Country primarily in North America
United States of America
Motto: "In God We Trust "[ 1] Other traditional mottos:[ 2] Anthem: "The Star-Spangled Banner "[ 3] Capital Washington, D.C. 38°53′N 77°1′W / 38.883°N 77.017°W /38.883; -77.017 Largest city New York City 40°43′N 74°0′W / 40.717°N 74.000°W /40.717; -74.000 Official languages English [ a] Ethnic groups Religion Demonym American [ 10] [ b] Government Federalpresidential republic Donald Trump JD Vance Mike Johnson John Roberts Legislature Congress Senate House of Representatives Independence July 4, 1776 (1776-07-04 ) March 1, 1781 (1781-03-01 ) September 3, 1783 (1783-09-03 ) March 4, 1789 (1789-03-04 ) Area • Total area
3,796,742 sq mi (9,833,520 km2 )[ 12] [ c] 3rd ) • Water (%)
7.0[ 11] • Land area
3,531,905 sq mi (9,147,590 km2 ) (3rd) Population • 2024 estimate
[ 13] • 2020 census
[ 14] [ d] 3rd )• Density
96.3/sq mi (37.2/km2 ) (180th ) GDP (PPP ) 2025 estimate • Total
[ 15] [ e] 2nd )• Per capita
[ 15] 10th )GDP (nominal) 2025 estimate • Total
[ 15] 1st )• Per capita
[ 15] 8th )Gini (2023) [ 16] [ f] medium inequality HDI (2023) [ 17] very high 17th )Currency U.S. dollar ($ ) (USD )Time zone UTC −4 to−12 ,+10 ,+11 UTC −4 to−10 [ g] Date format mm/dd/yyyy[ h] Calling code +1 ISO 3166 code US Internet TLD .us [ 18]
TheUnited States of America (USA ), also known as theUnited States (U.S. ) orAmerica , is a country primarily located inNorth America . It is afederal republic of 50states and a federal capital district,Washington, D.C. The 48contiguous states borderCanada to the north andMexico to the south, with thesemi-exclave ofAlaska in the northwest and thearchipelago ofHawaii in thePacific Ocean . The United States also asserts sovereignty over fivemajor island territories andvarious uninhabited islands inOceania and theCaribbean .[ j] megadiverse country , with the world'sthird-largest land area [ c] third-largest population , exceeding 340 million.[ k]
Paleo-Indians migrated from North Asia to North America over 12,000 years ago, and formed various civilizations.Spanish colonization establishedSpanish Florida in 1513, the first European colony in what is now the continental United States.British colonization followed with the 1607 settlement ofVirginia , the first of theThirteen Colonies .Enslavement of Africans was practiced in all the colonies by 1770, and it supplied most of the labor for theSouthern Colonies 'plantation economy . Clashes with theBritish Crown over taxation and lack ofparliamentary representation sparked theAmerican Revolution , leading to theDeclaration of Independence on July 4, 1776. Victory in the 1775–1783Revolutionary War brought international recognition of U.S. sovereignty and fueledwestward expansion , dispossessingnative inhabitants . As more stateswere admitted , a North–Southdivision over slavery led theConfederate States of America to attempt secession and fightthe Union in the 1861–1865American Civil War . With the United States' victory and reunification,slavery was abolished nationally . By 1900, the country had established itself as agreat power , a status solidified after its involvement inWorld War I . FollowingJapan 'sattack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, the U.S.entered World War II .Its aftermath left the U.S. and theSoviet Union as rivalsuperpowers , competing forideological dominance andinternational influence during theCold War . TheSoviet Union's collapse in 1991 ended the Cold War, leaving the U.S. as the world's sole superpower.
TheU.S. national government is apresidential constitutional federal republic andrepresentative democracy withthree separate branches :legislative ,executive , andjudicial . It has abicameral national legislature composed of theHouse of Representatives (alower house based on population) and theSenate (anupper house based on equal representation for each state).Federalism grants substantial autonomy to the 50 states. In addition, 574 Native American tribes havesovereignty rights , and there are 326Native American reservations . Since the 1850s, theDemocratic andRepublican parties have dominatedAmerican politics , whileAmerican values are based on a democratic tradition inspired by theAmerican Enlightenment movement.
Adeveloped country , theU.S. ranks high in economic competitiveness, innovation, andhigher education . Accounting forover a quarter of nominal global GDP,its economy has been the world's largestsince about 1890 . It is thewealthiest country , with thehighest disposable household income per capita amongOECD members, thoughits wealth inequality is highly pronounced. Shaped by centuries of immigration, theculture of the U.S. is diverse andglobally influential . Making upmore than a third of global military spending, the country hasone of the strongest militaries and is a designatednuclear state . A member ofnumerous international organizations , the U.S. plays a major role in global political, cultural, economic, and military affairs.
Etymology Documented use of the phrase "United States of America" dates back to January 2, 1776. On that day,Stephen Moylan , aContinental Army aide to GeneralGeorge Washington , wrote a letter toJoseph Reed , Washington'saide-de-camp , seeking to go "with full and ample powers from the United States of America to Spain" to seek assistance in theRevolutionary War effort.[ 22] [ 23] anonymous essay published in theWilliamsburg newspaperThe Virginia Gazette [ 22] Thomas Jefferson wrote "United States of America" in a rough draft of theDeclaration of Independence ,[ 22] Second Continental Congress on July 4, 1776.[ 24]
The term "United States" and its initialism "U.S.", used as nouns or as adjectives in English, are common short names for the country. The initialism "USA", a noun, is also common.[ 25] U.S. federal government , with prescribed rules.[ l] [ 27] [ 28]
"America Americus Vesputius Amerigo Vespucci (1454–1512);[ m] Martin Waldseemüller andMatthias Ringmann in 1507.[ 29] [ n] West Indies discovered byChristopher Columbus in 1492 were part of a previously unknown landmass and not among the Indies at the eastern limit of Asia.[ 30] [ 31] [ 32] the term "America" usually does not refer to topics unrelated to the United States, despite the usage of "theAmericas " to describe the totality of the continents ofNorth andSouth America .[ 33]
History
Indigenous peoples Cliff Palace , a settlement ofancestors of theNative American Pueblo peoples in present-dayMontezuma County, Colorado , built betweenc. 1200 and 1275 [ 34] Thefirst inhabitants of North America migrated fromSiberia over 12,000 years ago, either across theBering land bridge or along thenow-submerged Ice Age coastline .[ 35] [ 36] Clovis culture , which appeared around 11,000 BC, is believed to be the first widespread culture in the Americas.[ 37] [ 38] Mississippian culture , developedagriculture ,architecture , andcomplex societies .[ 39] post-archaic period , the Mississippian cultures were located in themidwestern ,eastern , andsouthern regions, and theAlgonquian in theGreat Lakes region and along theEastern Seaboard , while theHohokam culture andAncestral Puebloans inhabited theSouthwest .[ 40] Native population estimates of what is now the United States before the arrival of European immigrants range from around 500,000[ 41] [ 42] [ 42] [ 43]
Thecolonial possessions ofBritain (the Thirteen Colonies in pink and others in purple),France (in blue), andSpain (in orange) in North America, 1750 Christopher Columbus began exploring theCaribbean for Spain in 1492, leading toSpanish-speaking settlements and missions from what are nowPuerto Rico andFlorida toNew Mexico andCalifornia . The first Spanish colony in the present-day continental United States wasSpanish Florida , chartered in 1513.[ 44] [ 45] [ 46] [ 47] Saint Augustine , was founded in 1565.[ 48]
France established its own settlements inFrench Florida in 1562, but they were either abandoned (Charlesfort, 1578) or destroyed by Spanish raids (Fort Caroline , 1565).Permanent French settlements were founded much later along theGreat Lakes (Fort Detroit , 1701), theMississippi River (Saint Louis, 1764) and especially theGulf of Mexico (New Orleans , 1718).[ 49] New Nederland (settled 1626, present-day New York) and the small Swedish colony ofNew Sweden (settled 1638 in what became Delaware).British colonization of theEast Coast began with theVirginia Colony (1607) and thePlymouth Colony (Massachusetts, 1620).[ 50] [ 51]
TheMayflower Compact in Massachusetts and theFundamental Orders of Connecticut established precedents for local representativeself-governance andconstitutionalism that would develop throughout the American colonies.[ 52] [ 53] [ 54] [ o] [ 58] [ 59] trafficked African slaves through theAtlantic slave trade .[ 60]
The originalThirteen Colonies [ p] British Empire by Crown-appointed governors,[ 61] local governments held elections open to most white male property owners .[ 62] [ 63] [ 64] [ 65] [ 66] First Great Awakening , a series ofChristian revivals , fueled colonial interest in guaranteedreligious liberty .[ 67]
TheDeclaration of Independence Committee of Five presentingthe Declaration to theContinental Congress on June 28, 1776, inPhiladelphia . Following their victory in theFrench and Indian War , Britain began to assert greater control over local colonial affairs, resulting incolonial political resistance ; one of the primary colonial grievances was a denial of theirrights as Englishmen , particularly the right torepresentation in the British government that taxed them . To demonstrate their dissatisfaction and resolve, theFirst Continental Congress met in 1774 and passed theContinental Association , a colonial boycott of British goods enforced by local "committees of safety " that proved effective. The British attempt to then disarm the colonists resulted in the 1775Battles of Lexington and Concord , igniting theAmerican Revolutionary War . At theSecond Continental Congress , the colonies appointedGeorge Washington commander-in-chief of theContinental Army , and createda committee that namedThomas Jefferson to draft theDeclaration of Independence . Two days after passing theLee Resolution to create an independent nation the Declaration was adopted on July 4, 1776.[ 68] political values of the American Revolution includedliberty ,inalienable individual rights ; and thesovereignty of the people ;[ 69] republicanism and rejectingmonarchy ,aristocracy , and all hereditary political power;civic virtue ; and vilification ofpolitical corruption .[ 70] Founding Fathers of the United States , who included Washington, Jefferson,John Adams ,Benjamin Franklin ,Alexander Hamilton ,John Jay ,James Madison ,Thomas Paine , and many others, were inspired byClassical ,Renaissance , andEnlightenment philosophies and ideas.[ 71] [ 72]
Though in practical effect since its drafting in 1777, theArticles of Confederation was ratified in 1781 and formally established a decentralized government that operated until 1789.[ 68] siege of Yorktown in 1781, American sovereignty was internationally recognized by theTreaty of Paris (1783), through which the U.S. gained territory stretching west to the Mississippi River, north to present-day Canada, and south toSpanish Florida .[ 73] Northwest Ordinance (1787) established the precedent by which the country's territory would expand with theadmission of new states , rather than the expansion of existing states.[ 74]
TheU.S. Constitution was drafted at the 1787Constitutional Convention to overcome the limitations of the Articles. It went into effect in 1789, creating afederal republic governed bythree separate branches that together formed a system ofchecks and balances .[ 75] was elected the country's first president under the Constitution, and theBill of Rights was adopted in 1791 to allay skeptics' concerns about the power of the more centralized government.[ 76] His resignation as commander-in-chief after the Revolutionary War and his later refusal to run for a third term as the country's first president established a precedent for the supremacy of civil authority in the United States and thepeaceful transfer of power .[ 77]
