The university was founded at the formerRoyal South Australian Society of Arts by the Union College and studies were initially conducted at itsInstitute Building. The society was also the original birthplace of theSouth Australian Institute of Technology as the School of Mines and Industries. The institute later became theUniversity of South Australia during theDawkins Revolution following a merger with anadvanced college dating back to theSchool of Art, also founded at the society. The two universities, which then accounted for approximately three-quarters of the state's public university population, agreed to merge in mid-2023. The future combined institution will be rebranded asAdelaide University, previously a colloquial name for the university, with the merged state expected to become operational by 2026.
The university has four campuses, three inSouth Australia: its mainNorth Terrace campus in central Adelaide, theWaite campus inUrrbrae, a regional campus inRoseworthy and a study centre inMelbourne,Victoria. Its academic activities are organised into three faculties, which are subdivided into numerous teaching schools. It also has several research subdivisions. In 2023, the university had a total revenue ofA$1.13 billion, withA$334.15 million from research grants and funding. It is a member of theGroup of Eight, an association of research-intensive universities in Australia, and theAssociation of Pacific Rim Universities.
The history of the university dates back to the Union College established in 1872 to provide education to aspiringProtestant ministers who were previously required to travel to theUnited Kingdom.[9][10] It provided education in the natural sciences, mathematics, English literature and theological studies of the Greek Testament.[11] The college approachedScottish-bornpastoralistWalter Watson Hughes with the proposal for a then-called Adelaide University with a request for endowment towards its creation.[12][11][10] Following an agreement, the Adelaide University Association was established by the Union College on 23 September 1872 to manage the creation of the university.[10][12][13]
The University of Adelaide, which is named after its founding city namesake toQueen Adelaide, was formally established on 6 November 1874 following the passage ofThe Adelaide University Act of 1874 through theSouth Australian parliament.[14][15] The parliament also provided a 2 hectare (5 acre) land grant for a campus.[16] Itsroyal charter, which was granted byQueen Victoria in 1881, allowed the university to confer degrees to women.[10][17] Its early benefactors, many of whomScottish immigrants, made large donations to develop the university that are now worth tens of millions adjusted for inflation.[18][19]
It was founded with the backing of its first benefactor Walter Hughes andThomas Elder, also a Scottish-born pastoralist and another founder of the university, who each donated £20,000 towards the association.[19][20] The university initially occupied theSouth Australian Institute Building prior to the construction of the University Building which housed the entire university at the time.[21] Elder also bequeathed an additional £65,000 in his will following his death in 1897 of which £20,000 were allocated to set up theElder Conservatorium of Music.[22] Other donors include Scottish philosopherWilliam Mitchell who also taught literature and psychology, established many teaching schools and served as vice-chancellor and chancellor of the institution.[18] The University Building, now the chancellery, was later renamed to the Mitchell Building in his honour.[23]
According to its founding Act, the university was intended as a secular institution to "promote sound learning in theProvince of South Australia" to be "open to all classes and denominations ofHer Majesty's subjects".[14] It commenced its first class, aLatin lecture towards theBachelor of Arts, in March 1876 following its inauguration at theAdelaide Town Hall.[24][25][26] Its first chancellor was former premierRichard Hanson and its first vice-chancellor wasAnglicanbishopAugustus Short.[27][28] Its first graduate wasThomas Ainslie Caterer, who graduated in 1879 with a Bachelor of Arts.[29] In 1882, it was also the first university in Australia to provide degree programs in science and its faculty of arts was inaugurated in 1887.[30] ItsAdelaide Law School was established in 1883 as Australia's second law school, its medical school in 1885 and its Adelaide Business School in 1902 as the country's first business school.[31][32][33] They have produced some of Australia's earliest businesspeople, lawyers, medical professionals and politicians.[34]
willing and ordaining that Degrees in Arts, Medicine, Law, Science and Music conferred by the University of Adelaide upon any person,male or female, should be recognised as academical distinctions and rewards of merit and be entitled to rank, precedence and consideration
Another early benefactorRobert Barr Smith, who had previously studied under financial hardship inScotland and served on the University Council for 19 years, had long desired for education to be accessible to all students in Adelaide.[35][36] In 1913, Robert wrote at the age of 89 that "tho' in its vigorous and lusty youth," the university was poorly endowed and constructed on little land.[36] His donations included a combined £9000 towards books for thethen-struggling university library and £500 towards radiation research byLawrence andWilliam Henry Bragg who later won the 1915Nobel Prize in Physics.[37][36][38][39]
The institution was the third of its kind on the Australian continent after the Universities ofSydney andMelbourne, which then educated solely men.[42][43][44] The university, which allowed women to study alongside men since its commencement including eligibility for all academic prizes and honours, became the second university in theEnglish-speaking world following theUniversity of London in 1878 to formally admit women on equal terms as men in 1881.[45] This was following aroyal charter granted byQueen Victoria that year, which allowed for women to be conferred degrees.[18] This has contributed to its long history of achievingnotable milestones and firsts for women's rights in higher education.[45]
In 1991, it formally opened two additional campuses in Greater Adelaide outside of the city centre.[46] These included theWaite andRoseworthy campuses, though the university operated at the Waite site since at least 1924 as the Waite Agricultural Research Institute.[47][46] The Roseworthy campus was the formerRoseworthy Agricultural College which, although affiliated with the university since 1905, was an independent institution prior to their merger.[48] Additionally, the university previously operated research facilities across 5 hectares (12 acres) inThebarton approximately 3 km (1.9 mi) north of the campus until 2020 when it was sold for housing development.[49][50][51] The flames for several summerOlympic Games, among other sporting events, were developed there with the now-called FCT Flames.[52][53][54]
TheSA School of Art was founded in 1856 by the formerRoyal South Australian Society of Arts, predating the university which was also established there.[55][56] The independent art school, which went through many name changes, resided for most of its history at theJubilee Exhibition Building which was later transferred to the university in 1929.[57][56][58] It remained on the campus until 1962 when the building was demolished to make way for several university buildings.[56][59][60]
The Jubilee Exhibition Building was also the birthplace of theSouth Australian Institute of Technology which was established in 1889 as the SA School of Mines and Industries.[59][61][62] It moved to the neighbouring Brookman Building in 1903, named after theScottish-born businessmanGeorge Brookman who contributed £15,000 towards its construction.[63][64] The institution actedde facto as part of the university while remaining legally distinct.[65][66] The relationship was expanded in 1903 with the two institutions formally agreeing to combine teaching, laboratories and examinations across fields of engineering and sciences.[65][66][24] Despite the university later establishing its own faculty of engineering in 1937, the reciprocal relationship remained intertwined to the University Council and studies completed at the institute were recognised as equivalent studies eligible for credit towards university courses.[65][66][67][68] The institution expanded into the site of the former Adelaide Technical High School in 1963, to the regional city ofWhyalla in 1962 and to the Adelaide suburb ofMawson Lakes asThe Levels in 1972.[61][56][67] In 1965, it was designated anadvanced college which initiated an expansion in the variety of courses available.[69]
State of the university and its surrounding institutions in 1926
