually county hospitals that were sold to UC, which means that UC currently plays a major role in providing healthcare to the indigent. The medical hospitals operated by UC Irvine (acquired in 1976), UC Davis (acquired in 1978), and UC San Diego (acquired in 1984) each began as the respective county hospitals ofOrange County,Sacramento County, andSan Diego County. As of 2025, UC medical centers handle each year about 10.8 million outpatient visits, 474,000 emergency room visits, and roughly 1.32 million inpatient days.[2]
UC operates several other miscellaneous sites to support faculty, students, and researchers away from its general campuses:
UC Berkeley operates the Richard B. Gump South Pacific Research Station inMo'orea,French Polynesia on land donated in 1981 by the heir to the founder of theGump's home furnishings store.[216]
UC Davis operates UC Center Sacramento, which supports students from all UC campuses who areinterning with theCalifornia government.
UC Davis operates UC Davis Chile Life Sciences Innovation Center inProvidencia, Chile, with support from Chilean government agencyCORFO. The center is a nonprofit foundation which coordinatestechnology transfers between Davis and partner institutions in Chile. It is the latest in a series of "technical assistance" programs between the California and Chile governments, dating back to the Chile-California Program of 1963.[217]
UC Irvine founded UC Washington Center (UCDC) in the federal capital at Washington, D.C. UCDC includes a dormitory to host UC students interning with thefederal government. It is now jointly operated and supported by all nine UC campuses which admit undergraduates.
UC Riverside currently operates one overseas site on behalf of the systemwide Alianza MX program:
Unlike other land-grant institutions (e.g.,Cornell) UC does not provide ahospitality management program, but it does provide general hospitality at some locations:[citation needed]
UC Berkeley's Cal Alumni Association operates travel excursions for alumni (and their families) under its "Cal Discoveries Travel" brand (formerly BearTreks); many of the tour guides are Berkeley professors. CAA also operates the oldest and largest alumni association-run family camp in the world, the Lair of the Golden Bear. Located at an altitude of 5600 feet inPinecrest, California, the Lair is a home-away-from-home for almost 10,000 campers annually. Its attendees are largely Cal alumni and their families, but the Lair is open to everyone.
Berkeley Lab operates its own hotel, the Berkeley Lab Guest House, available to persons with business at the Lab itself or UC Berkeley.
The UCLA Hospitality Group operates two on-campus hotels, the 61-room Inn at UCLA and the 254-room Meyer and Renee Luskin Conference Center, and the UCLA Lake Arrowhead Lodge atLake Arrowhead (with a mix of chalet-like condominiums, lodge rooms, and stand-alone cottages). During the summer, Lake Arrowhead hosts the Bruin Woods vacation programs for UCLA alumni and their families.
Separately, UCLA Health operates the 100-room Tiverton House just south of the UCLA campus to serve its patients and their families.
UC Santa Cruz leased the University Inn and Conference Center in downtown Santa Cruz from 2001 to 2011 for use as off-campus student housing.
UC Davis operates theUniversity Airport as a utility airport forair shuttle service in the contractual transportation of university employees and agricultural samples. It is also a public general aviation airport. University Airport's ICAO identifier is KEDU.
UC San Diego'sScripps Institution of Oceanography owns a seaport, the Nimitz Marine Facility, which is just south of Shelter Island onPoint Loma, San Diego. The port is used as an operating base for all of its oceanographic vessels and platforms.
For over a century, the university has operated a continuing education program for working adults and professionals. At present, UC Extension has enrolled over 700,000 students, (500,000 of which are unique) in over 3,000 courses, with approximately 100,000 students attending during 2022-2023. One of the reasons for its large size is that UC Extension is a approved and the dominant provider of education forWIOA andTAAP workers in California.[218] Also, the systemwide portion of UC Extension (directly controlled by the UC Office of the President) operatesContinuing Education of the Bar under a joint venture agreement with theState Bar of California.[citation needed]
^"The UC Brand | Color". Brand.universityofcalifornia.edu.Archived from the original on February 2, 2023. RetrievedOctober 14, 2015.
^"Campuses & locations".University of California. January 15, 2020.Archived from the original on January 9, 2022. RetrievedApril 22, 2020.
^"Land-Grant Colleges and Universities". United States Department of Agriculture National Institute of Food and Agriculture. 2020.Archived from the original on February 10, 2022. RetrievedJanuary 1, 2021.
^abGreene, Howard (2001).The public ivies : America's flagship public universities. Greene, Matthew W., 1968– (1st ed.). New York: Cliff Street Books.ISBN006093459X.OCLC46683792.