Territorial expansion of the United States In the late 18th century, American settlers began toexpand westward in larger numbers, many with a sense ofmanifest destiny .[ 78] [ 79] Louisiana Purchase of 1803 from France nearly doubled the territory of the United States.[ 80] [ 81] Lingering issues with Britain remained , leading to theWar of 1812 , which was fought to a draw.[ 82] Spain ceded Florida and its Gulf Coast territory in 1819.[ 83]
TheMissouri Compromise of 1820, which admittedMissouri as aslave state andMaine as a free state, attempted to balance the desire of northern states to prevent the expansion of slavery into new territories with that of southern states to extend it there. Primarily, the compromise prohibited slavery in all other lands of the Louisiana Purchase north of the36°30′ parallel .[ 84]
As Americans expanded further into territory inhabited by Native Americans, thefederal government implemented policies ofIndian removal orassimilation .[ 85] [ 86] Indian Removal Act of 1830 , a key policy of PresidentAndrew Jackson . It resulted in theTrail of Tears (1830–1850), in which an estimated 60,000 Native Americans living east of theMississippi River were forcibly removed and displaced to lands far to the west, causing 13,200 to 16,700 deaths along the forced march.[ 87] American Indian Wars west of the Mississippi.[ 88] [ 89]
Slave states and free states in 1858During the colonial period,slavery became legal in all the Thirteen colonies , but by 1770 it provided the main labor force in thelarge-scale ,agriculture-dependent economies of theSouthern Colonies from Maryland to Georgia. The practice began to be significantly questioned during the American Revolution,[ 90] abolitionist movement that had reemerged in the 1830s, states inthe North enacted laws to prohibit slavery within their boundaries.[ 91] support for slavery had strengthened in Southern states , with widespread use of inventions such as thecotton gin (1793) having made slavery immensely profitable forSouthern elites .[ 92] [ 93] [ 94]
The United Statesannexed the Republic of Texas in 1845,[ 95] Oregon Treaty led to U.S. control of the present-dayAmerican Northwest .[ 96] Mexican–American War (1846–1848). After the victory of the U.S., Mexico recognized U.S. sovereignty over Texas,New Mexico , andCalifornia in the 1848Mexican Cession ; the cession's lands also included the future states ofNevada ,Colorado andUtah .[ 78] [ 97] California gold rush of 1848–1849 spurred a huge migration of white settlers to the Pacific coast, leading to even more confrontations with Native populations. One of the most violent, theCalifornia genocide of thousands of Native inhabitants, lasted into the mid-1870s.[ 98] [ 99]
Throughout the 1850s, thesectional conflict regarding slavery was further inflamed by national legislation in the U.S. Congress and decisions of the Supreme Court. In Congress, theFugitive Slave Act of 1850 mandated the forcible return to their owners in the South of slaves taking refuge in non-slave states, while theKansas–Nebraska Act of 1854 effectively gutted the anti-slavery requirements of the Missouri Compromise.[ 100] Dred Scott decision of 1857, the Supreme Court ruled against a slave brought into non-slave territory, simultaneously declaring the entire Missouri Compromise to be unconstitutional. These and otherevents exacerbated tensions between North and South that would culminate in theAmerican Civil War (1861–1865).[ 101] [ 102]
Beginning withSouth Carolina , 11 slave-state governments voted tosecede from the United States in 1861, joining to create theConfederate States of America . All other state governments remained loyal tothe Union .[ q] [ 103] [ 104] bombarded Fort Sumter .[ 105] [ 106] Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863, many freed slaves joined theUnion army .[ 107] began to turn in the Union's favor following the 1863Siege of Vicksburg andBattle of Gettysburg , and the Confederates surrendered in 1865 after the Union's victory in theBattle of Appomattox Court House .[ 108]
AnEdison Studios film showing immigrants arriving atEllis Island inNew York Harbor , a major point of entry for Europeanimmigrants in the late 19th and early 20th centuries[ 109] [ 110] Efforts towardreconstruction in the secessionist South had begun as early as 1862,[ 111] President Lincoln's assassination that the threeReconstruction Amendments to the Constitution were ratifiedto protect civil rights . The amendments codified nationally the abolition of slavery and involuntary servitude except as punishment for crimes, promised equal protection under the law for all persons, and prohibited discrimination on the basis of race or previous enslavement.[ 112] [ 113] [ 114] [ 115] [ 116] [ 117] [ 118]
National infrastructure, includingtranscontinental telegraph andrailroads , spurred growth in theAmerican frontier . This was accelerated by theHomestead Acts , through which nearly 10 percent of the total land area of the United States was given away free to some 1.6 million homesteaders.[ 119] [ 120] immigrants arrived in the United States, including 24.4 million from Europe.[ 121] Port of New York , and New York City and other large cities on theEast Coast became home to largeJewish ,Irish , andItalian populations. ManyNorthern Europeans as well as significant numbers ofGermans and otherCentral Europeans moved to theMidwest . At the same time, about one millionFrench Canadians migrated fromQuebec toNew England .[ 122] Great Migration , millions of African Americansleft the rural South for urban areas in the North.[ 123] Alaska was purchased fromRussia in 1867.[ 124]
TheCompromise of 1877 is generally considered the end of the Reconstruction era, as it resolved the electoral crisis following the1876 presidential election and led PresidentRutherford B. Hayes to reduce the role of federal troops in the South.[ 125] Redeemers began evicting theCarpetbaggers and quickly regained local control of Southern politics in the name ofwhite supremacy .[ 126] [ 127] nadir of American race relations .[ 128] [ 129] Plessy v. Ferguson Fourteenth andFifteenth Amendments of their force, allowingJim Crow laws in the South to remain unchecked,sundown towns in the Midwest, andsegregation in communities across the country , which would be reinforced by the policy ofredlining later adopted by the federalHome Owners' Loan Corporation .[ 130]
An explosion of technological advancement accompanied by the exploitation of cheap immigrant labor[ 131] rapid economic expansion during the late 19th and early 20th centuries , allowing the United States to outpace the economies of England, France, and Germany combined.[ 132] [ 133] a few prominent industrialists , largely by their formation oftrusts andmonopolies to prevent competition.[ 134] Tycoons led the nation's expansion in therailroad ,petroleum , andsteel industries. The United States emerged as a pioneer of theautomotive industry .[ 135] economic inequality ,slum conditions , andsocial unrest , creating the environment forlabor unions andsocialist movements to begin to flourish.[ 136] [ 137] [ 138] Progressive Era , which was characterized by significant reforms.[ 139] [ 140]
Pro-American elements in Hawaiioverthrew the Hawaiian monarchy ; the islandswere annexed in 1898. That same year,Puerto Rico ,the Philippines , andGuam were ceded to the U.S. by Spain after the latter's defeat in theSpanish–American War . (The Philippines was granted full independence from the U.S. on July 4, 1946, following World War II. Puerto Rico and Guam have remained U.S. territories.)[ 141] American Samoa was acquired by the United States in 1900 after theSecond Samoan Civil War .[ 142] U.S. Virgin Islands were purchased fromDenmark in 1917.[ 143]
The 1945 AmericanTrinity test , the first-ever detonation of anuclear weapon The United Statesentered World War I alongside theAllies in 1917 helping to turn the tide against theCentral Powers .[ 144] a constitutional amendment granted nationwidewomen's suffrage .[ 145] mass communication and early television transformed communications nationwide.[ 146] Wall Street Crash of 1929 triggered theGreat Depression , to which PresidentFranklin D. Roosevelt responded with theNew Deal plan of "reform, recovery and relief", a series of unprecedented and sweepingrecovery programs andemployment relief projects combined withfinancial reforms and regulations .[ 147] [ 148]
Initially neutral duringWorld War II , the U.S. begansupplying war materiel to theAllies of World War II in March 1941 andentered the war in December after theEmpire of Japan 'sattack on Pearl Harbor .[ 149] developed the first nuclear weapons andused them against the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945, ending the war.[ 150] [ 151] Four Policemen " who met to plan thepost-war world , alongside theUnited Kingdom , theSoviet Union , andChina .[ 152] [ 153] economic power andinternational political influence .[ 154]
Civil rights activists during theMarch on Washington for Jobs and Freedom inWashington, D.C. in August 1963 Soviet leaderMikhail Gorbachev and PresidentRonald Reagan sign theIntermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty at theWhite House in 1987. The end ofWorld War II in 1945 left the U.S. and theSoviet Union assuperpowers , each with its own political, military, and economicsphere of influence . Geopolitical tensions between the two superpowers soon led to theCold War .[ 155] [ 156] [ 157] containment to limit the USSR's sphere of influence, engaged inregime change against governments perceived to be aligned with the Soviets, and prevailed in theSpace Race , which culminated with thefirst crewed Moon landing in 1969.[ 158] [ 159]
Domestically, the U.S.experienced economic growth ,urbanization , andpopulation growth following World War II .[ 160] civil rights movement emerged, withMartin Luther King Jr. becoming a prominent leader in the early 1960s.[ 161] Great Society plan of PresidentLyndon B. Johnson 's administration resulted in groundbreaking and broad-reaching laws, policies anda constitutional amendment to counteract some of the worst effects of lingeringinstitutional racism .[ 162]
Thecounterculture movement in the U.S. brought significant social changes, including the liberalization of attitudes towardrecreational drug use andsexuality .[ 163] [ 164] open defiance of the military draft (leading to theend of conscription in 1973)[ 165] wide opposition toU.S. intervention in Vietnam , with the U.S. totally withdrawing in 1975.[ 166] A societal shift in the roles of women was significantly responsible for the large increase in female paid labor participation during the 1970s, and by 1985 the majority of American women aged 16 and older were employed.[ 167]
TheFall of Communism and thedissolution of the Soviet Union from 1989 to 1991 marked theend of the Cold War andleft the United States as the world's sole superpower .[ 168] [ 169] [ 170] [ 171] American Century " as the U.S. dominated international political, cultural, economic, and military affairs.[ 172] [ 173]
TheTwin Towers in New York City during theSeptember 11 attacks of 2001 Supporters of then-President Trump attempting to stop the counting ofelectoral votes on January 6, 2021 The 1990s saw thelongest recorded economic expansion in American history , a dramaticdecline in U.S. crime rates , andadvances in technology . Throughout this decade, technological innovations such as theWorld Wide Web , the evolution of thePentium microprocessor in accordance withMoore's law , rechargeablelithium-ion batteries , the firstgene therapy trial, andcloning either emerged in the U.S. or were improved upon there. TheHuman Genome Project was formally launched in 1990, whileNasdaq became the first stock market in the United States to trade online in 1998.[ 174]
In theGulf War of 1991,an American-led international coalition of states expelled anIraqi invasion force that had occupied neighboringKuwait .[ 175] September 11 attacks on the United States in 2001 by thepan-Islamist militant organizational-Qaeda led to thewar on terror and subsequentmilitary interventions in Afghanistan andin Iraq .[ 176] [ 177]
