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United States of the Ionian Islands

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

British protectorate in western Greece (1815–1864)

For other uses, seeUnited States (disambiguation).

United States of the Ionian Islands

Ἡνωμένον Κράτος τῶν Ἰονίων Νήσων (Greek)
Inoménon-Krátos ton Ioníon Níson
Stati Uniti delle Isole Ionie (Italian)

1815–1864

Flag

Coat of arms

The Republic's territory extended to the seven main islands plus the smaller islets of theIonian Sea

Status

Protectorate of theBritish Empire

Capital

Corfu

Official languages

Greek
English (until 1851)
Italian (until 1851)

Common languages

Venetian

Religion

Greek Orthodox

Government

Federal oligarchy

Monarch/Protector

• 1815–1820

• 1820–1830

• 1830–1837

• 1837–1864

Lord High Commissioner

• 1816–1824

Sir Thomas Maitland (first)

• 1859–1864

SirHenry Knight Storks (last)

President of the Senate

Legislature

Parliament

• Upper house

Ionian Senate (executive)^b

• Lower house

Ionian Assembly

Historical era

19th century

• Congress of Vienna

9 June 1815 (signed)

• Protectorate established

9 November 1815

• Constitution

26 August 1817

• Resolution for union with Greece

26 November 1850

• Treaty of London

29 March 1864

• Union withGreece

21 May 1864

Area

1864^[1]

4,696 km² (1,813 sq mi)

Population

• 1864^[1]

236,000

Currency

Obol (1818–1864)

Preceded by

Succeeded by

French rule in the Ionian Islands

Kingdom of Greece
Ioannina Eyalet

Today part of

Greece

^ Italian was used as the official language of administration during the first Parliament only.

^ The Senate is listed in the Constitution as the Executive branch of government. It shared legislative power with the Legislative Assembly, and in some British sources it appears as theExecutive Council.^[2]^[3]

References: Capital city;^[4] languages.^[5]^[6]

TheUnited States of the Ionian Islands^[a] was aGreek state andamical protectorate of theUnited Kingdom between 1815 and 1864. Thesuccessor state of theSeptinsular Republic, it covered the territory of theIonian Islands, as well as the port ofParga on the Greek mainland. It was ceded by the British to Greece as a gift to the newly enthronedKing George I,^[7] apart from Parga, which had been sold toAli Pasha of Ioannina in 1819.^[8]

History

[edit]

Before theFrench Revolutionary Wars, the Ionian Islands had been part of theRepublic of Venice. When the 1797Treaty of Campo Formio dissolved the Republic of Venice,they were annexed to theFrench Republic. Between 1798 and 1799, the French were driven out by a jointRusso-Ottoman force.

After theWar of the Fourth Coalition, the Ionian Islands wereoccupied by the French Empire as stipulated in theTreaty of Tilsit. In 1809, Britain defeated the French fleet offZakynthos island on 2 October, and capturedKefalonia,Kythira, and Zakynthos. The British proceeded to captureLefkada in 1810.

Under theTreaty between Great Britain and [Austria, Prussia and] Russia, respecting the Ionian Islands (signed in Paris on 5 November 1815), as one of the treaties signed during thePeace of Paris (1815), Britain obtained a protectorate over the Ionian Islands, and underArticle VIII of the treaty theAustrian Empire was granted the same trading privileges with the Islands as Britain.^[9]

During this period, the British brought thousands of Maltese labourers to the Ionian Islands to work as builders and artisans, forming the basis of theCorfiot Maltese community.

A few years laterGreek nationalist groups started to form. Although their energy in the early years was directed to supporting their fellow Greek revolutionaries in therevolution against the Ottoman Empire, they switched their focus toenosis with Greece following their independence. TheParty of Radicals (Greek: Κόμμα των Ριζοσπαστών) was founded in 1848 as a pro-enosis political party. In September 1848, there were skirmishes with theBritish garrison inArgostoli andLixouri onKefalonia. The island's populace did not hide their growing demands forenosis, and newspapers on the islands frequently published articles criticising British policies in the protectorate. On 15 August 1849, another rebellion broke out, which was quashed byHenry George Ward, who proceeded to temporarily imposemartial law.^[10]

On 26 November 1850, the Radical MP John Detoratos Typaldos proposed in the Ionian parliament the resolution for theenosis of the Ionian Islands with theKingdom of Greece which was signed by Gerasimos Livadas, Nadalis Domeneginis, George Typaldos, Frangiskos Domeneginis, Ilias Zervos Iakovatos, Iosif Momferatos, Telemachus Paizis, Ioannis Typaldos, Aggelos Sigouros-Dessyllas, Christodoulos Tofanis. In 1862, the party split into two factions, the "United Radical Party" and the "Real Radical Party". During this period of British rule,William Ewart Gladstone visited the islands and recommended their reunion with Greece, to the chagrin of the British government.^{[citation needed]}

On 29 March 1864, representatives of the United Kingdom, Greece, France, and Russia signed theTreaty of London, pledging the transfer of sovereignty to Greece upon ratification; this was meant to bolster the reign of the newly installedKing George I of the Hellenes. Thus, on 28 May, by proclamation of the Lord High Commissioner, the Ionian Islands were united with Greece.^[11]

