The university is organised intothree academic faculties composed of multiple schools and departments running over 200 undergraduate courses, largely in theTyndall's Park area of the city.[11] It had a total income of £1.06 billion in 2023–24, of which £294.1 million was from research grants and contracts, with an expenditure of £768.7 million.[2] It is the largest independent employer in Bristol.[12] Current academics include 23 fellows of theAcademy of Medical Sciences, 13 fellows of theBritish Academy, 43 fellows of the Academy of Social Sciences,[13] 13 fellows of theRoyal Academy of Engineering and 48 fellows of theRoyal Society.[14] The University of Bristol's alumni and faculty include 13 Nobel laureates.[15]
Bristol is a member of theRussell Group of research-intensive British universities,[16] the European-wideCoimbra Group[17] and theWorldwide Universities Network, of which the university's previous vice-chancellor,Eric Thomas, was chairman from 2005 to 2007.[18] In addition, the university holds anErasmus Charter, sending more than 500 students per year to partner institutions in Europe.[19] It has an average of 6.4 (Sciences faculty) to 13.1 (Medicine & Dentistry Faculty) applicants for each undergraduate place.[20]
The earliest antecedent of the university was the engineering department of theMerchant Venturers' Technical College (founded as a school as early as 1595) which became the engineering faculty of Bristol University.[21] The university was also preceded byBristol Medical School (1833) andUniversity College, Bristol, founded in 1876,[9] where its first lecture was attended by only 99 students.[22]
The university was able to apply for aroyal charter due to the financial support of theWills andFry families, who made their fortunes in tobacco plantations and chocolate respectively (while there was no funding fromEdward Colston).[23] A 2018 study commissioned by the university estimated 85% of the philanthropic funds used for the institution's foundation "depended on the labour of enslaved people".[24]
The royal charter was gained in May 1909, with 288 undergraduates and 400 other students entering the university in October 1909.Henry Overton Wills III became its first chancellor.[9] The University College was the first such institution in the country toadmit women on the same basis as men.[9] However, women were forbidden to take examinations in medicine until 1906.[25]
There shall be from henceforth for ever in Our said City of Bristol a University...
King Edward VII, Charter of Incorporation of the University of Bristol, 4 December 1909[26]
Since the founding of the university itself in 1909, it has grown considerably and is now one of the largest employers in the local area, although it is smaller by student numbers than the nearbyUniversity of the West of England.[27]
After the founding of the university college in 1876, government support began in 1889. Funding from mergers with the Bristol Medical School in 1893 and the Merchant Venturers' Technical College in 1909,[29] allowed the opening of a new medical school and an engineering school – two subjects that remain among the university's greatest strengths.
In 1908, gifts from the Fry and Wills families, particularly £100,000 fromHenry Overton Wills III (£6m in today's money), were provided to endow a university for Bristol and the West of England, provided that aroyal charter could be obtained within two years. In December 1909, the king granted such a charter and erected the University of Bristol.[26] Henry Wills became its firstchancellor andConwy Lloyd Morgan the first vice-chancellor.[30] Wills died in 1911 and in tribute his sonsGeorge andHarry built theWills Memorial Building, starting in 1913 and finally finishing in 1925.[31] Today, it houses parts of the academic provision forearth sciences and law, and graduation ceremonies are held in its Great Hall. The Wills Memorial Building is a Grade II* listed building.[32]
In 1920, George Wills bought theVictoria Rooms and endowed them to the university as astudents' union.[9]The building now houses the Department of Music and is a Grade II* listed building.[33]
At the point of foundation, the university was required to provide for the local community. This mission was behind the creation of the Department of Extra-Mural Adult Education in 1924 to provide courses to the local community. This mission continues today; a new admissions policy specifically caters to the "BS"postcode area ofBristol.[34]
Among the famous names associated with Bristol in this early period isPaul Dirac, who graduated in 1921 with a degree in engineering, before obtaining a second degree in mathematics in 1923 from Cambridge. For his subsequent pioneering work on quantum mechanics, he was awarded the 1933Nobel Prize in Physics.[35] Later in the 1920s, the H. H. Wills Physics Laboratory was opened byErnest Rutherford.[36] It has since housed several Nobel Prize winners:Cecil Frank Powell (1950);[37]Hans Albrecht Bethe (1967);[38] andNevill Francis Mott (1977).[39] The laboratory stands on the same site today, close to theBristol Grammar School and the city museum.