TheU.S. housing bubble culminated in 2007 with theGreat Recession , the largest economic contraction since the Great Depression.[ 178] political polarization anddemocratic backsliding .[ 179] [ 180] [ 181] [ 182] January 2021 Capitol attack ,[ 183] [ 184] U.S. Capitol and sought to prevent the peaceful transfer of power[ 185] attempted self-coup d'état .[ 186]
Geography Atopographic map of the United States The United States is the world'sthird-largest country by total area behind Russia and Canada.[ c] contiguous states and the District of Columbia have a combined area of 3,119,885 square miles (8,080,470 km2 ).[ 12] [ 187] [ 188]
Starting in the east,the coastal plain of theAtlantic seaboard gives way to inland forests and rolling hills in thePiedmont plateau region.[ 189] Appalachian Mountains and theAdirondack Massif separate theEast Coast from theGreat Lakes and the grasslands ofthe Midwest .[ 190] Mississippi River System , the world'sfourth-longest river system , runs predominantly north–south through the center of the country. The flat and fertileprairie of theGreat Plains stretches to the west, interrupted bya highland region in the southeast.[ 190]
TheGrand Canyon in Arizona TheRocky Mountains , west of the Great Plains, extend north to south across the country, peaking at over 14,000 feet (4,300 m) inColorado .[ 191] supervolcano underlyingYellowstone National Park in the Rocky Mountains, theYellowstone Caldera , is the continent's largest volcanic feature.[ 192] Great Basin and theChihuahuan ,Sonoran , andMojave deserts.[ 193] Arizona , carved by theColorado River , is theGrand Canyon , a steep-sided canyon and popular tourist destination[ 194] Cascade andSierra Nevada mountain ranges run close to thePacific coast . Thelowest and highest points in the contiguous United States are in the State of California,[ 195] [ 196]
At an elevation of 20,310 feet (6,190.5 m), Alaska'sDenali (also called Mount McKinley) is the highest peak in the country and on the continent.[ 197] volcanoes in the U.S. are common throughout Alaska'sAlexander andAleutian Islands . Located entirely outside North America, the archipelago of Hawaii consists of volcanic islands,physiographically andethnologically part of thePolynesian subregion ofOceania .[ 198]
In addition to its total land area, the United States has one of the world's largest marineexclusive economic zones spanning approximately 4.5 million square miles (11.7 million km2 ) of ocean.[ 199] [ 200]
Climate TheKöppen climate types of the United States With its large size and geographic variety, the United States includes most climate types. East of the100th meridian , the climate ranges fromhumid continental in the north tohumid subtropical in the south.[ 201] semi-arid .[ 202] alpine climate . The climate isarid in the Southwest,Mediterranean incoastal California , andoceanic in coastalOregon ,Washington , and southernAlaska . Most of Alaska issubarctic orpolar .Hawaii , thesouthern tip of Florida and U.S. territories in theCaribbean andPacific aretropical .[ 203]
The United States receives more high-impactextreme weather incidents than any other country.[ 204] [ 205] Gulf of Mexico are prone to hurricanes, and most of the world's tornadoesoccur in the country , mainly inTornado Alley .[ 206] climate change in the country , extreme weather has become more frequent in the U.S. in the 21st century, with three times the number of reportedheat waves compared to the 1960s.[ 207] [ 208] [ 209] American Southwest have become more persistent and more severe.[ 210] [ 211]
Biodiversity and conservation
Thebald eagle , thenational emblem of the United States since 1782 and officially declared the national bird in 2024[ 212] The U.S. is one of 17megadiverse countries containing large numbers ofendemic species : about 17,000 species ofvascular plants occur in the contiguous United States and Alaska, and over 1,800 species offlowering plants are found in Hawaii, few of which occur on the mainland.[ 213] mammal species, 784 birds, 311 reptiles, 295amphibians ,[ 214] [ 215]
There are63 national parks , andhundreds of other federally managed monuments, forests, andwilderness areas , administered by theNational Park Service and other agencies.[ 216] [ 217] Western States .[ 218] Most of this land is protected , though some is leased for commercial use, and less than one percent is used for military purposes.[ 219] [ 220]
Environmental issues in the United States include debates onnon-renewable resources andnuclear energy ,air and water pollution ,biodiversity , logging anddeforestation ,[ 221] [ 222] climate change .[ 223] [ 224] U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is the federal agency charged withaddressing most environmental-related issues .[ 225] idea of wilderness has shaped the management of public lands since 1964, with theWilderness Act .[ 226] Endangered Species Act of 1973 provides a way to protect threatened and endangered species and their habitats. TheUnited States Fish and Wildlife Service implements and enforces the Act.[ 227] Environmental Performance Index .[ 228]
Government and politics The United States is afederal republic of 50states and a federal capital district,Washington, D.C. The U.S. asserts sovereignty over fiveunincorporated territories andseveral uninhabited island possessions .[ 19] [ 229] [ 230] presidential system of national government has been adopted, in whole or in part, by many newly independent states worldwide following theirdecolonization .[ 231] Constitution of the United States serves asthe country's supreme legal document .[ 232] liberal democracy .[ 233] [ r]
National government Composed of three branches, all headquartered in Washington, D.C., the federal government is the national government of the United States. TheU.S. Constitution establishes aseparation of powers intended to provide a system ofchecks and balances to prevent any of the three branches from becoming supreme.[ 245]
The U.S. president is thehead of state ,commander-in-chief of the military,chief executive of the federal government , and has the ability to vetolegislative bills from the U.S. Congress before they become law. However,presidential vetoes can be overridden by a two-thirdssupermajority vote in both chambers of Congress. The president appoints themembers of the Cabinet , subject to Senate approval, and names other officials who administer and enforce federal law and policy throughtheir respective agencies .[ 253] can issue pardons . Finally, the president has the authority to issue expansive "executive orders ", subject tojudicial review , in a number of policy areas. Candidates for president campaign with a vice-presidentialrunning mate . Both candidates are elected together, or defeated together, in a presidential election. Unlike other votes in American politics, this is technically anindirect election in which the winner will be determined by theU.S. Electoral College . There, votes are officially cast by individual electors selected bytheir state legislature .[ 254] reelected to the office only once , for one additional four-year term.[ s] TheU.S. federal judiciary , whose judges are all appointed for life by the president with Senate approval, consists primarily of theU.S. Supreme Court , theU.S. courts of appeals , and theU.S. district courts . The lowest level in the federal judiciary is the federal district court, which decides all cases considered to be under "original jurisdiction ", such as federal statutes, constitutional law, orinternational treaties . After a federal district court has decided a case, its decision may be contested and sent to a higher court, a federal court of appeals. The U.S. judicial system's 12 federal circuits divide the country into 12 separate geographic administrative regions for appeals decisions. The next and highest court in the system is the Supreme Court of the United States.[ 255] overturns those it finds unconstitutional .[ 255] writs of certiorari each year, but only grants about 80.[ 256] Chief Justice of the United States , the court judges each case before it by majority decision. As with all other federal judges, the members are appointed for life by the sitting president with Senate approval when a vacancy becomes available.[ 257] The three-branch system is known as thepresidential system , in contrast to theparliamentary system where the executive is part of the legislative body. Many countries around the world adopted this aspect of the 1789 Constitution of the United States, especially in thepostcolonial Americas.[ 258]
Subdivisions Territories of the United States includeAmerican Samoa ,Guam , theNorthern Mariana Islands ,Puerto Rico , and theU.S. Virgin Islands .In theU.S. federal system , sovereign powers are shared between three levels of government specified in the Constitution: the national government, the states, and Indian tribes.[ 259] [ 260] American Samoa ,Guam , theNorthern Mariana Islands ,Puerto Rico , and theU.S. Virgin Islands .[ 19]
Residents of the 50 states are governed by their elected state government, understate constitutions compatible with the national constitution , and by electedlocal governments that are administrative divisions of a state.[ 261] further divided into municipalities , each administered by elected representatives. The District of Columbia isa federal district containing the U.S. capital,Washington, D.C. [ 262] [ 263]
Map of326 Indian reservations in the United States; 231 recognizedAlaska Native tribes are not shown. Indian country is made up of 574federally recognized tribes and326 Indian reservations . They hold a government-to-government relationship with the U.S. federal government in Washington and are legally defined asdomestic dependent nations withinherent tribal sovereignty rights .[ 260] [ 259] [ 264] [ 265]
In addition to the five major territories, the U.S. also asserts sovereignty over theUnited States Minor Outlying Islands in thePacific Ocean and theCaribbean .[ 19] Baker Island ,Howland Island ,Jarvis Island ,Johnston Atoll ,Kingman Reef ,Midway Atoll , andPalmyra Atoll . U.S. sovereignty over the unpopulatedBajo Nuevo Bank ,Navassa Island ,Serranilla Bank , andWake Island is disputed.[ 19]
Political parties States and territories by partisan control, as of February 2025: Divided partisan control
The Constitution is silent on political parties. However, they developed independently in the 18th century with theFederalist andAnti-Federalist parties.[ 266] de facto two-party system , though the parties have changed over time.[ 267] Democratic Party and theRepublican Party . The former is perceived asrelatively liberal inits political platform while the latter is perceived asrelatively conservative inits platform .[ 268]
Foreign relations TheUnited Nations headquarters has been situated along theEast River inMidtown Manhattan since 1952; in 1945, the United States was afounding member of the UN . The United States has an established structure of foreign relations, with the world'ssecond-largest diplomatic corps as of 2024[update] permanent member of the United Nations Security Council [ 269] United Nations headquarters .[ 270] G7 ,[ 271] G20 ,[ 272] OECD intergovernmental organizations.[ 273] Almost all countries have embassies and many haveconsulates (official representatives) in the country. Likewise, nearly all countries host formaldiplomatic missions with the United States, exceptIran ,[ 274] North Korea ,[ 275] Bhutan .[ 276] Taiwan does not have formal diplomatic relations with the U.S., it maintains close unofficial relations.[ 277] supplies Taiwan with military equipment to deter potential Chinese aggression.[ 278] Indo-Pacific when the United States joined theQuadrilateral Security Dialogue with Australia, India, and Japan.[ 279]
