TheUniversity of Bologna (Italian:Alma Mater Studiorum – Università di Bologna, abbreviatedUnibo) is apublicresearch university inBologna, Italy. It is theoldest university in continuous operation in the world, and the first degree-awarding institution of higher learning.[4][5] Teaching began around 1088, with the university becoming organised as guilds of students (universitas scholarium) by the late 12th century.[6] The university's emblem carries the motto,Alma Mater Studiorum ("Nourishing mother of studies"), and the dateA.D. 1088.[7] With over 90,000 students, the University of Bologna is one of thelargest universities in Europe.
The university saw the first woman to earn a university degree and teach at a university,Bettisia Gozzadini, and the first woman to earn both a doctorate in science and a salaried position as a university professor,Laura Bassi. The University of Bologna has had a central role in the sciences during the medieval age and the Italian renaissance, where it housed and educatedNicholas Copernicus as well as numerous other renaissance mathematicians.[8] It has educated a wide range of notable alumni, amongst them a large number of Italian scientists, prime ministers, supreme court judges, and priests.[9]
The entry of students in theNatio Germanica Bononiae, thenation of German students at Bologna; miniature of 1497.
The date of the University of Bologna's founding is uncertain. The university was granted a charter (Authentica habita) byHoly Roman EmperorFrederick I Barbarossa in 1158, but in the 19th century, a committee of historians led byGiosuè Carducci traced the founding of the university back to 1088, which would make it the oldest continuously operating university in the world.[13][14][15] However, the development of the institution at Bologna into a university was a gradual process. Paul Grendler writes that "it is not likely that enough instruction and organization existed to merit the termuniversity before the 1150s, and it might not have happened before the 1180s."[16]
The university arose aroundmutual aid societies (known asuniversitates scholarium) of foreign students called "nations" (as they were grouped by nationality) for protection against city laws which imposedcollective punishment on foreigners for the crimes and debts of their countrymen. These students then hired scholars from the city's pre-existing lay and ecclesiastical schools to teach them subjects such as liberal arts, notarial law, theology, andars dictaminis (scrivenery).[17] The lectures were given in informal schools calledscholae. In time the variousuniversitates scholarium decided to form a larger association, orStudium—thus, the university. TheStudium grew to have a strong position ofcollective bargaining with the city, since by then it derived significant revenue through visiting foreign students, who would depart if they were not well treated. The foreign students in Bologna received greater rights, and collective punishment was ended. There was also collective bargaining with the scholars who served as professors at the university. By the initiation or threat of astudent strike, the students could enforce their demands as to the content of courses and the pay professors would receive. University professors were hired, fired, and had their pay determined by an elected council of two representatives from every student "nation" which governed the institution, with the most important decisions requiring a majority vote from all the students to ratify. The professors could also be fined if they failed to finish classes on time, or complete course material by the end of the semester. A student committee, the "Denouncers of Professors", kept tabs on them and reported any misbehavior. Professors themselves were not powerless, however, formingcollegia doctorum (professors' committees) in each faculty, and securing the rights to set examination fees and degree requirements. Eventually, the city ended this arrangement, paying professors from tax revenues and making it a charteredpublic university.[18]
Archiginnasio, main seat of the University between 1563 and 1803
The university is historically notable for its teaching ofcanon andcivil law;[19] indeed, it was set up in large part with the aim of studying theDigest,[20] a central text inRoman law, which had been rediscovered in Italy in 1070, and the university was central in the development ofmedieval Roman law.[21] Until modern times, the only degree granted at that university was the doctorate.
Bettisia Gozzadini earned a law degree in 1237, being one of the first women in history to obtain a university degree.[22] She taught law from her own home for two years, and in 1239 she taught at the university, becoming the first woman in history to teach at a university.[23]
In 1477, when PopeSixtus IV issued apapal bull, authorizing the creation ofUppsala University in Sweden, the bull specified that the new university would have the same freedoms and privileges as the University of Bologna—a highly desirable situation for the Swedish scholars. This included the right of Uppsala to establish the four traditional faculties oftheology, law (Canon Law andRoman law), medicine, and philosophy, and to award the bachelor's, master's, licentiate, and doctoral degrees.