Winston Churchill became the university's third chancellor in 1929, serving the university in that capacity until 1965.[9] He succeededRichard Haldane who had held the office from 1912 following the death of Henry Wills.[25][30]
During World War II, the Wills Memorial was bombed, destroying the Great Hall and the organ it housed,[9] along with 7,000 books removed fromKing's College London for safe keeping. It has since been restored, complete with oak panelled walls and a new organ.
In 1946, the university established the first drama department in the country.[9] In the same year, Bristol began offering special entranceexams andgrants to aid the resettlement of servicemen returning home. Student numbers continued to increase, and the Faculty of Engineering eventually needed the new premises that were to become Queen's Building in 1955. This substantial building housed all of the university's engineers until 1996, when theelectrical engineering andcomputer science departments moved over the road into the new Merchant Venturers' Building to make space for these rapidly expanding fields. Today, Queen's Building caters for most of the teaching needs of the faculty and provides academic space for the "heavy" engineering subjects (civil,mechanical, andaerospace).
With unprecedented growth in the 1960s, particularly in undergraduate numbers, the Students' Union eventually acquired larger premises in a new building in theClifton area of the city, in 1965. This building was more spacious than the Victoria Rooms, which were now given over to the Department of Music. TheUniversity of Bristol Union provides many practice and performance rooms, some specialist rooms, as well as three bars: Bar 100, the Mandela (also known as AR2) and the Avon Gorge. Whilst spacious, the Union building is thought by many to be ugly[40] and out of character compared to the architecture of the rest of the Clifton area, having been mentioned in aBBC poll to find the worst architectural eyesores in Britain.[41] The university has proposed relocating the Union to a more central location as part of its development 'masterplan'.[42] More recently,{{|date=April 2025}} plans for redevelopment of the current building have been proposed.[43]
The 1960s were a time of considerable student activism in the United Kingdom, and Bristol was no exception. In 1968, many students marched in support of theAnderson Report, which called for higher student grants. This discontent culminated in an 11-day sit-in at the Senate House (the administrative headquarters of the university).[9] A series of chancellors and vice-chancellors led the university through these decades, withHenry Somerset, 10th Duke of Beaufort taking over from Churchill as chancellor in 1965 before being succeeded byDorothy Hodgkin in 1970 who spent the next 18 years in the office.[30]
As the age of mass higher education dawned, Bristol continued to build its student numbers. The various undergraduate residences were repeatedly expanded and, more recently, some postgraduate residences have been constructed. These more recent ventures have been funded (and are run) by external companies in agreement with the university.
The Victoria Rooms, housing the School of Music
One of the fewcentres for deaf studies in the United Kingdom was established in Bristol in 1981, followed in 1988 by the Norah Fry Centre for research into learning difficulties. Also in 1988, and again in 2004,[44] the Students' Union AGM voted to disaffiliate from theNational Union of Students (NUS). On both occasions, however, the subsequent referendum of all students reversed that decision and Bristol remains affiliated to the NUS.
As the number of postgraduate students has grown (particularly the numbers pursuing taught master's degrees), there eventually became a need for separate representation on university bodies and the Postgraduate Union (PGU) was established in 2000.[45] Universities are increasingly expected to exploit the intellectual property generated by their research activities and, in 2000, Bristol established the Research and Enterprise Division (RED) to further this cause (particularly for technology-based businesses). In 2001, the university signed a 25-year research funding deal with IP2IPO, an intellectual property commercialisation company.[46] In 2007, research activities were expanded further with the opening of the Advanced Composites Centre for Innovation and Science (ACCIS) and The Bristol Institute for Public Affairs (BIPA).