The United States has a "Special Relationship "with the United Kingdom [ 280] with Canada ,[ 281] Australia ,[ 282] New Zealand ,[ 283] the Philippines ,[ 284] Japan ,[ 285] South Korea ,[ 286] Israel ,[ 287] European Union countries such asFrance ,Italy ,Germany ,Spain , andPoland .[ 288] NATO allies on military andnational security issues, and with countries in the Americas through theOrganization of American States and theUnited States–Mexico–Canada Free Trade Agreement . The U.S. exercises full international defense authority and responsibility forMicronesia , theMarshall Islands , andPalau through theCompact of Free Association .[ 255] with India ,[ 289] its ties with China have steadily deteriorated.[ 290] [ 291]
Beginning in 2014, the U.S. had becomea key ally of Ukraine .[ 292] [ 293] Donald Trump was elected U.S. president in 2024, he sought to negotiate an end to theRusso-Ukrainian War . He paused all military aid to Ukraine in March 2025,[ 294] [ 295] [ 296] [ 297]
Military The Pentagon , the headquarters of theU.S. Department of Defense inArlington County, Virginia , is one of the world's largest office buildings with over 6.5 million square feet (600,000 m2 ) offloor space .The president is thecommander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces and appoints its leaders, thesecretary of defense and theJoint Chiefs of Staff . TheDepartment of Defense , which is headquartered atthe Pentagon near Washington, D.C., administers five of the six service branches, which are made up of theU.S. Army ,Marine Corps ,Navy ,Air Force , andSpace Force .[ 298] Coast Guard is administered by theDepartment of Homeland Security in peacetime and can be transferred to theDepartment of the Navy in wartime.[ 299]
The United Statesspent $997 billion on its military in 2024, which is by far thelargest amount of any country , making up 37% of global military spending and accounting for 3.4% of the country's GDP.[ 300] U.S. possesses 42% of the world's nuclear weapons—the second-largest stockpile afterthat of Russia .[ 301] [ 302] [ 303]
The United States has thethird-largest combined armed forces in the world, behind theChinese People's Liberation Army andIndian Armed Forces .[ 304] [ 305] deployments greater than 100 active duty personnel in 25 foreign countries.[ 306] [ 307]
State defense forces (SDFs) are military units that operate under the sole authority of a state government. SDFs are authorized by state and federal law but are under the command ofthe state's governor .[ 308] [ 309] [ 310] National Guard units are under the dual control ofstate andfederal governments ; such units can also become federalized entities, but SDFs cannot be federalized.[ 311] National Defense Act Amendments of 1933 , which created the Guard and provides for the integration ofArmy National Guard &Air National Guard units and personnel into the U.S. Army and (since 1947) the U.S. Air Force.[ 312]
Law enforcement and criminal justice J. Edgar Hoover Building , the headquarters of theFederal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), inWashington, D.C. There are about 18,000 U.S. police agencies from local to national level in the United States.[ 313] sheriff departments in their municipal or county jurisdictions.The state police departmentshave authority in their respective state , andfederal agencies such as theFederal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and theU.S. Marshals Service have national jurisdiction and specialized duties, such as protectingcivil rights ,national security , enforcingU.S. federal courts ' rulings and federal laws, and interstate criminal activity.[ 314] State courts conduct almost all civil and criminal trials,[ 315] adjudicate the much smaller number of civil and criminal cases that relate to federal law .[ 316]
There is no unified "criminal justice system" in the United States. TheAmerican prison system is largely heterogenous, with thousands of relatively independent systems operating across federal, state, local, and tribal levels. In 2025, "these systems holdnearly 2 million people in 1,566 state prisons, 98 federal prisons, 3,116 local jails, 1,277 juvenile correctional facilities, 133 immigration detention facilities, and 80 Indian country jails, as well as in military prisons, civil commitment centers, state psychiatric hospitals, and prisons in the U.S. territories."[ 317]
Despite disparate systems of confinement, four main institutions dominate:federal prisons ,state prisons , local jails, andjuvenile correctional facilities .[ 318] Federal Bureau of Prisons and hold pretrial detainees as well as people who have been convicted of federal crimes.[ 318] [ 318] [ 318] minor adjudicated as delinquent and ordered by a judge to be confined.[ 319]
In January 2023, the United States had thesixth-highest per capita incarceration rate in the world—531 people per 100,000 inhabitants—and the largest prison and jail population in the world, with more than 1.9 million people incarcerated.[ 317] [ 320] [ 321] World Health Organization Mortality Database from 2010 showed U.S. homicide rates "were 7 times higher than in other high-income countries, driven bya gun homicide rate that was 25 times higher".[ 322]
Economy TheU.S. dollar is the most-used currencyin international transactions and the world's foremostreserve currency . The U.S. has a highly developedmixed economy [ 323] since about 1890 .[ 324] gross domestic product (GDP)[ e] [ 325] global economic output , or 15% atpurchasing power parity (PPP). From 1983 to 2008, U.S. real compounded annual GDP growth was 3.3%, compared to a 2.3% weighted average for the rest of theG7 .[ 326] first in the world by nominal GDP ,[ 327] second when adjusted for purchasing power parities (PPP),[ 15] ninth by PPP-adjusted GDP per capita .[ 15] U.S. federal government debt was $34.4 trillion.[ 328]
New York City is the world's principalfinancial center , andits metropolitan area is the world'slargest metropolitan economy .Of the world's500 largest companies by revenue ,138 were headquartered in the U.S. in 2025,[ 329] [ 330] U.S. dollar is the currency most usedin international transactions and the world's foremostreserve currency , backed by the country's dominant economy,its military , thepetrodollar system, its largeU.S. treasuries market , and its linkedeurodollar .[ 331] Several countries use it as their official currency , and in others it is thede facto currency[ 332] [ 333] free trade agreements withseveral countries , including theUSMCA .[ 334] post-industrial level of economic development [ 335] service economy ,[ 335] [ 336] [ 337] U.S. manufacturing sector was the world'ssecond-largest by value output afterChina's .[ 338]
TheNew York Stock Exchange onWall Street , the world'slargest stock exchange by market capitalization [ 339] New York City is the world's principalfinancial center ,[ 340] [ 341] its metropolitan area is the world'slargest metropolitan economy .[ 342] New York Stock Exchange andNasdaq , both located in New York City, are the world's twolargest stock exchanges bymarket capitalization andtrade volume .[ 343] [ 344] technological advancement andinnovation in many economic fields, especially inartificial intelligence ;electronics andcomputers ;pharmaceuticals ; and medical,aerospace andmilitary equipment .[ 345] natural resources , a well-developedinfrastructure , andhigh productivity .[ 346] largest trading partners of the United States are theEuropean Union , Mexico, Canada, China, Japan, South Korea, the United Kingdom, Vietnam, India, and Taiwan.[ 347] largest importer andsecond-largest exporter .[ t] largest exporter of services .[ 350]
Americans have the highest averagehousehold [ 351] employee income among OECD member states, and the fourth-highestmedian household income in 2023,[ 352] [ 353] consumption expenditures of over $18.5 trillion in 2023,[ 354] consumer-driven economy and is the world'slargest consumer market .[ 355] ranked first in the number of dollar billionaires andmillionaires in 2023, with 735 billionaires and nearly 22 million millionaires.[ 356]
Wealth in the United States is highly concentrated; in 2011, the richest 10% of the adult population owned 72% of the country's household wealth, while the bottom 50% owned just 2%.[ 357] U.S. wealth inequality increased substantially since the late 1980s,[ 358] income inequality in the U.S. reached a record high in 2019.[ 359] OECD countries.[ 360] [ 361] [ 362] [ 363] [ 361] homeless persons in the U.S. in 2024.[ 364] [ 365] Feeding America estimates that around one in five, or approximately 13 million,children experience hunger in the U.S. and do not know where or when they will get their next meal.[ 366] living in poverty .[ 367]
The United States has a smallerwelfare state and redistributes less income through government action than most otherhigh-income countries .[ 368] [ 369] advanced economy that does notguarantee its workers paid vacation nationally[ 370] paid family leave as a legal right.[ 371] workers than almost any other developed country, largely because of a weakcollective bargaining system and lack of government support for at-risk workers.[ 372]
Science and technology The United Stateshas been a leader in technological innovation since the late 19th century and scientific research since the mid-20th century.[ 373] interchangeable parts and the establishment of amachine tool industry enabledthe large-scale manufacturing of U.S. consumer products in the late 19th century.[ 374] electrification , the introduction of theassembly line , and otherlabor-saving techniques created the system ofmass production .[ 375]
California'sSilicon Valley is the largest and foremost technology and innovation hub in the world.[ 376] [ 377] In the 21st century, the United States continues to be one of the world's foremost scientific powers,[ 378] [ 379] highest research and development expenditures of any country [ 380] [ 381] second-highest number of published scientific papers .[ 382] World Intellectual Property Indicators .[ 383] [ 384] [ 385] Global Innovation Index . The United States is considered to be the leading country in the development ofartificial intelligence technology.[ 386] Global Finance [ 387]
Spaceflight AstronautsBuzz Aldrin andNeil Armstrong (seen in visor reflection) during the 1969Apollo 11 mission, the first crewedMoon landing . The United States is the only country to have landed humans on the Moon. The United States has maintained a space program since the late 1950s, beginning with the establishment of theNational Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) in 1958.[ 388] [ 389] Apollo program (1961–1972) achieved the first crewedMoon landing with the 1969Apollo 11 mission; it remains one of the agency's most significant milestones.[ 390] [ 391] Space Shuttle program (1981–2011),[ 392] Voyager program (1972–present), theHubble andJames Webb space telescopes (launched in 1990 and 2021, respectively),[ 393] [ 394] Mars Exploration Program (Spirit Opportunity Curiosity ,Perseverance [ 395] International Space Station (ISS);[ 396] Destiny Harmony Tranquility [ 397]
The United Statesprivate sector dominates the globalcommercial spaceflight industry .[ 398] Blue Origin ,Boeing ,Lockheed Martin ,Northrop Grumman , andSpaceX . NASA programs such as theCommercial Crew Program ,Commercial Resupply Services ,Commercial Lunar Payload Services , andNextSTEP have facilitated growing private-sector involvement in American spaceflight.[ 399]
Energy In 2023, the United States received approximately 84% of its energy from fossil fuel, and its largest source of energy waspetroleum (38%), followed bynatural gas (36%),renewable sources (9%),coal (9%), andnuclear power (9%).[ 400] [ 401] world's population , butconsumed around 16% of theworld's energy .[ 402] second-highest emitter of greenhouse gases behind China.[ 403]
The U.S. is the world'slargest producer of nuclear power , generating around 30% of the world's nuclear electricity.[ 404] [ 405] [ 406]
Transportation Interchange betweenInterstate 10 andInterstate 45 inHouston , Texas The United States' 4 million miles (6.4 million kilometers) of road network, owned almost entirely by state and local governments, is thelongest in the world.[ 407] [ 408] Interstate Highway System that connects all major U.S. cities is funded mostly by the federal government but maintained bystate departments of transportation . The system is further extended bystate highways and some privatetoll roads .
