There are fifteenuniversities inScotland and three other institutions of higher education that have the authority to award academic degrees.

The first university college in Scotland was founded atSt John's College, St Andrews in 1418 byHenry Wardlaw, bishop of St Andrews.St Salvator's College was added to St Andrews in 1450. TheUniversity of Glasgow was founded in 1451 andKing's College, Aberdeen in 1495.St Leonard's College was founded in St Andrews in 1511 and St John's College was re-founded asSt Mary's College, St Andrews in 1538, as a Humanist academy for the training of clerics. Public lectures that were established in Edinburgh in the 1540s, would eventually become the University of Edinburgh in 1582. After theReformation, Scotland's universities underwent a series of reforms associated withAndrew Melville. After theRestoration there was a purge of Presbyterians from the universities, but most of the intellectual advances of the preceding period were preserved. The Scottish university colleges recovered from the disruption of the civil war years and Restoration with a lecture-based curriculum that was able to embrace economics and science, offering a high-quality liberal education to the sons of the nobility and gentry.

In the eighteenth century the universities went from being small and parochial institutions, largely for the training of clergy and lawyers, to major intellectual centres at the forefront of Scottish identity and life, seen as fundamental to democratic principles and the opportunity for social advancement for the talented. Many of the key figures of theScottish Enlightenment were university professors, who developed their ideas in university lectures. At the beginning of the nineteenth century, Scotland's five university colleges had no entrance exams. Students typically entered at ages of 15 or 16, attended for as little as two years, chose which lectures to attend and left without qualifications. There was a concerted attempt to modernise the curriculum to meet the needs of the emerging middle classes and the professions. The result of these reforms was a revitalisation of the Scottish university system and growth in the number of students. In the first half of the twentieth century Scottish universities fell behind those in England and Europe in terms of participation and investment. After theRobbins Report of 1963 there was a rapid expansion in higher education in Scotland. By the end of the decade the number of Scottish universities had doubled. In 1992 the distinction between universities and colleges was removed, creating a series of new universities.

All Scottish universities arepublic and funded in part by theScottish Government (through itsScottish Funding Council). In the 2023–24 academic year, approximately 281,500 students studied at universities or institutes of higher education in Scotland. Included in the figure are 173,800 students normally domiciled in Scotland, 33,100 from the rest of the United Kingdom and a further 73,900international students.^[1] The sector employs, directly and indirectly, six per cent of all jobs in the Scottish economy.^[2]

Until the fifteenth century, Scots who wished to attend university had to travel to England or to the Continent.^[3] This situation was transformed by the founding ofSt John's College, St Andrews in 1418 byHenry Wardlaw, bishop of St. Andrews.^[4]St Salvator's College was added to St. Andrews in 1450. The other great bishoprics followed, with theUniversity of Glasgow being founded in 1451 andKing's College, Aberdeen in 1495.^[5] Initially, these institutions were designed for the training of clerics, but they would increasingly be used by laymen.^[3] International contacts helped integrate Scotland into a wider European scholarly world and would be one of the most important ways in which the new ideas ofHumanism were brought into Scottish intellectual life in the sixteenth century.^[6]

St Leonard's College was founded inSt Andrews in 1511 and St John's College was re-founded asSt Mary's College, St Andrews in 1538, as aHumanist academy for the training of clerics.^[7] Public lectures that were established inEdinburgh in the 1540s would eventually become theUniversity of Edinburgh in 1582.^[6] A university also briefly existed inFraserburgh. After the Reformation, Scotland's universities underwent a series of reforms associated withAndrew Melville, who was influenced by the anti-AristotelianPetrus Ramus.^[6] In 1617 King James VI decreed that the town college of Edinburgh should be known as King James's College.^[8] In 1641, the two colleges at Aberdeen were united by decree ofCharles I (r. 1625–49), to form the "King Charles University of Aberdeen."^[9] Under theCommonwealth (1652–60), the universities saw an improvement in their funding.^[10] After theRestoration there was a purge of Presbyterians from the universities, but most of the intellectual advances of the preceding period were preserved.^[11] The colleges at Aberdeen were de-merged.^[9] The five Scottish university colleges recovered from the disruption of the civil war years and Restoration with a lecture-based curriculum that was able to embrace economics and science, offering a high-quality liberal education to the sons of the nobility and gentry.^[12]

In the eighteenth century the universities went from being small and parochial institutions, largely for the training of clergy and lawyers, to major intellectual centres at the forefront of Scottish identity and life, seen as fundamental to democratic principles and the opportunity for social advancement for the talented.^[13] Chairs of medicine were founded at all the university towns. By the 1740s Edinburgh medical school was the major centre of medicine in Europe and was a leading centre in the Atlantic world.^[14] Access to Scottish universities was probably more open than in contemporary England, Germany or France. Attendance was less expensive and the student body more representative of society as a whole.^[15] The system was flexible and the curriculum became a modern philosophical and scientific one, in keeping with contemporary needs for improvement and progress.^[13] Scotland reaped the intellectual benefits of this system in its contribution to theEuropean Enlightenment.^[16] Many of the key figures of the Scottish Enlightenment were university professors, who developed their ideas in university lectures. Key figures includedFrancis Hutcheson,Hugh Blair,David Hume,Adam Smith,James Burnett,Adam Ferguson,John Millar andWilliam Robertson,William Cullen,James Anderson,Joseph Black andJames Hutton.^[13]