In 2002, the university was involved in an argument over press intrusion after details of then-prime ministerTony Blair's son's application to university were published in national newspapers. In the same year, the university opened the new Centre for Sports, Exercise and Health in the heart of the university precinct.[47] At a cost, local residents can also use the facilities.[48]
Most of the buildings here are used by the university. TheWills Memorial Building is left of centre. Viewed from theCabot Tower on Brandon Hill
Brenda Hale, the first femaleLaw Lord, became chancellor of the university in 2003.[25][30]Paul Nurse succeeded Lady Hale as chancellor on 1 January 2017.
Expansion of teaching and research activities continues. In 2004, the Faculty of Engineering completed work on the Bristol Laboratory for Advanced Dynamics Engineering (BLADE). This £18.5m project[49] is intended to further the study of dynamics and is the most advanced such facility in Europe.[50] It was built as an extension to the Queen's Building and was officially opened byQueen Elizabeth II in March 2005.
In January 2005, the School of Chemistry was awarded £4.5m by theHigher Education Funding Council for England to create Bristol ChemLabS: a Centre for Excellence in Teaching & Learning (CETL),[51] with an additional £350k announced for the capital part of the project in February 2006. Bristol ChemLabS stands for Bristol Chemical Laboratory Sciences; it is the only chemistry CETL in the UK.
September 2009 saw the opening of the university'sCentre for Nanoscience and Quantum Information. This £11 million building is known as the quietest building in the world[clarification needed] and has other technologically sophisticated features such as self-cleaning glass. Advanced research into quantum computing, nanotechnology, materials and other disciplines are being undertaken in the building.[52]
There is also a plan to significantly redevelop the centre of the University Precinct in the coming years.[53] The first step began in September 2011, with the start of construction of a state-of-the-art Life Sciences building.[54]
In 2024 the university revised their emblem, removing the dolphin emblem because of its connection to the slave trader Edward Colston and adding an image of moving pages and a bookmark.[59]
BristolSEDS' record-breaking hotfire
In 2025, BristolSEDS, a student society within the University, successfully hot-fired a 6 kilo-newton bi-propellant rocket engine, claiming the record for the highest thrust of an engine of this type designed by students in the UK.[60]
The university does not have a main campus but is spread over a considerable geographic area. Most of its activities, however, are concentrated in the area of the city centre, referred to as the "University Precinct".
Some of the University of Bristol's buildings date to its pre-charter days when it wasUniversity College Bristol. These buildings were designed byCharles Hansom, and suffered being built in stages due to financial pressure. The first large scale building project the University of Bristol undertook on gaining a charter was theWills Memorial Building. Other notable buildings and sites includeRoyal Fort House, theUniversity of Bristol Botanic Garden, many large Victorian houses which were converted for teaching in the Faculty of Arts,[61] andthe Victoria Rooms which house the Music Department and were designed byCharles Dyer. Thetympanum of the building depicts a scene fromThe Advent of Morning designed by Jabez Tyley.[62]
Goldney gardens entered the property of the University of Bristol throughGeorge Wills who had hoped to build an all-male hall of residence there. This was prevented due to the moral objection of the then warden of Clifton Hill House who objected to the idea of male and female residences being in such close proximity. University records show that Miss Starvey was prepared to resign over the issue and that she had the support of the then ChancellorConwy Lloyd Morgan.[63] Eventually land was purchased inStoke Bishop, allowing the building of what has been described as a "quasi-Oxbridge" hall,Wills Hall, to which was added the Dame Monica Wills Chapel by George Wills' widow after his death. When Goldney did become student accommodation in 1956, the flats were designed by Michael Grice who received an award from the Civic Trust for their design.[64]
Burwalls, a mansion house on the other side of theAvon Gorge, was used as a halls of residence in the past and was a home ofSir George Oatley. The building is now used to house the Centre for Continuing Education.[65]