The Adelaide Teachers College, which changed names and shifted locations multiple times throughout its existence, was established in 1876.[70][71] Despite not being located at the university campus until 1900, students from the institution attended university lectures since at least 1878.[70][71] In 1921, it renamed to the Adelaide Teachers College, in line with other interstate teachers colleges.[70][71] Despite offers from the university to take control of the college, which was heavily integrated into the university, the Education Department retained administrative authority throughout its early history.[70][71] The Hartley Building, named after former vice-chancellorJohn Anderson Hartley, was built as its permanent home in 1927.[70][72][71]
The Scott Theatre, also part of the former teachers' college, is the largest lecture hall
It continued constructing new buildings such as the Scott Theatre, Madley and Schulz buildings and eventually renamed to the Adelaide College of the Arts and Education.[70][24] It also established additional teachers colleges in other parts of the city includingMagill.[70][73][56] Following a series of mergers,[56][74][73] the colleges expanded to becomeadvanced colleges which all later amalgamated with the original mother college to become the South Australian College of Advanced Education in 1982.[70][75][76] The combined institution continued its presence alongside the university as its City campus and maintained joint teaching, facilities and committees.[24][77][78][70] The campus merged with the university in 1991.[79][57]
The Hartley Building was the first to be purpose-built for the Adelaide Teachers College
Stronger demand foradvanced college places throughout the country resulted from a broadening appeal of higher education beyond the traditionally elite education provided by the universities.[80][81][82]Advanced colleges were originally designed to complement universities, forming a binary system modelled on that of theUnited Kingdom.[82][83][84][85][86] It was originally created by theMenzies government followingWorld War II on the advice of a committee led by physicistLeslie H. Martin, during a period of high population growth and corresponding demand for secondary and tertiary education.[80][86][87][88] This sector ceased to exist when, between 1989 and 1992, theHawke-Keating government implemented thesweeping reforms of Education MinisterJohn Dawkins that dismantled the binary system.[82][86][89] The states, eager for increased education funding, merged the colleges either with existing universities or with each other to form new universities.[82][84][85][86][88][90] Following its expansion and increasing autonomy from the university, the South Australian Institute of Technology was given the option to merge with either TAFE South Australia or the South Australian College of Advanced Education.[57][65][66] It chose to merge with the latter advanced college resulting in the establishment of theUniversity of South Australia, which continues to remain neighbours with the university.[57][90][91]
Ongoing merger with the University of South Australia
The University of South Australia's Brookman Building located next toBonython Hall
TheUniversity of South Australia is the state's third public university, a continuation of the formerSouth Australian Institute of Technology that merged with most of the remaining SACAE, and maintained their presence next to the University of Adelaide, in the suburbs ofMawson Lakes andMagill and in the regional city ofWhyalla.[9][56][92] Its expansion over the next few decades, including to sites on the west end ofNorth Terrace, and broadening fields of studies contributed to its status as the state's largest university by student population.[9][92] It also became the second-largest university nationally by number of online students, either in the state or from other parts of the country, and expanded toMount Gambier in 2005.[89][93]
In June 2018, the University of Adelaide andUniversity of South Australia began discussions regarding the possibility of a merger. The proposition was dubbed a "super uni" by then South Australian premier,Steven Marshall, andSimon Birmingham,[94][95][96] but the merger was called off in October 2018 by the University of South Australia, which was less keen.[97][98] Vice-chancellorDavid Lloyd, in an email to University of South Australia staff, claimed that the amalgamation lacked a compelling case. This statement was contradicted by the University of Adelaide's chancellor who said that the merger continues to be in the state's best interests and a spokesperson for the university added that it was still open to future talks.[99][100][98] Following the release of several internalFOI documents retrieved byABC News, it was later revealed that the merger talks failed due to disagreements on the post-merger institution's leadership structure.[98] The nameAdelaide University of South Australia was agreed upon by both universities andChris Schacht, who previously served on the University of Adelaide Council, alleged that the merger talks failed due to disagreement on which vice-chancellor would replace the other following their amalgamation.[98]
In early 2022, the topic of a merger was raised again by the new state government led by premierPeter Malinauskas, which proposed setting up an independent commission to investigate the possibility of a merger between the state's three public universities should they decline.[99][101] He had made an election promise to take a heavy-handed approach towards the merger to reduce students departing to higher-ranking institutions on the east coast and to improve the state's ability to attract international students and researchers.[101][99] At the time, staff's opinions were evenly divided on the idea of the commission.[100] Following the appointment of merger advocatePeter Høj as University of Adelaide vice-chancellor, both universities announced that a merger would once again be considered.[102][103] The universities began a feasibility study into a potential merger at the end of the year.[103] The invitation to merger negotiations was rejected byFlinders University, the state's third public university.[104]
The agreement for the merger was reached on 1 July 2023 by the two universities, which then accounted for approximately two-thirds of the state's public university population, in consultation with theSouth Australian Government.[7][105][106][107][108] The rationale for the amalgamation was a larger institutional scale may be needed in order to increase the universities' ranking positions, ability to secure future research income and a net positive impact on the state economy.[109][110] The two universities argued that by combining their expertise, resources and finances into a single institution, they can be more financially viable, with stronger teaching and research outcomes.[111] Support for the merger among existing staff were mixed, with aNational Tertiary Education Union SA survey showing that only a quarter were in favour of the amalgamation.[112][7]Warren Bebbington, who previously served as vice-chancellor at the University of Adelaide, described the proposed institution as a "lumbering dinosaur" in reference to its timing during an ongoing federal review of the higher education sector.[109] Vice-chancellorColin Stirling described plans to provide the new institution withA$300 million in research funding and scholarships as "unfair" to students who choose to study at Flinders University.[109] The combined figure was later revised toA$464.5 million to include land purchases, with an additionalA$40 million research fund set up for Flinders University.[113]
The Magill campus isone of two UniSA campuses where land will be sold for development
In November 2023, legislation passedstate parliament enabling the creation of the new university to be namedAdelaide University, previously a colloquial name used by the University of Adelaide.[113][6] An application for self-accreditation authority was submitted to theTertiary Education Quality and Standards Agency (TEQSA) on 15 January 2024, which was needed for the institution to offer courses that issue qualifications.[114][115] Following approval on 22 May 2024, students starting studies at the pre-merger institutions from 2025 onwards will be issued degree certificates from Adelaide University.[116][117] Students enrolled on or prior to 2024 will also be able to opt in adding antecedent institutions' names and logos on their parchments.[117] The combined institution is expected to become operational by January 2026, with an additional transitional period extending to 2034.[111][118] It is projected to have 70,000 students at launch, with one-in-four students being international students, and contribute approximatelyA$4.7 billion to the Australian economy annually.[119] The amalgamation has beensubject to mixed reactions.