^abcTrombley, William (December 27, 1965). "Chancellors Emerge as Powerful Force in University: New Role of UC Campus Chiefs Seen as One of Most Significant Developments of Past Five Years".Los Angeles Times. p. A1. Available throughProQuest Historical Newspapers.
^abcdefghijkMarsden, George M. (1994).The Soul of the American University: From Protestant Establishment to Established Nonbelief. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 134–140.ISBN9780195106503.Archived from the original on March 8, 2023. RetrievedJuly 16, 2016. Page 138 of this source incorrectly states that the date of the final negotiations in which Governor Low participated was October 8, 1869, but it is clear from the context and the endnotes to that page (which cite documents from 1867) that the reference to 1869 is a typo.
^This agreement is evident in section 7 of the Organic Act, in which the state agreed to establish the College of Letters in consideration of the College of California's gift. SeeCal. Stats., 17th sess., 1867–1868, ch. 244, § 7.
^Harvey Helfand,University of California, Berkeley: An Architectural Tour and Photographs, (New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2002), 6.
^Barnes, Thomas Garden (1978).Hastings College of the Law: The First Century. San Francisco: University of California Hastings College of the Law Press. pp. 44,71–72.
^Barnes, Thomas Garden (1978).Hastings College of the Law: The First Century. San Francisco: University of California Hastings College of the Law Press. pp. 78–82.
^abBarnes, Thomas Garden (1978).Hastings College of the Law: The First Century. San Francisco: University of California Hastings College of the Law Press. pp. 84–85.
^Gerth, Donald R. (2010).The People's University: A History of the California State University. Berkeley: Berkeley Public Policy Press. pp. 26–30.ISBN978-0-87772-435-3.
^abGerth, Donald R. (2010).The People's University: A History of the California State University. Berkeley: Berkeley Public Policy Press. p. 39.ISBN9780877724353.
^University of California Office of the President (2022).UCOP Franklin-Broadway Campus Welcome Guide(PDF). Oakland: Regents of the University of California. p. 9. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on June 13, 2022. RetrievedNovember 6, 2022.
^"NEWS OF THE MORNING".Sacramento Daily Union. Vol. 43, no. 6655. August 1, 1872. p. 3 – viaCalifornia Digital Newspaper Collection.On the 30th instant the Board of Regents elected Professor D. C. Gilman, late of Yale College, President of the University of California, Tompkins having declined.
^"EXIT GILMAN".Oakland Tribune. Vol. 5, no. 324. March 25, 1875. p. 3 – viaCalifornia Digital Newspaper Collection.Yesterday was a gala day at Berkeley, the occasion being the retiracy of President Gilman and the inauguration of Prof. John Le Conte to that important office.
^"THE UNIVERSITY MUDDLE".Placer Herald. Vol. 29, no. 45. June 11, 1881. p. 4 – viaCalifornia Digital Newspaper Collection.Since our article was written on the University muddle the Regents have carried out the recommendations of their Advisory Committee, by accepting President LeConte's resignation and removing Prof. Welcker.
^"UNIVERSITY REGENTS".The Daily Alta California. Vol. 42, no. 14012. January 11, 1888. p. 2 – viaCalifornia Digital Newspaper Collection.The Special Committee appointed to consider the resolution accepting the resignation of Edward S. Holden as the President of the University and resolutions appointing the Director of and the Astronomers in the Lick Observatory, and resolutions appointing a secretary and librarian, and also a machinist, a laborer and a janitor, reported through A. L. Rhodes.
^"Horace Davis".San Jose herald. Vol. 44, no. 33. February 8, 1888. p. 5 – viaCalifornia Digital Newspaper Collection.Horace Davis, one of the best known citizens of California, was yesterday elected President of the State University at Berkeley at a special meeting of the Regents of the University of California held in the Patent Room of the Mechanics Institute.
^"PRESIDENT DAVIS".San Jose herald. Vol. 33, no. 84. March 24, 1888. p. 4 – viaCalifornia Digital Newspaper Collection.Horace Davis was inaugurated President of the University of California this afternoon. The ceremonies, which were held at Berkeley in the Harmon Gymnasium and in connection with the Charter-day celebration, attracted a tremendous crowd.
^ab"DR. WHEELER IS NO LONGER HEAD OF UNIVERSITY".Morning Union. July 17, 1919. p. 1 – viaCalifornia Digital Newspaper Collection.Dr. Benjamin Ide Wheeler retired Tuesday evening as president of the University of California after having completed a service as head of the institution just three days less than twenty years... The affairs of the University of California will be governed by the committee of deans until a new president is named by the Board of Regents. Dean William Carey Jones will head the governing body, assisted by DeanCharles Mills Gayley and Comptroller Ralph Merritt.