Many of the more modern buildings, including Senate House and the newer parts of the HH Wills Physics Laboratory, were designed by Ralph Brentnall using funds from the University Grants Committee. He is also responsible for the extension to the Wills Memorial Building library which was completed to such standard that few now realise that is an extension to the original building.[66]
In May 2022, the university announced the opening of the Gambling Harms and Research Centre (GHRC). The centre worth £4 million aims to increase awareness and understanding of the dangers of gambling. The project was funded by the GambleAware charity, which chose the university for its history in researching gambling issues, and will integrate research from six facilities.[67]
In November 2016, the university announced that it plans to build a £300 million Temple Quarter Campus for c. 5,000 students, next toBristol Temple Meads railway station withinBristol Temple Quarter Enterprise Zone. The new campus, which will include abusiness school, digital research facilities and a student village, is expected to open in 2021.[68] For the existing campus, there are plans to remodel Tyndall Avenue, pedestrianise the surrounding area and build a new library and resource hub.[69]
In common with most UK universities, Bristol is headed formally by thechancellor, currentlySir Paul Nurse and led on a day-to-day basis by thevice-chancellor, currently Professor Evelyn Welch, who is the academic leader and chief executive. There are four pro vice-chancellors and three ceremonial pro-chancellors.[70] The chancellor may hold office for up to ten years and the pro-chancellors for up to three, unless the University Court determines otherwise,[71][72] but the vice-chancellor and pro-vice-chancellors have no term limits.[73][74] The vice-chancellor is supported by a deputy vice-chancellor.
Responsibility for running the university is held at an executive level by the vice-chancellor, but the council is the only body that can recommend changes to the university's statutes and charter,[75] with the exception of academic ordinances. These can only be made with the consent of the senate, the chief academic body in the university which also holds responsibility for teaching and learning, examinations and research and enterprise.[75][76] The chancellor and pro chancellors are nominated by council and appointed formally by court, whose additional powers are now limited to these appointments and a few others, including some lay members of council.[77] Finally, Convocation, the body of all staff, ceremonial officers and graduates of the university, returns 100 members to court and one member to council,[70] but is otherwise principally a forum for discussion and to ensure graduates stay in touch with the university.
The university is made up of a number of schools and departments organised into three faculties:[78]
The Wills Memorial Library of Law and Earth Sciences
The university specifies a mix of Cambridge and Oxfordacademic dress. For the most part, it uses Oxford-style gowns and Cambridge-style hoods, which are required to be 'university red'[79] (see the logo at the top of the page).
In the financial year ending 31 July 2024, Bristol had a total income of £1.060 billion (2022/23 – £902.2 million) and total expenditure of £768.7 million (2022/23 – £807.5 million).[2] Key sources of income included £459.9 million from tuition fees and education contracts (2022/23 – £416.4 million), £119 million from funding body grants (2022/23 – £127.7 million), £294.1 million from research grants and contracts (2022/23 – £203.3 million), £16.5 million from investment income (2022/23 – £13.6 million) and £8.9 million from endowment donations (2022/23 – £0.6 million).[2]
At year end, Bristol had endowments of £98.7 million (2023 – £86.1 million) and total net assets of £1.581 billion (2023 – £1.256 billion). It holds thefifteenth-largest endowment of any university in the UK.[2]
In 2004, the university unveiled its new logo. The icons in the logo are the sun for the Wills family, the dolphin for Colston, the horse for Fry and the ship-and-castle from the medieval seal of the City of Bristol, as also used in the coat of arms. The shape of the whole logo represents the open book of learning.[7] This logo has replaced the universityarms shown, but the arms continue to be used where there is a specific historical or ceremonial requirement. The arms comprise:
argent on a cross quadrate gules the arms of the City of Bristol between in pale and a sun in splendour (for Wills) and an open book proper, leaved and clasped or, and inscribed with the words Nisi quia Dominus, and in fesse to the sinister a dolphin embowed (for Colston), and to the dexter a horse courant (for Fry), both of the third.