The university also has other venues including the Scott Theatre, Little Theatre and the College Green. The Scott Theatre is the largestlecture theatre on site and is often hired out for performances of various kinds such as theAdelaide Fringe events.[132][133][134] It features two revolving stages and a seating capacity of 635 people.[132] The Little Theatre is located in theCloisters and is primarily used for dramatic performances by theTheatre Guild.[135][136][137] The College Green stretches from theCloisters across the lawns down to Victoria Drive, next to theRiver Torrens.[128][138] It hosts various social events throughout the year including parties, live bands, DJs andopen-air cinema among others.[138][139][140] It was created in response to the impact ofsocial distancing restrictions owing to theCOVID-19 pandemic in Australia, which hit manylive music venues.[139]
The Napier and Ligertwood Buildings were built following the demolition of theJubilee Exhibition Building in 1962.[141][58] They are named afterMellis Napier andGeorge Ligertwood who were both former chancellors.[142][143] The Mawson Building (originally Mawson Laboratories)[144] was named after geologist and Antarctic explorer SirDouglas Mawson, who taught at the university from 1905 (professor from 1921) until his retirement in 1952. The building was completed in 1953.[145] TheTate Museum, which houses the Mawson Institute for Antarctic Research (founded 1959),[146] and Mawson Geo Centre are located in this building.[147]
Some other notable buildings include the Ingkarni Wardli Building, Darling Building,Hartley Building, and theHelen Mayo North and South Buildings.[148][128] TheA$100 million Braggs Building, named after two Nobel laureates associated with the university, was built in 2013 and features a large number of cross-disciplinary scientific research facilities.[149][150] The Adelaide University Footbridge was constructed in 1937 following a decade of delays during theGreat Depression.[151][152] The footbridge, which crosses theRiver Torrens, featurescast ironbalustrading that is a popular location forlove locks.[153][154][151]
TheAdelaide University Union redevelopment, also known as Union Buildings or Union Building Group, was completed in stages between 1967 and 1975.[155] It created some of the most significant buildings in the complex.[156][157] The redevelopment was designed by lead architectRobert Dickson and includes a heritage-listed group of buildings including the Union House, the Lady Symon Building named after the wife ofJosiah Symon, theGeorge Murray Building, the Cloisters and the Western Annexe.[158][159] The earlierGeorgian-style buildings were designed by the architectsWoods, Bagot, Jory and Laybourne-Smith who also designed Bonython Hall, the Mitchell Gates, the Johnson Laboratories, the Barr Smith Library, and the Benham Laboratories.[159] TheAdelaide University UnionCloisters were built in 1929 as awar memorial to the 470 University of Adelaide members who served duringWorld War I, of which 64 had died during the war.[160][161][162] There are three plaques on the site, with the latest added in 2015 to mark the centenary of theGallipoli landing.[161]
The university also has a presence in the adjacentLot Fourteen precinct, that is also home to the national headquarters of theAustralian Space Agency among other institutions in the fields of science and technology.[163][164][165] It also operates theNational Wine Centre further along of the terrace and adjacent to theAdelaide Botanic Garden.[128] On the west end of North Terrace, the Adelaide Health and Medical Sciences Building is surrounded by theSouth Australian Health and Medical Research Institute and theRoyal Adelaide Hospital forming part of the Adelaide BioMed City precinct.[166][167] TheA$246 million biomedical teaching and research facility was completed in 2017 and is home to various clinical and simulation facilities in the fields of healthcare and medicine.[166][167]
The Waite Agricultural Research Institute was established in 1924.[172][173] Its first director wasArnold E. V. Richardson.[170] Later renamed to the Waite Research Institute, it produces approximately 70% of Australia's research output inviticulture andoenology and around 80% of cereal varieties used in southern Australia were created there.[168][174] A Soil Research Centre was founded in 1929 with a donation of £10,000 fromHarold Darling ofJ. Darling and Son, grain merchants.[175] In 2004, State PremierMike Rann opened the A$9.2 million Plant Genomics Centre at the campus.[176] In 2010, he opened The Plant Accelerator, a A$30 million research facility which is the largest and most advanced of its kind in the world.[177]
The Plant Accelerator is a plant phenotyping facility
The Urrbrae House built in 1891, now a museum, served as the home of Peter and Matilda Waite who purchased the land with support fromThomas Elder.[180] Its interior & Co is designed by Aldam Heaton & Co, who was also responsible for designing interiors for theTitanic.[180] The campus is also home to the Waite Arboretum and Conservation Reserve.[170] The Waite Arboretum is a tree museum which is home to over 2,500 tree specimens[181] from over 1,000 taxa, many of which are endangered in the wild.[182][170][183] The Waite Conservation Reserve, also co-located on the campus, is home to native plants and wildlife.[182][170][184]
The Roseworthy College Hall, built in 1884, is a student hub
Located north of the city, theRoseworthy campus comprises 16 km2 (6.2 sq mi) offarmland and is a large centre foragricultural research andveterinary sciences.[185][186] It was the site of the formerRoseworthy Agricultural College which was established in 1883 as the first agricultural college in Australia.[187][188] The Roseworthy College Hall, now the student hub, is the main building on the campus and was built in 1884.[189][190] Its clock tower features a Swiss precision clock that is synced viaGPS withGreenwich Mean Time.[189][188] The clock tower was missing a clock for more than 120 years until 2003, when the mechanism was finally added following a donation.[189][188] The colleges' teaching and research inoenology andviticulture were transferred to the Waite campus, along with the bulk of its work inplant breeding.[191][192][193] Before studies in oenology were transferred to the Waite campus, the college had produced a number of highly regarded and awarded winemakers and wine critics.[191][194]
The Roseworthy Memorial Chapel was built to memorialise fallen soldiers from the college
Following the merger, the campus expanded its focus indryland agriculture,natural resource management andanimal production by the mid-1990s.[195] The campus is also now home to South Australia's firstveterinary science training program, which commenced in 2008.[195][196] The Veterinary Science Centre houses teaching facilities including a surgical skills suite, a publicveterinary clinic offering general practice as well as emergency and specialist veterinary services for pet animals.[197] There are also specialised pathology laboratories at the centre for teaching, research and diagnostics.[197] In 2013, the veterinary science facilities were expanded with the opening of the Equine Health and Performance Centre, a specialised facility for equine surgery, internal medicine, sports medicine and reproduction.[195]