The U.S. is among the top ten countries with thehighest vehicle ownership per capita (850 vehicles per 1,000 people) in 2022. A 2022 study found that 76% of U.S. commuters drive alone and 14% ride a bicycle, including bike owners and users ofbike-sharing networks. About 11% use some form of public transportation.[ 409] [ 410]
Public transportation in the United States is well developed in the largest urban areas, notably New York City, Washington, D.C., Boston, Philadelphia, Chicago, and San Francisco; otherwise, coverage is generally less extensive than in most other developed countries. The U.S. also has many relativelycar-dependent localities.[ 411]
Long-distance intercity travel is provided primarily by airlines, but travel by rail is more common along theNortheast Corridor , the onlyhigh-speed rail in the U.S. that meets international standards.Amtrak , the country's government-sponsored national passenger rail company, has a relatively sparse network compared to that of Western European countries. Service is concentrated in the Northeast, California, the Midwest, the Pacific Northwest, and Virginia/Southeast.
Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport , serving theAtlanta metropolitan area , is the world'sbusiest airport by passenger traffic with over 75 million passengers as of 2021.[ 412] [ 413] The United States has an extensive air transportation network.U.S. civilian airlines are all privately owned. The three largest airlines in the world, by total number of passengers carried, are U.S.-based;American Airlines became the global leader after its 2013 merger withUS Airways .[ 414] [ 415] Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International inAtlanta, Georgia .[ 412] [ 415] 19,969 U.S. airports [ 416] general aviation . TheTransportation Security Administration (TSA) has provided security at most major airports since 2001.
The country's rail transport network , thelongest in the world at 182,412.3 mi (293,564.2 km),[ 417] freight [ 418] [ 419] [ 420] [ 421]
The country's inland waterways are the world'sfifth-longest , totaling 25,482 mi (41,009 km).[ 422] 50 busiest container ports , four are located in the United States, with the busiest in the U.S. being thePort of Los Angeles .[ 423]
Demographics
Population TheU.S. Census Bureau reported 331,449,281 residents on April 1, 2020,[ u] [ 425] third-most-populous country in the world, after China and India.[ 345] [ 13] U.S. Population Clock , on July 1, 2024, the U.S. population had a net gain of one person every 16 seconds, or about 5400 people per day.[ 426] widowed , 10% were divorced, and 34% had never been married.[ 427] total fertility rate for the U.S. stood at 1.6 children per woman,[ 428] single-parent households in 2019.[ 429]
The United States has a diverse population; 37ancestry groups have more than one million members.[ 430] White Americans with ancestry from Europe, the Middle East, or North Africa form the largestracial andethnic group at 57.8% of the United States population.[ 431] [ 432] Hispanic and Latino Americans form the second-largest group and are 18.7% of the United States population.African Americans constitute the country's third-largest ancestry group and are 12.1% of the total U.S. population.[ 430] [ 430] [ 433] median age of the United States population was 39.1 years.[ 434]
Language Most spoken languages in the U.S. While many languages are spoken in the United States,English is by far the most commonly spoken and written.[ 435] De facto official language of the United States, and in 2025,Executive Order 14224 declared English official.[ 4] de jure U.S. naturalization requirements , nonetheless standardize English. Twenty-eight states and theUnited States Virgin Islands have laws that designate English as the sole official language; 19 states and theDistrict of Columbia have no official language.[ 436] Hawaiian ),[ 437] twenty Native languages ),[ v] [ 438] Sioux ),[ 439] Samoan ), Puerto Rico (Spanish ), Guam (Chamorro ), and the Northern Mariana Islands (Carolinian and Chamorro). In total, 169 Native American languages are spoken in the United States.[ 440] [ 441]
According to theAmerican Community Survey (2020),[ 442] Chinese (3.40 million),Tagalog (1.71 million),Vietnamese (1.52 million),Arabic (1.39 million),French (1.18 million),Korean (1.07 million), andRussian (1.04 million).German , spoken by 1 million people at home in 2010, fell to 857,000 total speakers in 2020.[ 443]
Immigration TheMexico–United States border wall betweenSan Diego (left) andTijuana (right) America's immigrant population is by far the world'slargest in absolute terms .[ 444] [ 445] U.S.-born children of immigrants in the United States, accounting for nearly 27% of the overall U.S. population.[ 446] unauthorized immigrants .[ 447] [ 448] family reunification ) were grantedlegal residence .[ 449] [ 450] Migration Policy Institute , the United States resettled 100,034 refugees, which "re-cements the United States' role as the top global resettlement destination, far surpassing other major resettlement countries in Europe and Canada".[ 451]
Religion TheFirst Amendment guarantees thefree exercise of religion in the country and forbids Congress from passing laws respectingits establishment .[ 452] [ 453] most diverse in the world,[ 454]
[ 455] largest Christian population , which includes thefourth-largest population of Catholics .[ 456] Judaism ,Buddhism ,Hinduism ,Islam ,New Age , andNative American religions .[ 457] [ 458] Ceremonial deism " is common in American culture.[ 459]
The overwhelming majority ofAmericans believe in ahigher power or spiritual force, engage inspiritual practices such as prayer, and consider themselves religious orspiritual .[ 460] [ 461] Bible Belt ",evangelical Protestantism plays a significant role culturally;New England and the Western United Statestend to be more secular .[ 458] [ 462] Mormonism , aRestorationist movement founded in the U.S. in 1847,[ 463]
Urbanization The majority of the U.S. population lives in thesuburbs , such asNassau County , onLong Island in theNew York metropolitan area . About 82% of Americans live inurban areas , including suburbs;[ 345] [ 464] incorporated municipalities had populations over 100,000, nine cities had more than one million residents, and four cities—New York City ,Los Angeles ,Chicago , andHouston —had populations exceeding two million.[ 465] [ 466]
Largest metropolitan areas in the United States Rank Name Region Pop. Rank Name Region Pop. 1 New York Northeast 19,940,274 11 Boston Northeast 5,025,517 2 Los Angeles West 12,927,614 12 Riverside–San Bernardino West 4,744,214 3 Chicago Midwest 9,408,576 13 San Francisco West 4,648,486 4 Dallas–Fort Worth South 8,344,032 14 Detroit Midwest 4,400,578 5 Houston South 7,796,182 15 Seattle West 4,145,494 6 Miami South 6,457,988 16 Minneapolis–Saint Paul Midwest 3,757,952 7 Washington, D.C. South 6,436,489 17 Tampa–St. Petersburg South 3,424,560 8 Atlanta South 6,411,149 18 San Diego West 3,298,799 9 Philadelphia Northeast 6,330,422 19 Denver West 3,052,498 10 Phoenix West 5,186,958 20 Orlando South 2,940,513
Health TheTexas Medical Center inHouston is the largest medical complex in the world.[ 468] [ 469] [ 470] According to theCenters for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), average American life expectancy at birth was 78.4 years in 2023 (75.8 years for men and 81.1 years for women). This was a gain of 0.9 year from 77.5 years in 2022, and the CDC noted that the new average was largely driven by "decreases in mortality due to COVID-19, heart disease, unintentional injuries, cancer and diabetes".[ 471] behind that of other wealthy industrialized countries , and Americans' "health disadvantage" gap has been increasing ever since.[ 472]
The Commonwealth Fund reported in 2020 that the U.S. had thehighest suicide rate amonghigh-income countries .[ 473] Approximately one-third of the U.S. adult population is obese and another third is overweight.[ 474] outspends that of any other country , measured both in per capita spending and as a percentage of GDP, but attains worse healthcare outcomes when compared to peer countries for reasons that are debated.[ 475] without a system of universal healthcare , anda significant proportion of the population that does not carry health insurance .[ 476] Medicaid ) and for those age 65 and older (Medicare ) is available to Americans who meet the programs' income or age qualifications. In 2010, then-President Obama passed thePatient Protection and Affordable Care Act .[ w] [ 477] Abortion in the United States is not federally protected, and is illegal or restricted in 17 states.[ 478]
Education Some 77% of American college students attend public institutions[ 479] University of Virginia , founded byThomas Jefferson in 1819. American primary and secondary education, known in the U.S. asK–12 ("kindergarten through 12th grade"), is decentralized. School systems are operated by state, territorial, and sometimes municipal governments and regulated by theU.S. Department of Education . In general, children are required to attend school oran approved homeschool from the age of five or six (kindergarten orfirst grade ) until they are 18 years old. This often brings students through the12th grade , the final year of a U.S. high school, but some states and territories allow them to leave school earlier, at age 16 or 17.[ 480] [ 481] [ 482] bachelor's degree , and 14.2% earned a graduate degree.[ 483] U.S. literacy rate is near-universal.[ 345] [ 484] most Nobel Prize winners of any country , with411 (having won 413 awards).[ 485] [ 486]
U.S. tertiary or higher education has earned a global reputation. Many of the world's top universities, as listed by various ranking organizations, are in the United States, including 19 of the top 25.[ 487] [ 488] state university systems , althoughthe country's many private universities and colleges enroll about 20% of all American students. Localcommunity colleges generally offeropen admissions , lower tuition, and coursework leading to a two-yearassociate degree or anon-degree certificate .[ 489]
As forpublic expenditures on higher education, the U.S. spends more per student than theOECD average, and Americans spend more than all nations in combined public and private spending.[ 490] U.S. service academies , theNaval Postgraduate School , andmilitary staff colleges . Despite some studentloan forgiveness programs in place,[ 491] student loan debt increased by 102% between 2010 and 2020,[ 492] [ 493]
Culture and society TheStatue of Liberty (Liberty Enlightening the World ) onLiberty Island inNew York Harbor was an 1866 gift from France that has become an iconic symbol of theAmerican Dream .[ 494] The United States is home toa wide variety of ethnic groups, traditions, and values .[ 495] [ 496] the values ofindividualism andpersonal autonomy ,[ 497] [ 498] work ethic [ 499] competitiveness .[ 500] altruism towards others also plays a major role;[ 501] [ 502] [ 503] Charities Aid Foundation , Americans donated 1.44% of total GDP to charity—thehighest rate in the world by a large margin.[ 504] been characterized by a unifying political belief in an "American Creed " emphasizingconsent of the governed ,liberty ,equality under the law ,democracy ,social equality ,property rights , and a preference forlimited government .[ 505] [ 506] hard andsoft power throughits diplomatic influence ,economic power ,military alliances , andcultural exports such asAmerican movies ,music ,video games ,sports , andfood .[ 507] [ 508] Americanization .[ 509]
Nearly all present Americans or their ancestors came fromEurope, Africa, or Asia (the "Old World ") within the past five centuries.[ 510] Mainstream American culture is aWestern culture largely derived from thetraditions of European immigrants with influences from many other sources, such astraditions brought by slaves from Africa .[ 511] Asia and especiallyLatin America has added to a cultural mix that has been described as a homogenizingmelting pot , and a heterogeneoussalad bowl , with immigrants contributing to, and oftenassimilating into, mainstream American culture.