The inscription on the book is theLatin opening of the 124th Psalm,"If the Lord Himself had not (been on our side...)".[1] The latin motto granted with the Arms below the shields is Vim promovet insitam, from the fourth Ode of Horace's fourth book meaning '[Learning] promotes one's innate power'.[80]
Bristol had the 8th highest average entry qualification for undergraduates of any UK university in 2015, with new students averaging 485UCAS points,[87] equivalent to just above AAAaa inA-level grades. Competition for places is high with an average 7.7 applications per place according to the 2014 Sunday Times League Tables, making it the joint 11th most competitive university in the UK.[88] The university gave offers of admission to 52.2% of its undergraduate applicants in 2022, the 17th lowest offer rate across the country.[89]
According to the 2017Times andSunday Times Good University Guide, approximately 40% of Bristol's undergraduates come from independent schools.[90] In the 2016–17 academic year, the university had a domicile breakdown of 78:5:17 of UK:EU:non-EU students respectively with a female to male ratio of 55:45.[91]
The University of Bristol ranks number 5 in the UK for research quality according to the most recent Research Excellence Framework assessment.[98] Chemistry (1st), Physics (5th), Engineering (6th), Mathematical sciences (4th), Computer science and informatics (7th), Earth systems and environmental sciences (2nd), Biological sciences (8th), Geography and environmental studies (1st), Law (3rd), Economics and econometrics (7th), and Modern languages and linguistics (4th) are among the highly rated subjects.[99][100][101][102][103][104][105][106][107][108][109] The Complete University Guide 2024 ranks Bristol 4th for the quality of its research.[110] Bristol also ranks 5th for number of spin outs created and has the best business incubator in the world according to UBI Global.[111][112]
The University of Bristol was the fourth most targeted university by the UK's top 100 employers, according to the Graduate Market in 2023 report produced by High Fliers.[113] It was ranked joint 7th in the UK for graduate employability.[114]
Bristol notably does not award by title any bachelor's degrees in music, which is available for study but awarded BA (although it does award MMus and DMus), nor any degree indivinity, since divinity is not available for study (students of theology are awarded a BA). Similarly, the university does not award BLitt (Bachelor of Letters), although it does award both MLitt andDLitt. In regulations, the university does not name MD orDDS ashigher doctorates, although they are in many universities[120] as these degrees are normally accredited professional doctorates.
The degrees of DLitt, DSc, DEng,LLD and DMus, whilst having regulations specifying the grounds for award,[121] are most often conferred as honorary degrees (in honoris causa).[122] Those used most commonly are the DLitt, DSc and LLD, with theMA (and occasionally the MLitt) also sometimes conferred honorarily for distinction in the local area or within the university.
Bristol University Press is scholarly press based at University of Bristol.[123] In 1996, the University of Bristol establishedPolicy Press, anacademic publisher based in the Faculty of Social Sciences and Law at the University of Bristol and specialising in the social sciences. In October 2016, Policy Press became an imprint of newly foundedBristol University Press.[124][125]
It is not-for-profit university press which publishes 22 journals and 200 books a year in subjects including: Ageing and Gerontology, Business and Management, Criminology, Economics and Society, Environment and Sustainability, International Development, Law, Politics and International Relations, Science, Technology and Society, and Sociology. It achieved journal citation metrics with gains in Journal Impact Factors and improved results in Journal Citation Indicator, Scopus CiteScore and SJR.[126]
Bristol is Open, abbreviated as BiO, is a joint venture project betweenBristol City Council and University of Bristol. It is for delivering research contributing to the development of a Smart City and deploying a city-scale open and programmable testbed for experimentation and digital innovation.[127] The collaboration of two organisations started in April 2015 and ended in December 2019 with Bristol City Council taking full control of BiO's operations.[128] It has completed many technical trials and experiments including open access to Wi-Fi as a reduction of the digital divide and development for Smart City technology.