The Memorial Chapel is a notable building on the Roseworthy campus.[198][188] It was built in 1955 to memorialise students from the former college who died duringWorld War I,World War II and theBoer Wars.[198][188][199] The entrance features a limestone statue of a young soldier "discarding his uniform in readiness to return to the land".[198] Theorgan of the chapel was donated by the mother of a student that died inNew Guinea during World War II.[198] There is atime capsule from 1976 located near the chapel.[198] It is expected to be opened in 2026.[198]
In 2021, theA$7 million Roseworthy Solar and Energy Storage Project was opened on the campus. It included a solar farm with an output of 1.2MW with a 420/1200kWh hybrid battery.[200] Its 3,200 solar panels are estimated to produce 42% of the campus' energy requirements.[201]
Research and teaching is organised into three faculties, each of which contains a number of constituent schools, departments and institutes.[202] The current faculties at the university were developed over a series of mergers,[24][68][203] the latest of which were in 2022 following a merger between the Arts and Professions faculties and the Faculty of Sciences into the Faculty of Engineering, Computer and Mathematical Sciences.[204] The establishment of faculties and academic departments is formally the responsibility of the University Council.[205]
The main governing body of the institution is its Council.[206] It is the executive committee responsible for managing operations, setting policies and appointing the chancellor and vice-chancellor.[206] The Council comprises the chancellor, vice-chancellor, a member of the academic staff, a member of the professional staff, an undergraduate student, a postgraduate student, at least one member with a commercial background, two members with prior experience in financial management and other members appointed by the selection committee.[206] The selection committee, which comprises the chancellor and six other appointed members, can appoint members to the Council to serve for between 2 and 4 years.[206] This excludes elected staff and student members, which have a term limit of 2 years.[206]
Thechancellor of the university is a limitless term position that is mainly ceremonial and is held by formerFederal CourtjudgeCatherine Branson who succeededKevin Scarce following his retirement in May 2020.[207][208] Branson was appointed by the University Council.[207] The current vice-chancellor isDanishbiochemistPeter Høj, who began his role in February 2021 following similar roles at theUniversity of South Australia and theUniversity of Queensland.[209] While the chancellor's office is ceremonial, thevice-chancellor serves as the university's de facto principal administrative officer.[206] The university's internal governance is carried out by the University Council formed through the University of Adelaide Act 1971.[206] The legislation, which superseded the Adelaide University Act 1874, is scheduled to be superseded by the Adelaide University Act 2023.[14][210]
In 2023, the University of Adelaide had a total revenue ofA$1.13 billion (2022 –A$1 billion) and a total expenditure ofA$1.09 billion (2022 –A$995.46 million).[211] Key sources of income includedA$228.2 million from research grants and fees (2022 –A$190.97 million),A$105.95 million from other research funding (2022 –A$93.22 million),A$350.71 million from tuition fees and grants (2022 –A$318.44 million),A$313.91 million fromHESA funding (2022 –A$305.91 million) andA$134.47 million from donations and investments (2022 –A$86.48 million).[211] At year-end the university had endowments ofA$393.4 million (2022 –A$366.3 million) and total net assets ofA$2.19 billion (2022 –A$2.15 billion).[212][213][211]
The university uses a number of symbols to represent the institution. The present logo is based on the coat of arms.[1] Other symbols utilised by the university includes a flag, also based on the coat of arms, as well as aceremonial mace.[214][215][216][1] The university also uses several taglines including its motto and the slogans "seek light" and "make history".[217][218] The overall branding is expected to be superseded following the merger.[219]
While all Australian universities have common seals that are used on parchments, some Australian universities also possess acoat of arms.[222][223][224] These were usually grant by theCollege of Arms inLondon due to, as opposed to theUnited Kingdom andCanada,[225][226] an absence of a national heraldic authority.[227] Thecoat of arms of the university was grant during the reign ofGeorge V in 1925 and has historically since been used on all degree parchments issued by the university.[228][1] While some universities such as theUniversities of Western Australia andQueensland have modified the coat of arms issued on parchments over time,[229][230] its design has mostly remained the same with the exception of a minor tweak to thecrux.[231][1] The motto in Latin readsSub Cruce Lumen translated "the light (of learning) under the (Southern) Cross".[232] The official coat of arms, inheraldic terminology, is:[232]
Per pale Or and Argent an Open Book proper edged Gold on a Chief Azure five Mullets, one of eight, two of seven, one of six and one of five points of the second, representing the Constellation of the Southern Cross[232]
As part of the merger, the coat of arms has beende facto retired for new students and will only be available to University of Adelaide alumni and continuing students who started their programs on or before 2024.[1][2]
Many universities possessceremonial maces used during graduation ceremonies.[233][234][1] The University of Adelaide Mace was forged by silversmiths usingsilver-gilt under the supervision ofFrederick Millward Grey.[18][1] It features the coat of arms on an orb symbolising the world protruding from an open book representing learning with gum leaves-inspired design.[18][1] Grey was a designer based at the School of Fine Arts in Adelaide which later became an antecedent institution of theUniversity of South Australia.[235][236] The first mace bearer was KH Boykett in 1926 who carried it during the 50th anniversary jubilee of the first classes atSt Peter's Cathedral.[1] The mace symbolises protection of the chancellor and the mace bearer, who is usually a student of the university, carries it in front of the chancellor during ceremonies.[1][237]
In 2023, the University of Adelaide had a total research income ofA$261.59 million, of whichA$121.62 million was from the National Competitive Grants Program;A$65.48 million from other public sector research;A$8.04 million from Cooperative Research Centres; andA$66.44 million from industry and other research.[211] Additionally, it also receivedA$49.59 million from the Research Support Program andA$53.24 million from the Research Training Program as research block grants.[8]
In the 2018ERA National Report, theAustralian Research Council evaluated work produced between 2014 and 2018.[247] 100 per cent of the university's research activity was judged to be "at or above world standard" (3-5*) with 57 of the 67 fields of research evaluated being "above world standard" (4*) or "well above world standard" (5*).[248] The university had a positive trajectory since 2010.[248]
The university operates a large number of disciplinary-specific research institutes in partnership with other research institutions and private enterprises.[249][250] Notable examples include:
TheAustralian Institute for Machine Learning (AIML) is an artificial intelligence and machine learning research and translation institute based onLot Fourteen, a business and technology precinct.[251][252][253][254] It is located in a formerRoyal Adelaide Hospital building in-between theAustralian Space Agency headquarters and the University of South Australia's Brookman Building.[128][255][256] Established in 2018 with funding from the South Australian government, it is the largest university-based research site dedicated to machine learning in Australia, as well as ranking among the global top sites for itscomputer vision research capability.[257][254][258]
The institute runs on anopen access basis; most of its research is open to the rest of the world, either through conferences and journals or via open source software. Its researchers have used machine learning to support industries such as agriculture, medical imaging, defence, space exploration, manufacturing, mining operations and filmmaking.[253][259][260] Notable partners have included its foundational partnerLockheed Martin,Rising Sun Pictures andMicrosoft.[256][261][260][262]
Researchers working at the Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing
The Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing specialises inphotonics, sensing and precision measurement technology.[266] It is based in the Braggs Building, a purpose-builtA$95 million headquarters funded with support from the federal and state governments.[267] The institute has 10 research groups and is home to various interdisciplinary scientific and advanced manufacturing facilities.[268] It has developed high-precision measuring instruments used in the agriculture, defence, health, space exploration,tectonics,earth system science, manufacturing, mining and resources sectors.[269][270]
Institute for Sustainability, Energy and Resources
The South Australian immunoGENomics Cancer Institute (SAiGENCI) is a planned (as of December 2024[update] cancer research institute.[276][277] It was established throughA$80 million in funding from the federal government,[278][279] which was obtained with the support of South Australian SenatorStirling Griff. It is jointly resourced by the federalDepartment of Health and Aged Care, the Central Adelaide Local Health Network, and the University of Adelaide.[280]
The Stretton Institute[281] is named in honour ofHugh Stretton, who was professor and reader at the university from 1954 until he retired in 1989.[282] It was established in 2020 under director Adam Graycar "to conduct research onpublic policy issues in a multi-disciplinary and multi-method manner and to contribute to policy agendas locally and beyond".[283] No research was undertaken in the first year as it focused on engaging with stakeholders and building recognition.[283] TheCOVID-19 pandemic delayed some of its plans, such as the inauguralHugh Stretton Oration.[283] In 2020, through online meetings and webinars with stakeholders, the institute established five initiatives:Agrifood Policy; Building a City for the Future; Climate Change and Energy Transition; Democracy, Security, Trust and Integrity; and Economic Productivity through Population.[283]
The Waite Research Institute specialises and conducts research inagricultural science,viticulture,oenology,plant breeding, food research andbiotechnology.[168] It is located on the Waite campus in Adelaide's south-eastern foothills, in the suburb ofUrrbrae on 184 hectares (450 acres), a large amount of which was donated through the will of Scottish-born pastoralistPeter Waite.[169][170] It was established in 1924 as the Waite Agricultural Research Institute.[173] The institute produces approximately 70% of Australia's research output in viticulture and oenology and around 80% of cereal varieties used in southern Australia were created there.[168][174] A Soil Research Centre was founded in 1929 with a donation of £10,000 fromHarold Darling ofJ. Darling and Son, grain merchants.[175] In 2004,State PremierMike Rann opened theA$9.2 million Plant Genomics Centre at the campus.[176] In 2010, he openedThe Plant Accelerator, aA$30 million research facility which is the largest and most advanced of its kind in the world.[177]
In the 2024Aggregate Ranking of Top Universities, which measures aggregate performance across the QS, THE and ARWU rankings, the university attained a position of #95 (8th nationally).[299]
The Australian Government's QILT[b] conducts national surveys documenting the student life cycle from enrolment through to employment.[306] These surveys place more emphasis on criteria such as student experience, graduate outcomes and employer satisfaction[306] than perceived reputation, research output and citation counts.[307]
In the 2023 Employer Satisfaction Survey, graduates of the university had an overall employer satisfaction rate of 83.8%.[308]
In the 2023 Graduate Outcomes Survey, graduates of the university had a full-time employment rate of 75.1% for undergraduates and 89.5% for postgraduates.[309] The initial full-time salary wasA$70,000 for undergraduates andA$85,000 for postgraduates.[309]
In the 2023 Student Experience Survey, undergraduates at the university rated the quality of their entire educational experience at 78.1% meanwhile postgraduates rated their overall education experience at 72.7%.[310]
The university possesses self-accrediting authority from theTertiary Education Quality and Standards Agency[311] and also has numerous additional specialised accreditations for its programs. Its teacher education programs are accredited by the Teachers Registration Board of South Australia.[312] Its law programs are accredited by the Legal Practitioners' Education and Admission Council.[313] Its medical school are accredited by theAustralian Medical Council,[314] and other healthcare programs with the relevant National Board of theAustralian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency or their affiliated agencies.[315] Its engineering programs are accredited byEngineers Australia[316] and its information technology programs are accredited by theAustralian Computer Society.[317] Most programs are also recognised in other states, territories and New Zealand through reciprocal arrangements.[318][319]
For international students starting in 2025, tuition fees range fromA$19,000 toA$94,000 per academic year depending on the field of study.[330] Domestic students[c] may be offered a federally-subsidised Commonwealth Supported Place (CSP) which substantially decreases the student contribution amount billed to the student.[332] The maximum student contribution amount limits that can be applied to CSP students are dependent on the field of study.[333]
Since 2021, Commonwealth Supported Places have also been limited to 7 years of equivalent full-time study load (EFTSL), calculated in the form of Student Learning Entitlement (SLE).[334] Students may accrue additional SLE under some circumstances (e.g. starting aseparate one-year honours program) or every 10 years.[334] Domestic students are also able to access the HECS-HELP student loans scheme offered by the federal government.[335] These are indexed to theConsumer orWage Price Index, whichever is lower, and repayments are voluntary unless the recipient passes an income threshold.[335]
The university also offers severalscholarships, which come in the form ofbursaries or tuition fee remission.[336] Domestic students studying full-time may also receive social security payments for the duration of their studies[337] and there is a Relocation Scholarship for students moving to or from a regional areas in Australia.[338]