Under theFirst Amendment to the Constitution , the United States is considered to have thestrongest protections of free speech of any country .[ 512] Flag desecration ,hate speech ,blasphemy , andlese majesty are all forms of protected expression.[ 513] [ 514] [ 515] Pew Research Center poll found that Americans were the most supportive of free expression of any polity measured.[ 516] freedom of the press and theright to use the Internet without government censorship".[ 517] socially progressive country[ 518] permissive attitudes surroundinghuman sexuality .[ 519] LGBTQ rights in the United States are among the most advanced by global standards.[ 519] [ 520] [ 521]
TheAmerican Dream , or the perception that Americans enjoy high levels ofsocial mobility , plays a key role in attracting immigrants.[ 522] [ 523] [ 524] [ 525] [ 526] classless society ,[ 527] the country's social classes , affectingsocialization , language, and values.[ 528] [ 529] socioeconomic achievement, butbeing ordinary or average is promoted by some as a noble condition as well.[ 530]
TheNational Foundation on the Arts and the Humanities is an agency of the United States federal government that was established in 1965 with the purpose to "develop and promote a broadly conceived national policy of support for the humanities and the arts in the United States, and for institutions which preserve the cultural heritage of the United States."[ 531]
Literature Mark Twain , whomWilliam Faulkner called "the father of American literature"[ 532] Colonial American authors were influenced byJohn Locke and otherEnlightenment philosophers.[ 533] [ 534] American Revolutionary Period (1765–1783) is notable for the political writings ofBenjamin Franklin ,Alexander Hamilton ,Thomas Paine , andThomas Jefferson . Shortly before and after theRevolutionary War , the newspaper rose to prominence, filling a demand for anti-British national literature.[ 535] [ 536] William Hill Brown 'sThe Power of Sympathy John Neal in the early- to mid-19th century helped advance America toward a unique literature and culture by criticizing predecessors such asWashington Irving for imitating their British counterparts, and by influencing writers such asEdgar Allan Poe ,[ 537] Ralph Waldo Emerson andMargaret Fuller pioneered the influentialTranscendentalism movement;[ 538] [ 539] Henry David Thoreau , author ofWalden
The conflict surroundingabolitionism inspired writers, likeHarriet Beecher Stowe , and authors of slave narratives, such asFrederick Douglass .Nathaniel Hawthorne 'sThe Scarlet Letter Herman Melville 'sMoby-Dick American Renaissance includeWalt Whitman , Melville, andEmily Dickinson .[ 540] [ 541] Mark Twain was the first major American writer to be born in the West.Henry James achieved international recognition with novels likeThe Portrait of a Lady [ 542] [ 543] Naturalism ,regionalism , andrealism were the major literary movements of the period.[ 544] [ 545]
Whilemodernism generally took on an international character, modernist authors working within the United States more often rooted their work in specific regions, peoples, and cultures.[ 546] West Indian authors of theHarlem Renaissance developed an independent tradition of literature that rebuked a history of inequality and celebrated black culture. An important cultural export during theJazz Age , these writings were a key influence onNégritude African diaspora .[ 547] [ 548] Great American Novel ,[ 549] Beat Generation rejected this conformity, using styles that elevated the impact of thespoken word over mechanics to describe drug use, sexuality, and the failings of society.[ 550] [ 551] experiments with language .[ 552] Nobel Prize in Literature .[ 553]
Mass media Comcast Center inPhiladelphia , headquarters ofComcast , one of the world'slargest telecommunications companies and media conglomeratesMedia in the United States isbroadly uncensored , with theFirst Amendment providing significant protections, as reiterated inNew York Times Co. v. United States [ 512] National Broadcasting Company (NBC),Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS),American Broadcasting Company (ABC), andFox Broadcasting Company (FOX). The four major broadcast television networks are all commercial entities. TheU.S. cable television system offers hundreds of channels catering to a variety of niches.[ 554] broadcast radio , while about 40% listened topodcasts .[ 555] Federal Communications Commission (FCC).[ 556] NPR , incorporated in February 1970 under thePublic Broadcasting Act of 1967 .[ 557]
U.S. newspapers with a global reach and reputation includeThe Wall Street Journal The New York Times The Washington Post USA Today [ 558] About 800 publications are produced in Spanish.[ 559] [ 560] Gannett orMcClatchy , which own dozens or even hundreds of newspapers; by small chains that own a handful of papers; or, in an increasingly rare situation, by individuals or families. Major cities often havealternative newspapers to complement the mainstream daily papers, such asThe Village Voice LA Weekly Google ,YouTube ,Facebook ,Amazon , andReddit —all of them American-owned.[ 561]
In 2022, the video game market of the United States was the world'slargest by revenue .[ 562] [ 563] [ 564] Game Developers Conference (GDC), the U.S. is the top location forvideo game development , with 58% ofgame developers based in the country in 2025.[ 565]
Theater Broadway theaters inTheater District, Manhattan The United States is well known for its theater. Mainstream theater in the United States derives from the old European theatrical tradition and has been heavily influenced by theBritish theater .[ 566] Tom Shows , theshowboat theater and theminstrel show .[ 567] Theater District in Manhattan , with its divisions ofBroadway ,off-Broadway , andoff-off-Broadway .[ 568]
Many movie and televisioncelebrities have gotten their big break working in New York productions. Outside New York City, many cities have professionalregional or resident theater companies that produce their own seasons. The biggest-budget theatrical productions are musicals. U.S. theater has an activecommunity theater culture.[ 569]
TheTony Awards recognizes excellence in live Broadway theater and are presented at an annual ceremony inManhattan . The awards are given for Broadway productions and performances. One is also given forregional theater . Several discretionary non-competitive awards are given as well, including aSpecial Tony Award , theTony Honors for Excellence in Theatre , and theIsabelle Stevenson Award .[ 570]
Visual arts American Gothic Grant Wood is one of the most famousAmerican paintings and is widelyparodied .[ 571] Folk art incolonial America grew out of artisanalcraftsmanship in communities that allowed commonly trained people to individually express themselves. It was distinct from Europe's tradition ofhigh art , which was less accessible and generally less relevant to early American settlers.[ 572] woodworking and primitivesculpture became integral to early American folk art, despite the emergence ofRenaissance styles in England in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. The new English styles would have been early enough to make a considerable impact on American folk art, but American styles and forms had already been firmly adopted. Not only did styles change slowly in early America, but there was a tendency for rural artisans there to continue their traditional forms longer than their urban counterparts did—and far longer than those in Western Europe.[ 512]
TheHudson River School was a mid-19th-century movement in the visual arts tradition of Europeannaturalism . The 1913Armory Show in New York City, an exhibition of Europeanmodernist art , shocked the public and transformed the U.S. art scene.[ 573]
American Realism andAmerican Regionalism sought to reflect and give America new ways of looking at itself.Georgia O'Keeffe ,Marsden Hartley , and others experimented with new and individualistic styles, which would become known asAmerican modernism . Major artistic movements such as theabstract expressionism ofJackson Pollock andWillem de Kooning and thepop art ofAndy Warhol andRoy Lichtenstein developed largely in the United States. Major photographers includeAlfred Stieglitz ,Edward Steichen ,Dorothea Lange ,Edward Weston ,James Van Der Zee ,Ansel Adams , andGordon Parks .[ 574]
The tide ofmodernism and thenpostmodernism has brought global fame to American architects, includingFrank Lloyd Wright ,Philip Johnson , andFrank Gehry .[ 575] Metropolitan Museum of Art inManhattan is the largestart museum in the United States[ 576] fourth-largest in the world.[ 577]
Music TheCountry Music Hall of Fame and Museum inNashville, Tennessee American folk music encompasses numerous music genres, variously known as traditional music, traditionalfolk music , contemporary folk music, or roots music. Many traditional songs have been sung within the same family or folk group for generations, and sometimes trace back to such origins as theBritish Isles ,mainland Europe , orAfrica .[ 578] [ 579] Banjos were brought to America through the slave trade.Minstrel shows incorporating the instrument into their acts led to its increased popularity and widespread production in the 19th century.[ 580] [ 581] electric guitar , first invented in the 1930s, and mass-produced by the 1940s, had an enormous influence on popular music, in particular due to the development ofrock and roll .[ 582] synthesizer ,turntablism , andelectronic music were also largely developed in the U.S.