TheUniversity of Bristol Students' Union (Bristol SU) located in Senate House and the Richmond Building on Queens Road is a founding member of the National Union of Students and is amongst the oldeststudents' unions in England. The union oversees three media outlets: UBTV, the Bristol University Radio Station (BURST) and the student newspaperEpigram. There is also a local branch ofThe Tab.[129] The Union is responsible for representing students' academic interests through elections of student representatives and democratic events. The Union is also responsible for the organisation of the annual Welcome Fair, the co-ordination of Bristol Student Community Action, which organises volunteering projects in the local community, and the organisation of entertainment events and over 400[130] student groups, societies and clubs. Previous presidents have includedSue Lawley and formerLiberal Democrat MPLembit Öpik. There is a separate union for postgraduate students, as well as an athletic union, which is a member of theBritish Universities & Colleges Sport.[131] In distinction to the "blues" awarded for sporting excellence at Oxford and Cambridge, Bristol's most successful athletes are awarded "reds".[132]
Accommodation for students is primarily in the central precinct of the university and two areas of Bristol:Clifton andStoke Bishop, known respectively as the West and North Villages.[133]
In Stoke Bishop,Wills Hall on the edge of theClifton Downs was the first to be opened, in 1929, by the then chancellor, Winston Churchill. Its originalquadrangle layout has been expanded twice, in 1962 and 1990.[133]Churchill Hall, named for the chancellor, followed in 1956, thenBadock Hall in 1964.[133][134] At the time of Badock Hall's establishment, some of the buildings were calledHiatt Baker Hall, but two years later, Hiatt Baker moved to its own site and is now the largest hall in the university.[133][135] The first self-catering hall in Stoke Bishop wasUniversity Hall, established in 1971 with expansion in 1992.[133]
In Clifton,Goldney Hall was built first in the early 18th century by the wealthy merchantGoldney family and eventually became part of the university in 1956.[136] It is a popular location for filming, withThe Chronicles of Narnia,The House of Eliott andTruly, Madly, Deeply, as well as episodes ofOnly Fools and Horses andCasualty, being filmed there.[137] TheGrotto in the grounds is a Grade Ilisted building.[138]Clifton Hill House is another Grade I listed building now used as student accommodation in Clifton. The original building was constructed between 1745 and 1750 byIsaac Ware, and has been used by the university since its earliest days in 1909.[133][139]Manor Hall comprises five separate buildings, the principal of which was erected from 1927 to 1932 to the design ofGeorge Oatley following a donation fromHenry Herbert Wills.Manor Hall houses the largest and most dated rooms, some dating back to the early 20th century.[140] One of its annexes, Manor House, has recently been refurbished and officially 'reopened' in 1999.[133][141]
On the central precinct sits The Hawthorns, a student house accommodating 115 undergraduate students.[142] The house started life as a collection of villas built somewhere between 1888 and 1924[143] that were later converted, bit by bit, into a hotel by John Dingle.[144] The Hawthorns also houses conferencing facilities, the staff refectory and bar, the Accommodation Office and the Student Houses Office. 33 Colston Street was opened in the city centre in October 2011 after the university acquired the property in 2009.[133]
Several of the residences in the central precinct are more recent and have been built and are managed by third-party organisations under exclusivity arrangements with the university. New Bridewell House, opened in 2016, is in the former police HQ, and is operated by Fresh Student Housing. Unite House and Chantry Court, were opened in 2000 and 2003 respectively by theUNITE Group.[145][146][147] Dean's Court (2001, postgraduates only) and Woodland Court (2005), are both run by the Dominion Housing Group.[148][149]
All of the main halls elect groups of students to theJunior Common Room to organise the halls social calendar for the next year. Residents of student houses, private accommodation and students living at home become members of Orbital – a society organising social events for students throughout the year.[133]
Sports membership at Bristol University totals up to 4,000 students across a wide range of unique team and individual pursuits. Its network of over 70 sports clubs and four sites are run by the university's Student Union and its Sport,Exercise and Health Department.[150] Competing with other universities in theBritish Universities and Colleges Sport league (BUCS), Bristol university is placed 8th in the country.