The academic year is divided into two semesters and optional summer and winter schools.[339] The weeks of term are called "teaching weeks" and there are also study without teaching, orSWOT, weeks before examinations.[339] All terms start on a Monday.[339] Additionally, there is an "Orientation" week, informally known as O' Week, for first year students prior to the start of the two main semesters.[339][340][341] Certain courses operate on trimesters with the model expected to eventually replace semesters.[339][342]
The university is co-located with theState Library where studies were initially conducted
The library system comprises four libraries located across its three campuses.[124] The largest library is theBarr Smith Library which is located with the Sir John Salmond Law Library on the main campus and the two satellite campuses each have their own libraries.[343][344][345][346] Additionally, the university also has severalopen accessrepositories and university members have subscriptions to onlineacademic journals and databases.[347][348] TheState Library of South Australia is also co-located with the university.[128]
TheBarr Smith Library is the third-oldest university library in Australia and was originally located in the Mitchell Building.[37][349][350] The library purchased its first book in 1877 for £11, prior to its formal establishment in 1882.[37][349] It was later named after its founderRobert Barr Smith who throughout his life had donated £9,000 to purchase books towards the struggling library, which previously had no librarian and an annual budget of £200 of which £150 were spent on books.[35][351][36][37]William Barlow, the registrar, acted as thede facto first librarian of the then-small library and R. J. M. Clucas was the firstofficial librarian in 1900.[37][350]
Following Robert's death in 1915, an additional endowment of £11,000 in 1920 was made by his family.[36][35] In 1928, his sonTony Elder Barr Smith donated almost £35,000 towards a new building for the library to reduce congestion at its original site.[352][35][353] Robert's granddaughter Christine Margaret Mcgregor also donated almost 5,000 books in 1974.[18] The building was designed in theGeorgian Revival architecture style byWalter Hervey Bagot of the Adelaide-based architecture firmWoods, Bagot & Laybourne Smith and was inspired byKensington Palace inLondon.[350][353] Following its completion, its collection was transferred from the Mitchell Building through azip line.[350] The building features red-brick exteriors with an entrance withCorinthian pillars below an inscription reading "The Barr Smith Library".[354] It was later expanded twice to increase capacity, reaching a peak of 2 million books in 1999.[350]
The Reading Room in the library features gilded ivory arches and tall pillars
The Barr Smith Reading Room is a notable feature of the library on Level 2. It features oak flooring and furniture with white pillars holding the gilded and ivory arches that form the rounded ceiling.[353][349][351] Between the pillars and the arches are two largeLatin inscriptions that run across both sides of the room in gold and commemorate the donations from Robert and his family who played a major role in its development.[353][36][349] In mid-2023, over 61 paper planes were found in ledges around the ceiling of the reading room, including one made using a university brochure dating back to 1991.[125]
The library is also home to a collection of rare books, the archives documenting the development of the university among other collections across various subject areas.[355] This includes books belonging toSamuel Way's collection, who had donated 16,000 books.[18]
The Roseworthy Campus Library, formerly the Roseworthy Agricultural College Library, is located on the Roseworthy campus.[359]
It dates back to the former Tassie Memorial Library which was funded by John Tassie in 1920.[359] It was built as a memorial to his son, also named John Tassie, who was a student at the thenRoseworthy College who died duringWorld War I inFrance.[199][359] It was later expanded in 1945 through donations by A Lowrie, the widow of former principalWilliam Lowrie.[359] The William Lowrie Memorial Annexe, which connected to the previous library in a T-shape, was completed in 1947.[359] The library moved to its current site in 1974 due to increasing size constraints with the former site now used as a gymnasium.[359][199]
The Tate Museum is a largegeological museum housed in the Mawson Building.[360] It was established in 1902 following the death of its namesakebotanist andgeologistRalph Tate, foundation Elder Professor of Natural Sciences from 1875 until 1901.[146] The museum had existed informally since 1881, when Tate first began the collection.[361][360] In 1952, it moved from the former Prince of Wales Building to the Mawson Laboratories (now Mawson Building; named after geologist and explorerDouglas Mawson).[360][362]
The museum also hosts artefacts from Mawson's various expeditions tothe Antarctic, including one of his original sleds,[360][363] bequeathed to the university by Mawson's widowPaquita Mawson after his death in 1958, and officially named the Douglas Mawson Antarctic Collection.[146] It also houses Mawson Institute for Antarctic Research (founded 1959).[146] The aim of the institute was to foster Antarctic study and research, by the maintenance of a library and collection, and by the delivery of occasional public lectures.George Ligertwood, deputy chancellor of the university, was the inaugural chairman of the management committee.[365]
The museum's first official curator is Tony Milnes, who had worked to restore and document the large collection.[360]
The Waite Historic Precinct includes the Urrbrae House museum, Waite Arboretum, and Waite Conservation Reserve.[180] The museum resides in the former home ofPeter Waite and was built in 1891.[180] Its interior is designed by Aldam Heaton & Co, who was also responsible for designing interiors for theTitanic.[180] The Waite Arboretum, a tree museum, is home to over 2,500 tree specimens[181] from over 1,000 taxa, many of which are endangered in the wild.[182][170][183] The annual rainfall at the arboretum is 622mm.[46] The Waite Conservation Reserve is home to native plants and fauna.[182][170][184]
The Elder Hall used by the conservatorium was built following the death of its namesake and music loverThomas Elder who left £20,000 towards its construction.[367][131] The founding stone, made from nearby gumtree, was placed on 26 September 1898 by then-state governor Thomas Fowell Buxton.[22][131] The building was officially opened exactly two years later on 26 September 1900 in a formal ceremony despite having been already used for months.[367][22][373]The South Australian Register reported the next day that the great hall was opened byLord Tennyson "positively for the last time" and that "the majority of those who were present had already attended at two more or less appropriate ceremonial openings of the Elder Hall".[374][375] Its current organ is built byCasavant Fréres ofQuebec in 1979, having replaced the previous Dodd organ that later was purchased bySt Mark's Cathedral inPort Pirie.[131]
Located in theAdelaide Park Lands at the eastern end of North Terrace, theNational Wine Centre offers some of the university'soenology courses.[377] Opened in 2001, the facility also hosts public exhibitions about winemaking and itsindustry in South Australia.[378] It contains an interactive permanent exhibition ofwinemaking, introducing visitors to the technology, varieties and styles of wine.[377][378] It also haswine tasting areas, giving visitors the opportunity to taste and compare wines from across Australia.[377] The building, which is adjacent to theAdelaide Botanic Gardens, was designed byPhillip Cox and Grieve Gillett and uses building materials to reflect items used in making wine.[379]