Elements from folk idioms such as theblues andold-time music were adopted and transformed intopopular genres with global audiences.Jazz grew from blues andragtime in the early 20th century, developing from the innovations and recordings of composers such asW.C. Handy andJelly Roll Morton .Louis Armstrong andDuke Ellington increased its popularity early in the 20th century.[ 583] Country music developed in the 1920s,[ 584] bluegrass [ 585] rhythm and blues in the 1940s,[ 586] [ 582] Bob Dylan emerged from thefolk revival to become one of the country's most celebrated songwriters.[ 587] punk andhip hop both originated in the United States in the 1970s.[ 588]
The United States has the world'slargest music market , with a total retail value of $15.9 billion in 2022.[ 589] major record companies are based in the U.S.; they are represented by theRecording Industry Association of America (RIAA).[ 590] Frank Sinatra [ 591] Elvis Presley ,[ 592] global celebrities andbest-selling music artists ,[ 583] Michael Jackson ,[ 593] Madonna ,[ 594] Whitney Houston ,[ 595] Mariah Carey ,[ 596] Eminem ,[ 597] Britney Spears ,[ 598] Lady Gaga ,[ 598] Katy Perry ,[ 598] Taylor Swift andBeyoncé .[ 599]
Fashion Haute couture fashion models on thecatwalk duringNew York Fashion Week The United States has the world's largestapparel market by revenue.[ 600] business attire , American fashion is eclectic and predominantly informal. Americans' diverse cultural roots are reflected in their clothing; however,sneakers ,jeans ,T-shirts , andbaseball caps are emblematic of American styles.[ 601] its Fashion Week , is considered to be one of the "Big Four" globalfashion capitals , along withParis ,Milan , andLondon . A study demonstrated that general proximity toManhattan's Garment District has been synonymous with American fashion since its inception in the early 20th century.[ 602]
A number of well-knowndesigner labels , among themTommy Hilfiger ,Ralph Lauren ,Tom Ford andCalvin Klein , are headquartered inManhattan .[ 603] [ 604] niche markets , such as preteens.New York Fashion Week is one of the most influential fashion shows in the world, and is held twice each year in Manhattan;[ 605] Met Gala , also in Manhattan, has been called the fashion world's "biggest night".[ 606] [ 607]
Cinema TheHollywood Sign in theHollywood Hills , often regarded as the symbol of theAmerican film industry The U.S. film industry hasa worldwide influence and following .Hollywood , a district in northern Los Angeles, the nation's second-most populous city, is alsometonymous for the American filmmaking industry.[ 608] [ 609] [ 610] major film studios of the United States are the primary source of themost commercially successful movies selling the most tickets in the world.[ 611] [ 612]
Largely centered in the New York City region from its beginnings in the late 19th century through the first decades of the 20th century,[ 613] [ 614] [ 615] [ 616] globalization in the 21st century, and an increasing number of films are made elsewhere.[ 617] Academy Awards , popularly known as "the Oscars", have been held annually by theAcademy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences since 1929,[ 618] Golden Globe Awards have been held annually since January 1944.[ 619]
The industry peaked in what is commonly referred to as the "Golden Age of Hollywood ", from the early sound period until the early 1960s,[ 620] John Wayne andMarilyn Monroe becoming iconic figures.[ 621] [ 622] New Hollywood ", or the "Hollywood Renaissance",[ 623] post-war period .[ 624] streaming platforms , which came to rival traditional cinema.[ 625] [ 626]
Cuisine AThanksgiving dinner withroast turkey ,mashed potatoes ,pickles ,corn ,candied yams ,cranberry jelly ,shrimps ,stuffing ,green peas ,deviled eggs ,green salad , andapple sauce Early settlers were introduced by Native Americans to foods such asturkey ,sweet potatoes ,corn ,squash , andmaple syrup . Of the most enduring and pervasive examples are variations of the native dish calledsuccotash . Early settlers and later immigrants combined these with foods they were familiar with, such aswheat flour ,[ 627] [ 628] [ 629] New World crops , especiallypumpkin , corn,potatoes , and turkey as the main course are part of a shared national menu onThanksgiving , when many Americans prepare or purchase traditional dishes to celebrate the occasion.[ 630]
Characteristic American dishes such asapple pie ,fried chicken ,doughnuts ,french fries ,macaroni and cheese ,ice cream ,hamburgers ,hot dogs , andAmerican pizza derive from the recipes of various immigrant groups.[ 631] [ 632] [ 633] [ 634] Mexican dishes such asburritos andtacos preexisted the United States in areas later annexed from Mexico, andadaptations of Chinese cuisine as well aspasta dishes freely adapted from Italian sources are all widely consumed.[ 635]
Americanchefs have had a significant impact on society both domestically and internationally. In 1946, theCulinary Institute of America was founded byKatharine Angell andFrances Roth . This would become the United States' most prestigious culinary school, where many of the most talented American chefs would study prior to successful careers.[ 636] [ 637] United States restaurant industry was projected at $899 billion in sales for 2020,[ 638] [ 639] [ 638] [ 640] [ 641] Michelin star -rated restaurants, 70 of which are in New York City alone.[ 642]
Wine has been produced in what is now the United States since the 1500s, with thefirst widespread production beginning in what is now New Mexico in 1628.[ 643] [ 644] [ 645] California producing 84 percent of all U.S. wine . With more than 1,100,000 acres (4,500 km2 ) under vine, the United States is thefourth-largest wine-producing country in the world, afterItaly ,Spain , andFrance .[ 646] [ 647]
Theclassic American diner , a casual restaurant type originally intended for the working class, emerged during the 19th century from converted railroaddining cars made stationary. The diner soon evolved into purpose-built structures whose number expanded greatly in the 20th century.[ 648] fast-food industry developed alongside the nation'scar culture .[ 649] drive-in format in the 1920s, which they began to replace with thedrive-through format by the 1940s.[ 650] [ 651] fast-food restaurant chains, such asMcDonald's ,Burger King ,Chick-fil-A ,Kentucky Fried Chicken ,Dunkin' Donuts andmany others , have numerous outlets around the world.[ 652]
Sports American football is the most popular sport in the United States; in this 2009National Football League game,Carolina Panthers quarterbackJake Delhomme (number 17) throws a forward pass against theDallas Cowboys .The most popular spectator sports in the U.S. areAmerican football ,basketball ,baseball ,soccer , andice hockey .[ 653] volleyball ,skateboarding , andsnowboarding are American inventions, many of which have become popular worldwide.[ 654] Lacrosse andsurfing arose from Native American and Native Hawaiian activities that predate European contact.[ 655] market for professional sports in the United States was approximately $69 billion in July 2013, roughly 50% larger than that of Europe, the Middle East, and Africa combined.[ 656]
American football is by several measures the most popular spectator sport in the United States;[ 657] National Football League has the highest average attendance of any sports league in the world, and theSuper Bowl is watched by tens of millions globally.[ 658] national sport " since the late 19th century. After American football, the next four most popular professional team sports are basketball, baseball, soccer, and ice hockey. Their premier leagues are, respectively, theNational Basketball Association ,[ 659] Major League Baseball ,[ 660] Major League Soccer ,[ 661] National Hockey League .[ 662] individual sports in the U.S. aregolf andauto racing , particularlyNASCAR andIndyCar .[ 663] [ 664]
On thecollegiate level , earnings for the member institutions exceed $1 billion annually,[ 665] college football andbasketball attract large audiences, as theNCAA March Madness tournament and theCollege Football Playoff are some of the most watched national sporting events.[ 666] Minor League Baseball . This differs greatly from practices in nearly all other countries, where publicly and privately funded sports organizations serve this function.[ 667]
EightOlympic Games have taken place in the United States. The1904 Summer Olympics inSt. Louis, Missouri , were the first-ever Olympic Games held outside of Europe.[ 668] 2028 Summer Olympics .U.S. athletes have won a total of 2,968 medals (1,179 gold) at the Olympic Games, the most of any country.[ 669] [ 670] [ 671]
In other international competition, the United States is the home of a number of prestigious events, including theAmericas Cup ,World Baseball Classic , theU.S. Open , and theMasters Tournament . TheU.S. men's national soccer team has qualified foreleven World Cups , while thewomen's national team haswon theFIFA Women's World Cup andOlympic soccer tournament four times each.[ 672] 1999 FIFA Women's World Cup was hosted by the United States.Its final match was attended by 90,185, setting the world record for largest women's sporting event crowd at the time.[ 673] 1994 FIFA World Cup and will co-host, along with Canada and Mexico, the2026 FIFA World Cup .[ 674]
See also
Notes ^ PerExecutive Order 14224 .[ 4] [ 5] § Language . ^ The historical and informal demonymYankee has been applied to Americans, New Englanders, and northeasterners since the 18th century. ^a b c At 3,531,900 sq mi (9,147,590 km2 ), the United States is the third-largest country in the world by land area, behindRussia andChina . By total area (land and water), it is the third-largest, behind Russia andCanada , if its coastal and territorial water areas are included. However, if only its internal waters are included (bays, sounds, rivers, lakes, and theGreat Lakes ), the U.S. is the fourth-largest, after Russia, Canada, and China.2 )[ 20] 2 )[ 21] ^ This figure excludesPuerto Rico and the otherunincorporated islands because they are counted separately inU.S. census statistics. ^a b U.S. nominal and PPP-adjusted GDP are the same as the U.S. is the reference country for PPP calculations. ^ After adjustment for taxes and transfers ^ SeeTime in the United States for details about laws governing time zones in the United States. ^ SeeDate and time notation in the United States . ^ TheU.S. Virgin Islands use left-hand traffic. ^ The five major territories outside the union of states areAmerican Samoa ,Guam , theNorthern Mariana Islands ,Puerto Rico , and theU.S. Virgin Islands . The seven undisputed island areas without permanent populations areBaker Island ,Howland Island ,Jarvis Island ,Johnston Atoll ,Kingman Reef ,Midway Atoll , andPalmyra Atoll . U.S. sovereignty over the unpopulatedBajo Nuevo Bank ,Navassa Island ,Serranilla Bank , andWake Island is disputed.[ 19] ^ TheU.S. Census Bureau 's latest official population estimate of 340,110,988 residents (2024) is for the 50 states and the District of Columbia; it excludes the 3.6 million residents of the five majorU.S. territories and outlying islands. The Census Bureau also provides a continuously updated but unofficial population clock:www.census.gov/popclock ^ The officialU.S. Government Publishing Office Style Manual has prescribed specific usages for "U.S." and "United States" as part of official names. In "formal writing (treaties, Executive orders, proclamations, etc.); congressional bills; legal citations and courtwork; and covers and title pages",[ 26] United States Steel Corporation ).