At the beginning of the nineteenth century, Scotland's five university colleges had no entrance exam, students typically entered at ages of 15 or 16, attended for as little as two years, chose which lectures to attend and left without qualifications.^[17] The curriculum was dominated by divinity and the law and there was a concerted attempt to modernise the curriculum, particularly by introducing degrees in the physical sciences and the need to reform the system to meet the needs of the emerging middle classes and the professions.^[17] The result of these reforms was a revitalisation of the Scottish university system, which expanded to 6,254 students by the end of the century^[13] and produced leading figures in both the arts and sciences.^[18] In the first half of the twentieth century Scottish universities fell behind those in England and Europe in terms of participation and investment.^[19] After theRobbins Report of 1963 there was a rapid expansion in higher education in Scotland. By the end of the decade the number of Scottish Universities had doubled. New universities included theUniversity of Dundee,Strathclyde,Heriot-Watt, andStirling. From the 1970s the government preferred to expand higher education in the non-university sector and by the late 1980s roughly half of students in higher education were in colleges. In 1992, under theFurther and Higher Education Act 1992, the distinction between universities and colleges was removed,^[20] creating new universities atAbertay,Glasgow Caledonian,Napier,Paisley andRobert Gordon.^[21]

There are fifteen universities in Scotland^[22] and three other institutions of higher education which have the authority to awardacademic degrees. TheUniversity of the Highlands and Islands (UHI) gained full university status in 2011, having been created through the federation of 13 colleges and research institutions across the Highlands and Islands, a process that began in 2001.^[23]

All Scottish universities have the power to award degrees at all levels: undergraduate, taught postgraduate, and doctoral. Education in Scotland is controlled by theScottish Government under the terms of theScotland Act 1998. The minister responsible for higher education is theCabinet Secretary for Education and Skills, currentlyJenny Gilruth of theScottish National Party.^[24] University status in Scotland and throughout the United Kingdom today is conferred by thePrivy Council which takes advice from theQuality Assurance Agency for Higher Education.^[25][26]

All Scottish universities arepublic universities and part funded by theScottish Government (through itsScottish Funding Council^[27]) and financial support is provided for Scottish-domiciled students by theStudent Awards Agency for Scotland. Students ordinarily resident in Scotland do not paytuition fees for their first undergraduate degree, but tuition fees are charged for those from the rest of the United Kingdom. All students are required to pay tuition fees for postgraduate education (e.g. MSc, PhD), except in certain priority areas funded by the Scottish Government, or if another source of funding can be found (e.g.research council studentship for a PhD). A representative body calledUniversities Scotland works to promote Scotland's universities, as well as six other higher education institutions.^[28]

The total consolidated annual income for the fifteen Scottish universities for 2020–2021 was £4.38 billion of which £847 million was from research grants and contracts, with an operating surplus of £290.4 million (6.63%). £1.36 billion was received from the Scottish Funding Council via grants and £298.5 million was received from tuition fees of Home-domiciled students, defined as Scotland-domiciled students and European Union-domiciled students who began their studies prior to 2021–2022.^[29] The table below is a record of each Scottish university's financial data for the 2020–2021 financial year as recorded by theHigher Education Statistics Agency:^[30]

In the 2022–23 academic year, 292,240 students studied at universities or institutes of higher education in Scotland, 228,005 of whom were full-time, 59.0% were female and 40.4% male. 59.5% of students were domiciled in Scotland, 11.5% from the rest of the United Kingdom, and the remaining 28.7% beinginternational students (4.5% from the European Union). Of all these, approximately 198,745 were studying at undergraduate level, 79,395 for a taught postgraduate degree (primarily a master's degree) and 14,105 for a postgraduate research degree (primarily PhD).^[31] The three largest universities by enrolment were the Universities of Glasgow (39,755 students), Edinburgh (39,110 students) and Strathclyde (24,860 students).^[31]

The Scottish Universities Summer School in Physics (SUSSP) was established in 1960 by the four ancient Scottish Universities (Aberdeen, Edinburgh, Glasgow and St. Andrews) to contribute to the dissemination of advanced knowledge in physics and the formation of contacts among scientists from different countries through the setting up of a series of annual summer schools of the highest international standard.^[32] As of 2014^[update] it had increased to include Dundee, Glasgow Caledonian, Heriot-Watt, Paisley, and Strathclyde.

In the 2026 national league table rankings, six of the top thirty in both ofThe Guardian University Guide and inThe Times/Sunday Times Good University Guide were Scottish universities. In the 2026 global rankings, three Scottish universities featured in the world's top 200 universities in both of theQS and theTimes Higher Education World University Rankings.

In terms of rankings there are four distinctive clusters of higher and lower status universities in the UK:Oxbridge comprising cluster one; a second cluster containing the remaining 22Russell Group universities together with 17 other old universities, including Aberdeen, Dundee, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Heriot-Watt, St Andrews, Stirling and Strathclyde; a third cluster containing 13 old universities and 54 new universities including the remaining Scottish universities; and a fourth cluster contains 19 new universities but no Scottish universities.^[39]

The below lists the outcome of the latestResearch Excellence Framework undertaken in 2021 (the next REF is scheduled for 2028) by the four UK higher education funding bodies. The quality of research was rated 4* (world leading), 3* (internationally excellent), 2* (recognised internationally), 1* (recognised nationally) and unclassified. GPA measures the quality of research and Research Power is calculated by the GPA score of a university multiplied by the full-time equivalent number of researchers submitted. The rankings are out of 129 institutions as measured by output:^[40]

• List of universities in Scotland
• List of universities in the United Kingdom
• Student wings of political parties in Scotland
• Universities in the United Kingdom

• Universities in Scotland

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