Founded in 1895, the Adelaide University Union, trading asYouX, is one of the oldest students' unions in Australia.[380][381] The union operates both as the representative voice for university students and as a provider of a wide range of services.[382] It is democratically controlled through its Board andStudents Representatives Council and is run by elected student officers.[383] The union also supports a range of services, including numerous clubs and societies, social events and an advice service.[382][384][385][386] Union members also receive various discounts including at the UniBar, cafes and shops.[387]
As of 2024, there are over 175 clubs and societies under the umbrella of the union.[388] These include the Adelaide University Sciences Association (the oldest society at the union not related to sports), the Adelaide Medical Students' Society established in 1889 and formerly theAdelaide University Sports Association whosefounding clubs predate and ultimately founded the union.[389][390][391] The sports association, which was founded in 1896, became directly affiliated with the university in 2010.[391]
The inaugural Prosh Parade following its 1905 formalisation
The student union also organises the annualProsh week events inspired by themedieval tradition ofragging or "an extensive display of noisy disorderly conduct, carried on in defiance of authority or discipline".[393][394] The annualProcesh procession began in 1905 as a means for students to poke fun at established South Australian institutions, though ragging at the university dates back to the late 19th century.[393][394] In one example, multiple alarm clocks set and hid by students behind books made constant interruptions during a 1896 ceremony at the former Mitchell Building library.[393][394] The Prosh parade has in modern times included live band performances on flatbed trucks, student club-made floats and booze cruisers transporting inebriated students.[393][395] Among notable pranks, students suspendeda Holden car on Adelaide University Footbridge in 1971 above theRiver Torrens as part ofOperation Bridge-hang.[18][396][397]
Students on horse cart during the 1905 Prosh Parade with a poster that reads "DO NOTBRAGG ABOUT RADIUM"
Since 1954, the event has also involved the sale of satirical newspapers in public settings.[393][398][399] TheProsh Rag, later an annual issue of theOn Dit student magazine, contains humorous references to various well-known persons of the day.[400][399][401] It has been sold on city streets by students to raise funds for charity as an attempt to legitimise the event following attempts to ban it in the early 1950s.[393][394] Since at least the 1960s, the event and magazine has often been involved in controversial topics includingAustralia's involvement in the Vietnam War,apartheid,nuclear warfare,Aboriginal rights and the general administration of the university.[393][394] Following the end of free university education, the event has toned down in more recent times as a result of increased work commitments by students and therise of social media for activism.[393][394] Prosh week winds up with the Prosh After Dark social event in the UniBar which has its origins from the Prosh Ball.[395][402]
On Dit (pronouncedon-dee), the second-oldest student-run print media in Australia, was established by the student union in 1932.[403][404] It is named after the French expression "we say" and operates independently of the university.[403] It also occasionally uses the name "Hearsay" as a creative writing edition of the magazine that dates back to 1972 when the then-newspaper changed its name to "Heresay" in Volume 14 as part of a protest againstnuclear testing in the Pacific byFrance.[403][405][406] TheProsh Rag, which contains satirical content, is another special issue that is sold by students to the public to raise funds for charities.[398][399][400][401] On Dit often publishes content on national and global politics and is an example of student activism at the university.[407][403] Former writers of the newspaper include politiciansJulia Gillard,Christopher Pyne,Penny Wong,Nick Xenophon andJohn Bannon.[408]
It is the successor to theVarsity Ragge which was founded in 1929.[409][410] It also published news, poetry and comedic works from various student clubs and societies, including the neighbouring Adelaide Teachers College which later became part of the university campus.[409][410][56] According to On Dit, the original newspaper failed due to student apathy.[409][410] The oldest student-run newspaper dates back to 1889 as theReview, which was previously ran by the Adelaide Medical Students' Society.[411][412]
TheAdelaide University Magazine was another student-run magazine that began printing in 1918.[411][413] Following the establishment of On Dit as the official organ of the student union, it renamed to thePhoenix in 1935 as amodernist cultural and artistic magazine with literary works includingpoetry.[411][413][414] Following funding cuts in 1940, its editors founded theAngry Penguins which was influential in the then-isolationist Australia as a socially-progressive magazine promotinginternationalism.[415][416][417][418][419] The magazine ceased operations after six years, following theErn Malley hoax that set back modernism in the country.[420][421][414] The magazine was later revived on-and-off the following years as thePhoenix but published its final issue in 1949.[414] Later attempts by the student union in the 1950s to revive the Adelaide University Magazine as a staff and graduate magazine, rather than one focussed on artistic and literary works, failed.[414]
The University of Adelaide also runs its own official university-run newspapers includingLumen and formerlyThe Adelaidean between 1991 and 2016.[422][423] Other historical student newspapers includeThe Torch andFlambeau, also associated with the affiliated Adelaide Teachers College which later merged with the university.[424][56][78]
The university foundedRadio Adelaide, Australia's firstcommunity radio channel, in 1972 and operated it until 2016.[425][426][427] Adelaide University Student Radio was established in 1975 and was the oldest student-run radio program in Australia.[428]
The university did not set any land aside on its main campus for student accommodation due to ideological opposition to the culture of live-in students at the time but also influenced by the small size of the original campus.[441] However, demand for residential college accommodation led to the establishment of private colleges affiliated to the university.[9]
Newland Building ofSt Mark's College, one of several private residential colleges
Aquinas College was founded as a men's college in 1950 by theCatholic Church at Montefiore House, the former residence ofSamuel Way who was a chancellor and vice-chancellor at the university.[443][444] It later expanded to surrounding sites and became co-residential in 1975.[443]
Abraham House, one of several heritage buildings that are part ofLincoln College
St Ann's College was founded as a women's college in 1947.[445] The college's honorary founder is politicianJosiah Symon who in 1924 suggested that female students at the university should have somewhere to live.[445] It became co-educational in 1973.[445]