Laura Bassi was born into a prosperous family of Bologna and was privately educated from the age of five.[24] Bassi's education and intellect was noticed by Prospero Lorenzini Lambertini, who became the Archbishop of Bologna in 1731 (laterPope Benedict XIV). Lambertini became the official patron of Bassi. He arranged for a public debate between Bassi and four professors from the University of Bologna on 17 April 1732.[25] In 1732, Bassi, aged twenty, publicly defended her forty-nine theses onPhilosophica Studia[26] at the Sala degli Anziani of thePalazzo Pubblico. The University of Bologna awarded her a doctorate degree on 12 May.[27] She became the first woman to receive a doctorate in science, and the second woman in the world to earn a philosophy doctorate afterElena Cornaro Piscopia in 1678, fifty-four years prior. She was by then popularly known as BologneseMinerva.[28][24] On 29 October 1732, the Senate and the University of Bologna granted Bassi's candidature, and in December she was appointed professor of natural philosophy to teach physics.[29][30] She became the first salaried woman lecturer in the world,[31] thus beginning her academic career. She was also the first woman member of any scientific establishment, when she was elected to theAcademy of Sciences of the Institute of Bologna in 1732.[32][33] Bassi became the most important populariser ofNewtonian mechanics in Italy.[34]
In 1971, the Hellenist Benedetto Marzullo in company withUmberto Eco, Renato Barilli, Adelio Ferrero. instituted within the Faculty of Letters and Arts the DAMS (acronym ofdiscipline delle arti, della musica e dello spettacolo, "Discipline ofArts,Musics andPerformance"). It was the first degree course of this type to be opened in Italy. Between December 26, 1982, and November 29, 1983, there occurred the DAMS murders (inItalian:Delitti del DAMS), dealing with four victims who were students or professors of the DAMS: Angelo Fabbri (a brilliant student ofUmberto Eco), Liviana Rossi, the dancer Francesca Alinovi (who was stabbed for 47 times), and Leonarda Polvani.[35][36]
University Library inPalazzo PoggiInterior view of the Porticum andLoggia of theRoyal Spanish CollegeCloister ofSan Giovanni in Monte houses the department of History and Cultures (Archeology, History, Paleography and Medieval studies).Navile Campus houses the departments of Chemistry, Industrial Chemistry, Pharmacy and Physics and Astronomy.
Higher education processes are being harmonised across the European Community. Nowadays the university offers 101 different "Laurea" or "Laurea breve" first-level degrees (three years of courses), followed by 108 "Laurea specialistica" or "Laurea magistrale" second-level degrees (two years). However 11 other courses have maintained the previous rules of "Laurea specialistica a ciclo unico" or "Laurea magistrale a ciclo unico", with only one cycle of study of five years, except for medicine and dentistry, which require six years of courses. After the "Laurea" one may attain first-level Master (one-year diploma, similar to a postgraduate diploma). After second-level degrees are attained, one may proceed to second-level Master, specialisation schools (residency) or research doctorates (PhD).
The 11 Schools (which replace the existing 23 faculties) are:
The university is structured in 33 departments[37] (66 until 2012), organized by homogeneous research domains that integrate activities related to one or more faculty. A new department of Latin history was added in 2015.
In the early 1950s, some students of the University of Bologna were among the founders of the review "il Mulino". On 25 April 1951 the first issue of the review was published in Bologna.[38] In a short time, "il Mulino" became one of the most interesting reference points in Italy for the political and cultural debate and established important editorial relationships in Italy and abroad. Editorial activities evolved along with the review. In 1954, the il Mulino publishing house (It.Società editrice il Mulino) was founded, which today represents one of the most relevant Italian publishers. In addition to this were initiated research projects (focusing mostly on the educational institutions and the political system in Italy), that eventually led, in 1964, to the establishment of the Istituto Carlo Cattaneo.