Languages

[edit]

As a result of the longVenetian domination, the Italian language was the language of government, science, and the upper classes, even though the vast majority of the Islanders were monolingual Greek-speakers.^[12] The replacement of Italian by Greek was envisaged in the second constitution of the Septinsular Republic in 1803 to take place over time by 1820, but the French occupation in 1807 and the succeeding turmoils prevented this from taking place.^[13]

After 1814, the British rulers of the Islands published the government gazette in both languages, with Italian initially first, but pushed to second place in 1832 and third place after the introduction of English in 1836.^[14] The 1817 constitution of the British protectorate was also written in Italian, but specified Greek as the "national" language and stipulated that all public affairs should come to be conducted in it, while Italian was allowed to remain in use in the interim.^[15] However, it was not until 1849 that theIonian Assembly began holding its sessions in Greek,^[16] 1851 that the Ionian legal codes (originally published in Italian in 1841) were translated into Greek,^[17] and 1852 that Greek was established as the sole official language.^[18]

States

[edit]

TheBritish royal arms surrounded by the emblems of the seven Ionian Islands. From top, clockwise:Corfu,Zakynthos,Ithaca,Paxos,Kythira,Lefkada,Cephalonia.

The United States of the Ionian Islands was a federation. It included seven island states, each of which was allocated a number of seats in the parliament, theIonian Senate:

State	Capital	Members elected
Corfu	Corfu	7
Cephalonia	Argostoli	7
Cythera	Kythira	1 or 2^[19]
Ithaca	Vathy	1 or 2^[19]
Paxos	Gaios	1 or 2^[19]
Lefkada	Lefkada	4
Zakynthos	Zakynthos	7

Government

[edit]

The British organised administration under the direction of aLord High Commissioner, appointed by the British government. In total, ten men served in this capacity, includingWilliam Gladstone as a Lord High Commissioner Extraordinary (in office 1858–1859).

The Ionian Islands had a bicameral legislature, titled the "Parliament of the United States of the Ionian Islands" and composed of a Legislative Assembly and Senate.^[20]

The 1818 constitution also established a High Court of Appeal to be called the Supreme Council of Justice of the United States of the Ionian Islands, of which the president was to be known as the Chief Justice, who would rank in precedence immediately after the President of the Senate.

The successive Chief Justices were:

John Kirkpatrick 1820–1835
Sir James John Reid 1837–?
Sir Charles Sargent 1860–?
Sir Patrick MacChombaich de Colquhoun 1861–1864

Footnotes

[edit]

^Greek:Ἡνωμένον Κράτος τῶν Ἰονίων Νήσων,romanized: Inoménon-Krátos ton Ioníon Níson,lit. 'United State of the Ionian Islands';Italian:Stati Uniti delle Isole Ionie

References

[edit]

^^a ^b"Treaty of London". Greek Ministry for Foreign Affairs. Archived fromthe original on 8 March 2005. Retrieved21 July 2006.The Ionian Islands were formally united with the Kingdom of Greece on 2 June 1864. This was the first expansion of the Greek kingdom since its foundation. The national territory increased by 1,813 square miles and the population by 236,000.
^Fieldhouse, David (1985).Select Documents on the Constitutional History of the British Empire and Commonwealth: "The Empire of the Bretaignes," 1175–1688. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 679.ISBN 9780313238970.
^Fitzroy, Charles (1850).Ionian Islands. Letters by Lord C. Fitzroy and documents from other sources, on past and recent events in the Ionian Islands; shewing the anomalous political and financial condition of those States. p. 115.
^Constitution of the Ionian Islands, Article II
^Constitution of the Ionian Islands, Article IV
^Constitution of the Ionian Islands, Article V
^The Times (London) 8 June 1863 p. 12 col. C
^"::[ History of Parga | Prefecture of Preveza ]::".
^Hammond, Richard James (1966).Portugal and Africa, 1815–1910 : a study in uneconomic imperialism. Stanford University Press. p. 2.ISBN 0-8047-0296-9.
^"British Occupation". Archived fromthe original on 6 May 2021. Retrieved19 January 2019.
^Hertslet, Edward.The map of Europe by treaty(PDF). p. 1609. Retrieved21 July 2006.
^Mackridge 2014, pp. 68–69.
^Mackridge 2014, pp. 71–72.
^Mackridge 2014, p. 75.
^Mackridge 2014, pp. 73–74.
^Mackridge 2014, pp. 85–86.
^Mackridge 2014, p. 84.
^Mackridge 2014, pp. 76, 86–88.
^^a ^b ^cCythera, Ithaca, and Paxos each elected one member, but the three elected a second member in rotation. Constitution of the Ionian Islands, Article IV
^Constitution of the Ionian Islands, Article VII

External links

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related toUnited States of the Ionian Islands.

EnglishWikisource has original text related to this article:

Treaty between Great Britain and Russia, etc. respecting the Ionian Islands; signed at Paris 5th November 1815.

"Constitution of the Ionian Islands". University of Kassel. Retrieved21 July 2006.^{[permanent dead link]}
"Constitution of the Ionian Islands" in Italian
"Territories of the British Empire, History of the Ionian Islands". David Rumsey Map Collection. Retrieved2 July 2014.

v t e History of theIonian Islands
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