There are also other private student accommodation providers in the city centre and in suburban Adelaide.[449] The university also manages the University Village, Mattanya Student Residences and the Roseworthy Residential College.[450][451][452]
The University of Adelaide's alumni also includes students from past mergers including theRoseworthy Agricultural College and the City campus of the former South Australian College of Advanced Education (including its predecessors the Adelaide Teachers College and the Adelaide College of Advanced Education).[455][456]
The University of Adelaide and theUniversity of South Australia had previously engaged to discuss a merger in 2018 but failed due to disagreements from the latter about the post-merger leadership structure.[97][98][99][100]
TheNational Tertiary Education Union SA conducted a survey of 1,100 university staff and found that three-quarters of respondents were against the merger.[7][112][501] In addition, the state government has been accused of coercing the universities to agree to merge, indicating that a commission of inquiry would be established to find ways to compel the two universities to merge had their councils refused to do so, with less financial support available.[7][112][502]
Andrew Miller, the state secretary of the union, raised concerns that staff were under "extreme psychosocial pressure" to meet the 2026 launch deadline.[503] Backing his claims with communications from theIntegration Management Office staff responsible for merging the two institutions, he added that the "Game of Thrones" perception among staff competing "for the final spots of the new Adelaide University" was causing tensions, breakdowns and disharmony.[503] The institutions' vice-chancellorsDavid Lloyd andPeter Høj criticised the claims, referring to them as "whispers of Little Birds or Littlefingers",[504] though they had previously admitted that the "two-by-two approach across the board" was "not as linear as first conceived".[503]
In 2025, aFOI document obtained byThe Australian found an increase in bullying and harassment reports at the university following the announcement of the merger.[505] It added concerns from staff that the merger would result in a "meat grinder producing poorly educated students" that would be seen as "walking dollar signs".[505]
The post-merger plan to switch to a trimester academic calendar has also been criticised by the union whose internal poll showed that more than 4 in 5 members were against the move.[506]
Around half of UniSA'sMawson Lakes campus will be sold for development
In February 2024, theState Government drew criticism for its plans to convert land it had purchased from twoUniversity of South Australia campuses for housing and commercial re-development.[507] As part of the merger agreement, the land was to be sold to theSouth Australian Government forA$114.5 million and leased back to the university for a period of up to 10 years.[507] Following the release of several internalFOI documents retrieved byInDaily from thePremier's Office, it was later revealed that the land was "earmarked for future development" for residential and commercial purposes.[507]
The original media release replaced the phrase with "short-term transitional lease to university", referring to the leaseback period of 10 years, following concerns fromUniSA vice-chancellorDavid Lloyd that the original draft would "create enormous community reaction which will be particularly unhelpful at this time".[507] The land sales account for the entirety of theMagill campus and approximately 50% of theMawson Lakes campus.[507]
In May 2020, then vice-chancellorPeter Rathjen commenced an indefinite leave of absence after chancellorKevin Scarce resigned without public explanation the previous day.[508] Later in the week, theIndependent Commissioner Against Corruption (ICAC) confirmed he was investigating allegations of improper conduct by the vice-chancellor of the University of Adelaide.[509] Rathjen, accused of engaging in "a personal relationship with a staff member",[510] was succeeded by acting vice-chancellor Mike Brooks. Rathjen formally resigned in July 2020,[511] "due to ill health".[512] In August 2020, the ICAC found that Rathjen had committed "serious misconduct" by sexually harassing two University of Adelaide colleagues, had lied to the then-chancellor Kevin Scarce, and also lied to the Commissioner in his evidence with respect to an investigation of sexual misconduct with a postgraduate student when he was employed at the University of Melbourne.[513] The ICAC CommissionerBruce Lander acknowledged there were "further issues" in the full 170-page report on the investigation which he chose not to release due to privacy concerns surrounding the victims, instead releasing an abridged 12-page version 'Statement about an Investigation: Misconduct by the Vice-Chancellor of the University of Adelaide'.[514] In determining his findings, the Commissioner relied in part on the personal blog[515] of US journalistMichael Balter, who documented Rathjens prior history of sexual harassment, and was largely responsible for bringing the matter to the public's attention, and ultimately ICAC's.[516] Claiming ill-health, Rathjen formally resigned in July 2020 and, despite the ICAC Commissioner's findings, received a large payout from the university.[517]
The university is served by two stops on theGlenelg tram line,University andCity West, which connects the main campus on the east with the Adelaide Health and Medical Sciences Building on the west end ofNorth Terrace.[518][128][167]
^The coat of arms, which is printed on degree parchments,[1] has beende facto retired for new students starting in 2025.[2] University of Adelaide alumni and continuing students who started their programs on or before 2024 will continue to have the option to graduate withAdelaide University degrees bearing the coat of arms.[2] This excludesUniversity of South Australia students and alumni, who will have access to their existing trademark instead.[2]
^AlthoughAdelaide University has been used as a colloquial name since at least 1872,[6] it is expected to supersede the current name following its merger with theUniversity of South Australia by 2026.[7]
^Abbreviation for Quality Indicators for Learning and Teaching.[306]
^According to theHigher Education Support Act 2003, domestic students include permanent residents and New Zealand citizens in addition to Australian citizens.[331]
^Bishop, Geoffrey C. (1980).Australian Winemaking, the Roseworthy Influence: the contribution of Alan R. Hickinbotham and Roseworthy Agricultural College to winemaking in Australia [1879-1970].Adelaide,South Australia: Investigator Press.ISBN9780859640404.
^"Home".Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing.Adelaide,South Australia: The University of Adelaide.Archived from the original on 30 April 2024. Retrieved3 July 2024.
^"Facilities".Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing.Adelaide,South Australia: The University of Adelaide.Archived from the original on 6 December 2023. Retrieved3 July 2024.
^"About SAIGENCI".South Australian immunoGENomics Cancer Institute. Adelaide: The University of Adelaide.Archived from the original on 27 June 2024. Retrieved3 July 2024.
^"Law"(PDF).The University of Adelaide.Adelaide,South Australia. February 2024. p. 2.Archived(PDF) from the original on 3 April 2025. Retrieved13 June 2025.
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