TheCollegio Superiore is an excellence institution inside the University of Bologna, aimed at promoting students' merit through dedicated learning programmes.
The institution was founded in 1998 asCollegio d'Eccellenza. Together with the Institute for Advanced Study it is part of the Institute for Higher Study.
The Collegio Superiore offers an additional educational path to students enrolled in a degree programme at the University of Bologna, providing specialized courses as part of an interdisciplinary framework.
All students of the Collegio Superiore are granted a full-ride scholarship and additional benefits such as the assistance of a personal tutor and free accommodation at the Residence for Higher Study. In order to remain members of the Collegio Superiore students are required to maintain high marks in both their degree programme and the additional courses.
Beatrice Fraboni, professor of Physics of Matter, has been head of Collegio Superiore since 2019.[39]
Umberto Eco, Italian semiotician, philosopher and writer
Mihalj Šilobod Bolšić (1724–1787),Catholic priest, mathematician, writer, and musical theorist primarily known for writing the first Croatian arithmetic textbookArithmatika Horvatzka (published in Zagreb, 1758)
The 2024QS World University Rankings ranked the University of Bologna 154th in the world as well as 73rd (1st in Italy, 18th in Europe) with specific reference to academic reputation. In another measurement by the same organization, it was positioned among the world's top 100 universities for graduate employability.[99]
In the 2024Times Higher Education World University Rankings, it claimed the 155th place globally.[100] In the 2023THE Impact Rankings, which measure the universities' commitment to sustainable development in compliance with theUN 2030 Agenda, Bologna took 5th place in Europe and 23rd in the world.[101]
Furthermore, Bologna topped Italy's 2023 list of large public universities (> 40,000 students), produced by the Italian Center for Social Investment Studies, for the 14th year in a row.[102]
^Jacques Verger (16 October 2003)."Patterns". In Hilde de Ridder-Symoens; Walter Rüegg (eds.).A History of the University in Europe. Vol. 1, Universities in the Middle Ages.Cambridge University Press. p. 48.ISBN978-0-521-54113-8.There is no indication, however, that up until around 1180, the Bolognese law schools were anything other than private schools opened and run by each master after his own fashion, gathering together the students that had entered into an agreement with him and paid him fees (collectae) in return for his teaching. The crucial change would seem to have taken place around the years 1180–90. ... The masters, who were themselves mainly Bolognese in origin, agreed from 1189 to swear an oath to the commune not to seek to transfer thestudium elsewhere. The students, on the other hand, began to group themselves in nations, according to their places of origin (we hear of the Lombard nation as early as 1191), and these were soon federated into 'universities' with elected rectors at their head.
^"Schools". University of Bologna. Retrieved22 December 2015.
^Paul F. Grendler,The Universities of the Italian Renaissance (JHU Press, 2002), 6.
^David A. Lines, "The University and the City: Cultural Interactions", inA Companion to Medieval and Renaissance Bologna, ed. Sarah Rubin Blanshei (Leiden: Brill, 2017), 437–8.
^Elena, Alberto (1991). ""In lode della filosofessa di Bologna": An Introduction to Laura Bassi".Isis.82 (3):510–518.doi:10.1086/355839.S2CID144763731.
^Frize, Monique (2013), "Famous Women in Science in Laura Bassi's Epoch",Laura Bassi and Science in 18th Century Europe, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 137–162,doi:10.1007/978-3-642-38685-5_10,ISBN978-3-642-38684-8
^Monique Frize,Laura Bassi and Science in 18th Century Europe: The Extraordinary Life and Role of Italy's Pioneering Female Professor, Springer, p. 174.
^Rutkowski, Boleslaw; Muszytowski, Marek; Ostrowski, Janusz (May 2011). "Nicolaus Copernicus: not only a great astronomer but also a physician".Journal of Nephrology.24 (Suppl. 17): S25–32.doi:10.5301/JN.2011.6490.ISSN1724-6059.PMID21614776.
^Copenhaver, Brian (2016),"Giovanni Pico della Mirandola", in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.),The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2016 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, retrieved2019-04-26
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