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TheUnited States service academies, also known asUnited States military academies, arefederal academies for theundergraduate education and training ofcommissioned officers for theUnited States Armed Forces.
There are five U.S. service academies:
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Service academies can be used to refer to all of the academies collectively. While they are often referred to as military academies, only the Military Academy, the Naval Academy, and the Air Force Academy are operated by theDepartment of Defense. The Coast Guard Academy is operated by theDepartment of Homeland Security, and the Merchant Marine Academy is operated by theDepartment of Transportation. Students enrolled at the Military Academy, the Naval Academy, the Air Force Academy, and the Coast Guard Academy are considered to be onactive duty in the United States Armed Forces from the day they enter the academy, with the rank ofcadet ormidshipman, and subject to theUniform Code of Military Justice. Students enrolled at the Merchant Marine Academy serve in theU.S. Navy Reserve, with the rank of midshipman and are only subject to the UCMJ while actively training with the U.S. military on Navy orders.
The Naval Academy and Air Force Academy are noteworthy in that they each serve two different services. The Naval Academy commissions midshipmen into both theU.S. Navy and theU.S. Marine Corps. The Air Force Academy commissions cadets into both theU.S. Air Force and theU.S. Space Force.
In the case of the non–military Merchant Marine Academy, midshipmen may elect to receive an active duty or reserves commission in any branch of theuniformed services, includingNOAA and theUnited States Public Health Service. Most are commissioned into the Navy Reserve, Strategic Sealift Officer Force.
Students at the Military Academy, the Air Force Academy, and the Coast Guard Academy are cadets, while students at the Naval Academy and the Merchant Marine Academy are midshipmen. All cadets and midshipmen receive taxable pay at a rate of 35% of an O-1 under two years of service (which can be used to pay for textbooks and uniforms), free room and board, and pay no tuition or fees, with the exception of USMMA who receive taxable pay at US$1,217.10 a month only during their required 300+ days at sea during their four-year studies.
All applicants, except for the Coast Guard Academy, are required to obtain a nomination to the academies. Nominations may be made by Congressional Representatives, Senators, theVice President, and thePresident.[2][3] Applicants to the Coast Guard Academy compete in a direct nationwide competitive process that has no by-state quotas.[citation needed]
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The admissions process to the U.S. service academies is an extensive and very competitive process. The Military Academy, the Naval Academy, and the Air Force Academy all require an applicant to submit an online file and proceed through pre-candidate qualification before an application is provided. The Merchant Marine Academy requires an applicant to submit part 1 of the 3 part application prior to receiving a nomination. All these schools have an extremely competitive application process and are ranked annually byU.S. News & World Report andForbes as some of the most selective colleges and universities in the United States. The average acceptance rate is between 8–17% for each of the schools.
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Upon graduation and the receipt of aBachelor of Science degree, the cadets and midshipmen commission assecond lieutenants orensigns and must serve a minimumterm of duty, usually five years plus another three years in thereserves. If the student's chosen occupation requires particularly extensive training (such asaviation orspecial operations), the service commitment may be longer.
At the Merchant Marine Academy, midshipmen repay their service obligations through a variety of methods depending on their selected career path. On average, about one third of the graduating class each year will actively sail on their Coast Guard license as either UnlimitedThird Mates orThird Assistant Engineers in theU.S. Merchant Marine, about one third will go to work in the civilian maritime industry ashore, and the remaining one third will enter active duty military service.
A Merchant Marine midshipman who enters active duty military service will typically assume a service obligation similar to those of cadets and midshipmen entering the military services from their respective service academies (i.e., a Merchant Marine midshipman entering the U.S. Marine Corps would assume a similar obligation to a midshipman from the Naval Academy entering the Marine Corps).
Merchant Marine midshipmen not entering active duty typically assume an eight-year obligation to the Navy Reserve Strategic Sealift Officer Program, unless they have elected to enter another branch of the armed forces. In addition, midshipmen who do not serve on active duty are restricted from working outside the maritime industry or merchant marine for a period of five years following graduation and must seek annualMARAD approval for their employment.
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Preparatory schools provide for strengthening of academic potential of candidates to each of the above-described U.S. service academies. Admission is restricted to those students who have applied to an academy, failed initially to qualify, either academically or physically, but who have demonstrated an ability to qualify during the initial admission selection process:
The Academy is bordered by the City of Annapolis-See the map of Naval Academy, Maryland next to the Annapolis city limits -Also see this map in this municipal government document, p. 12 (PDF p. 15/138)
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