^Lawton, Vince (March 20, 1958)."PRESIDENT SPROUL RETIRES IN JUNE".Highlander. Vol. 5, no. 20. p. 1 – viaCalifornia Digital Newspaper Collection.One of the most distinguished careers in American education will officially end next June 30 with the retirement of Robert Gordon Sproul from the presidency of the University of California.
^"Hitch Resigns".Synapse. Vol. 19, no. 7. October 24, 1974. p. 1 – viaCalifornia Digital Newspaper Collection.Asking to be included in presenting announcements at the Friday morning meeting, Hitch read a prepared statement which began, "I have decided to retire as President of the University of California and Professor of Economics at Berkeley effective June 30. 1975."
^Lee, Vanessa (April 6, 1992)."Peltason named new UC president".The California Aggie. Vol. 111, no. 50. p. 1 – viaCalifornia Digital Newspaper Collection.UC Irvine Chancellor Jack Peltason was introduced Friday as the University of California's 16th president. The UC regents unanimously selected Peltason to succeed outgoing UC President David Gardner, who will step down Oct. 1. Gardner announced his resignation last November, citing his inability to continue with the presidency following the death of his wife.
^Steelman, Katherine (October 7, 2003)."Atkinson steps down, Dynes steps up".Highlander. Vol. 51, no. 2. p. 1 – viaCalifornia Digital Newspaper Collection.On Friday, Oct. 2, Richard Atkinson stepped down as president of the University of California, to be replaced by Robert C. Dynes, physicist and ex-chancellor of UC San Diego.
^"UCSD Chancellor Dynes Named New UC President". The Regents of the University of California – via UCSD.I am very pleased to inform you that the Board of Regents today appointed Robert C. Dynes, a distinguished physicist, dedicated teacher, and highly skilled chancellor of UC San Diego, as the 18th president of the University of California system, effective Oct. 2, 2003.
^Gordon, Larry (June 15, 2008)."New UC chief is ready for action".Los Angeles Times.And on Monday, the distinctly nonathletic attorney who has led the University of Texas for six years heads to Arnold-land at a time when Schwarzenegger is advocating a state budget that would lead to big spending cuts for UC.
^Ebenstein, Lanny (2013)."The Rise of UCSB".Noticias: Journal of the Santa Barbara Historical Museum.54 (3):117–183.Archived from the original on September 5, 2024. RetrievedAugust 18, 2020. (At pp. 160-163.)
^State of California (2008)."Education Code section 92201".California Education Code. FindLaw.Archived from the original on October 31, 2007. RetrievedMarch 6, 2008.
^UCLA Registrar's Office Academic Publications (2021). "College of Letters and Science".UCLA General Catalog 2021–22. Los Angeles: Regents of the University of California.Archived from the original on May 19, 2023. RetrievedSeptember 24, 2021.
^University of California EAOP, 2003 in Review. University of California, 2009–10 Budget for Current Operations Budget Detail, as Presented to the Regents for Approval.
^University of California, 2009–10 Budget for Current Operations Budget Detail, as Presented to the Regents for Approval. University of California Office of the President, A Report to the Governor and Legislature on Student Academic Preparation and Educational Partnerships for the 2006–07 Academic Year (April 2008).
^abTrombley, William (November 6, 1972). "Enrollment Drop Poses Crisis at UC Riverside: Faced With Loss of 50 Faculty Positions, Campus Has Begun Strong Recruiting Drive".Los Angeles Times. p. B1. Available throughProQuest Historical Newspapers.
^Resources, University of California, Division of Agriculture and Natural."4-H Thrive".4h.ucanr.edu.Archived from the original on February 4, 2020. RetrievedFebruary 4, 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Douglass, John Aubrey (2000).The California Idea and American Higher Education: 1850 to the 1960 Master Plan. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.ISBN9780804731898.
Douglass, John Aubrey. "Politics and policy in California higher education: 1850 to the 1960 Master Plan" (PhD dissertation, University of California, Santa Barbara; ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 1992. 9237800).online
Douglass, John Aubrey. "Creating a fourth branch of state government: The University of California and the constitutional convention of 1879."History of Education Quarterly 32.1 (1992): 31-72.
Dundjerski, Marina.UCLA: The First Century (2012)guide to contents; a major scholarly history
Johnson, Dean C. (1996).The University of California: History and Achievements. Berkeley: University of California Printing Department.
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