The university caters to its students with sporting facilities split across four primary complexes:
Bristol University Indoor Sports Centre- The Indoor Sports Centre is located at the heart of the university campus and is home to a fully equipped two-storey gym, fitness studios, sports hall and Sports Medicine Clinic.[151]
Coombe Dingle Sports Complex- This 38-acre site in the heart of Stoke Bishop, features the only indoor tennis centre in Bristol and is where the university's more traditional outdoor sports reside. Coombe Dingle is typically used for training and competition. Throughout the year Coombe Dingle hosts a variety of competitive fixtures, including inter-university BUCS matches, plus local and national league matches.:[152]
Facilities available at Coombe Dingle Sports Complex:•3G pitch•Artificial pitches (sand dressed and floodlit)•Grass pitches (football and rugby)•Cricket squares and nets (including grass)•Tennis courts, indoor and outdoor (floodlit)•Lacrosse pitch•Netball courts (outdoor)•Olympic weight lifting gym•Softball and rounders facilities•Pavilion, lounge bar and meeting rooms•Sports Medicine Clinic
Richmond Building- The university swimming pool is located inside the student union (Richmond Building). This six-lane swimming pool has a moveable bulkhead, creating a competition-length main pool, alongside a comfortable teaching pool for lessons. The pool is available to students, staff and the community for lane and casual swimming, or lessons, on a membership or pay-as-you-go basis.[153]
Saltford Boathouse- The University Boathouse is based at Saltford, halfway to Bath on the River Avon. Used for term-time training/competition and out-of-term recreational water sport, the Boathouse moors up the universities rowing and sailing boats.
The University of Bristol is associated with threeIg Nobel Prizes, an award for unusual or trivial achievements in scientific research. SirMichael Berry shared the award (withAndre Geim, a Nobel Laureate) for usingmagnets to levitate a frog.[163] Gareth Jones also shared an Ig Nobel prize for scientifically documentingfellatio infruit bats.[164] Dr.Len Fisher was awarded the 1999 prize for physics for calculating the optimal way to dunk a biscuit.[165]
Bristol alumnusPaul Dirac went on to win the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1933 for his contribution to the formulation of quantum mechanics and is considered one of the most significant physicists of the 20th century.[166] Other notable scientists includeDani Rabaiotti, an environmental scientist and science communicator,[167] andEliahu Nissim, a professor of aeronautical engineering, and the president of theOpen University of Israel.
^Includes those who indicate that they identify asAsian,Black,Mixed Heritage,Arab or any other ethnicity except White.
^Calculated from the Polar4 measure, using Quintile1, in England and Wales. Calculated from theScottish Index of Multiple Deprivation (SIMD) measure, using SIMD20, in Scotland.
^ab"Academy of Social Sciences". The National Academy of Academics, Learned Societies and Practitioners in the Social Sciences. 18 October 2023. Retrieved18 October 2023.
^H. Jones (1931). "Notes on Work at the University of Bristol, 1930-7".Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series A.371 (1744):52–55.doi:10.1098/rspa.1980.0056.S2CID111085362.
Delany, Rosalind (2002).How Did This Garden Grow?: The History of the Botanic Gardens of the University of Bristol. Friends of Bristol University Botanic Garden.ISBN0-9543504-0-5.
Crossley Evans, M. J. (1994).A History of Wills Hall University of Bristol. University of Bristol.ISBN0-86292-421-9.
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