[ 26] ^ "Americus" is derived from the Old High German first name "Emmerich ". ^ Americus comes from theMedieval Latin nameEmericus Saint Emeric of Hungary ), itself derived from the Old High German nameEmmerich .^ From the late 15th century, theColumbian exchange had been catastrophic for native populations throughout the Americas. It is estimatedthat up to 95 percent of the Indigenous populations , especially in the Caribbean,perished from infectious diseases during the years following European colonization ;[ 55] [ 56] [ 57] ^ New Hampshire ,Massachusetts ,Connecticut ,Rhode Island ,New York ,New Jersey ,Pennsylvania ,Delaware ,Maryland ,Virginia ,North Carolina ,South Carolina , andGeorgia ^ The Confederate States of America was formed by the following states, each state government of which formally declared itssecession from the United States:South Carolina ,Mississippi ,Florida ,Alabama ,Georgia ,Louisiana ,Texas ,Virginia ,Arkansas ,Tennessee , andNorth Carolina . ^ Some scholars have used descriptions such asoligarchy orplutocracy instead.[ 234] [ 235] [ 236] [ 237] [ 238] [ 239] [ 240] [ 241] [ 242] [ 243] [ 244] ^ Per theU.S. Constitution, Amendment Twenty-three , proposed by the U.S. Congress on June 16, 1960, and ratified by the States on March 29, 1961 ^ A country's total exports are usually understood to be goods and services. Based on this, the U.S. is the world's second-largest exporter, after China.[ 348] [ 349] ^ This figure, like most official data for the United States as a whole, excludes the five unincorporated territories (Puerto Rico ,Guam , theU.S. Virgin Islands ,American Samoa , and theNorthern Mariana Islands ) and minor island possessions. ^ Inupiaq ,Siberian Yupik ,Central Alaskan Yup'ik ,Alutiiq ,Unanga (Aleut),Denaʼina ,Deg Xinag ,Holikachuk ,Koyukon ,Upper Kuskokwim ,Gwichʼin ,Tanana ,Upper Tanana ,Tanacross ,Hän ,Ahtna ,Eyak ,Tlingit ,Haida , andTsimshian ^ Also known less formally as Obamacare
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XXXIV;Wright 2022 .^ Walton, 2009 , p. 43^ Gordon, 2004 , pp. 27, 29^ Walker Howe 2007 , p. 478, 481–482, 587–588.^ Morrison, Michael A. (April 28, 1997).Slavery and the American West: The Eclipse of Manifest Destiny and the Coming of the Civil War 13– 21.ISBN 978-0-8078-4796-1 ^ Kemp, Roger L. (2010).Documents of American Democracy: A Collection of Essential Works ISBN 978-0-7864-4210-2 . RetrievedOctober 25, 2015 . ^ McIlwraith, Thomas F.; Muller, Edward K. (2001).North America: The Historical Geography of a Changing Continent 61 .ISBN 978-0-7425-0019-8 . RetrievedOctober 25, 2015 . ^ Meyer et al. 2001 , From 1800 to 1900: "The discovery of gold in California in 1848 proved a momentous watershed for native people in the West. Hordes of single men stampeded to find fortune. Unrestrained by family, community, or church, they decimated the native population near the goldfields. California natives suffered the most complete genocide in U.S. history."Wolf, Jessica."Revealing the history of genocide against California's Native Americans" .UCLA Newsroom . RetrievedJuly 8, 2018 . Madley, Benjamin (2016).An American Genocide: The United States and the California Indian Catastrophe, 1846-1873 ISBN 978-0-300-23069-7 Smithers 2012 , p. 339: "The genocidal intent of California settlers and government officials was acted out in numerous battles and massacres (and aided by technological advances in weaponry, especially after the Civil War), in the abduction and sexual abuse of Indian women, and in the economic exploitation of Indian child labourers"Blackhawk 2023 , p. 38: "With these works, a near consensus emerged. 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(2014).A Companion to Europe Since 1945 ISBN 978-1-118-89024-0 ^ Sempa, Francis (July 12, 2017).Geopolitics: From the Cold War to the 21st Century ISBN 978-1-351-51768-3 ^ Blakeley, 2009 ,pp. 85-96 ^ Collins, Michael (1988).Liftoff: The Story of America's Adventure in Space ISBN 978-0-8021-1011-4 ^ Winchester 2013 , pp. 305–308.^ "The Civil Rights Movement" . PBS. RetrievedJanuary 5, 2019 .^ Brinkley, Alan (January 24, 1991). "Great Society". In Eric Foner; John Arthur Garraty (eds.).The Reader's Companion to American History . Houghton Mifflin Books. p. 472.ISBN 0-395-51372-3 ^ "Playboy: American Magazine" .Encyclopædia Britannica . RetrievedFebruary 2, 2023 ....the so-called sexual revolution in the United States in the 1960s, marked by greatly more permissive attitudes toward sexual interest and activity than had been prevalent in earlier generations. ^ Svetlana Ter-Grigoryan (February 12, 2022)."The Sexual Revolution Origins and Impact" .study.com . 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RetrievedOctober 25, 2015 .Mann, James (2009).The Rebellion of Ronald Reagan: A History of the End of the Cold War ISBN 978-1-4406-8639-9 ^ Hayes, 2009 ^ Frum, David (December 24, 2014)."The Real Story of How America Became an Economic Superpower" .The Atlantic . RetrievedDecember 10, 2024 . ^ "U.S. army was smaller than the army for Portugal before World War II" .Politifact . RetrievedJanuary 23, 2018 .^ CFI Team."NASDAQ" .Corporate Finance Institute .Archived from the original on December 11, 2023. RetrievedDecember 11, 2023 . ^ Holsti, Ole R. (November 7, 2011). "The United States and Iraq before the Iraq War".American Public Opinion on the Iraq War .University of Michigan Press . p. 20.ISBN 978-0-472-03480-2 ^ Walsh, Kenneth T. (December 9, 2008)."The 'War on Terror' Is Critical to President George W. Bush's Legacy" .U.S. News & World Report . RetrievedMarch 6, 2013 . Atkins, Stephen E. (2011).The 9/11 Encyclopedia: Second Edition ISBN 978-1-59884-921-9 . RetrievedOctober 25, 2015 .^ Wong, Edward (February 15, 2008)."Overview: The Iraq War" .The New York Times . RetrievedMarch 7, 2013 . Johnson, James Turner (2005).The War to Oust Saddam Hussein: Just War and the New Face of Conflict ISBN 978-0-7425-4956-2 . RetrievedOctober 25, 2015 . Durando, Jessica; Green, Shannon Rae (December 21, 2011)."Timeline: Key moments in the Iraq War" .USA Today . Associated Press. Archived fromthe original on September 4, 2020. RetrievedMarch 7, 2013 . ^ Hilsenrath, Jon; Ng, Serena; Paletta, Damian (September 18, 2008)."Worst Crisis Since '30s, With No End Yet in Sight" The Wall Street Journal ISSN 1042-9840 .OCLC 781541372 .Archived from the original on December 25, 2014. RetrievedJuly 28, 2023 . ^ Geiger, Abigail (June 12, 2014)."Political Polarization in the American Public" .Pew Research Center . RetrievedJune 30, 2024 . ^ Murray, Mark; Marquez, Alexandra (June 15, 2023)."Here's what's driving America's increasing political polarization" .NBC News . RetrievedJune 30, 2024 . ^ Lührmann, Anna ;Lindberg, Staffan I. (2019)."A third wave of autocratization is here: what is new about it?" .Democratization .26 (7): 1097.doi :10.1080/13510347.2019.1582029 S2CID 150992660 .Now evidence is mounting that a global reversal is challenging a series of established democracies, including the United States who were downgraded by both Freedom House and V-Dem in 2018. ^ Grumbach, Jacob M. (December 1, 2021)."Laboratories of Democratic Backsliding" .American Political Science Review 117 (3). Published byCambridge University Press on behalf of theAmerican Political Science Association :967– 984.doi :10.1017/S0003055422000934 ISSN 0003-0554 .Prominent cross-national measures of democracy from the Varieties of Democracy Project (V-Dem), Bright Line Watch, and Freedom House, which had once ranked the country as a global leader, show a U.S. democracy slipping toward "mixed regime" or "illiberal democracy" status. ^ Kleinfeld, Rachel (September 5, 2023)."Polarization, Democracy, and Political Violence in the United States: What the Research Says" .Carnegie Endowment for International Peace . RetrievedSeptember 13, 2024 . ^ Pape, Robert (January 5, 2022)."American Face of Insurrection: Analysis of Individuals Charged for Storming the US Capitol on January 6, 2021" .cpost.uchicago.edu . University of Chicago, Chicago Project on Security and Threats. RetrievedSeptember 13, 2024 .^ Rutenberg, Jim; Becker, Jo; Lipton, Eric; Haberman, Maggie; Martin, Jonathan; Rosenberg, Matthew; Schmidt, Michael S. (January 31, 2021)."77 Days: Trump's Campaign to Subvert the Election" .The New York Times .Archived from the original on June 18, 2022. ^ Harvey, Michael (2022). "Introduction: History's Rhymes". In Harvey, Michael (ed.).Donald Trump in Historical Perspective doi :10.4324/9781003110361-1 .ISBN 978-1-003-11036-1 As with the Beer Hall Putsch, a would-be leader tried to take advantage of an already scheduled event (in Hitler's case, Kahr's speech; in Trump's, Congress's tallying of the electoral votes) to create a dramatic moment with himself at the center of attention, calling for bold action to upend the political order. Unlike Hitler's coup attempt, Trump already held top of office, so he was attempting to hold onto power, not seize it (the precise term for Trump's intended action is a 'self-coup' or 'autogolpe'). Thus, Trump was able to plan for the event well in advance, and with much greater control, including developing the legal arguments that could be used to justify rejecting the election's results. Pion-Berlin, David; Bruneau, Thomas; Goetze, Richard B. Jr. (April 7, 2022)."The Trump self-coup attempt: comparisons and civil–military relations" .Government and Opposition .58 (4):789– 806.doi :10.1017/gov.2022.13 S2CID 248033246 . Castañeda, Ernesto; Jenks, Daniel (April 17, 2023). Costa, Bruno Ferreira; Parton, Nigel (eds.)."January 6th and De-Democratization in the United States" .Social Sciences .12 (4).MDPI : 238.doi :10.3390/socsci12040238 ISSN 2076-0760 .What the United States went through on January 6th was an attempt at a self-coup, where Trump would use force to stay as head of state even if abandoning democratic practices in the U.S. Some advised Trump to declare martial law to create a state of emergency and use that as an excuse to stay in power. Eisen, Norman; Ayer, Donald; Perry, Joshua; Bookbinder, Noah; Perry, E. Danya (June 6, 2022).Trump on Trial: A Guide to the January 6 Hearings and the Question of Criminality (Report). Brookings Institution. RetrievedDecember 16, 2023 .[Trump] tried to delegitimize the election results by disseminating a series of far fetched and evidence-free claims of fraud. Meanwhile, with a ring of close confidants, Trump conceived and implemented unprecedented schemes to – in his own words – "overturn" the election outcome. Among the results of this "Big Lie" campaign were the terrible events of January 6, 2021 – an inflection point in what we now understand was nothing less than an attempted coup. Eastman v Thompson, et al. 8:22-cv-00099-DOC-DFM Document 260 , 44 (S.D. Cal. May 28, 2022) ("Dr. Eastman and President Trump launched a campaign to overturn a democratic election, an action unprecedented in American history. Their campaign was not confined to the ivory tower – it was a coup in search of a legal theory. The plan spurred violent attacks on the seat of our nation's government, led to the deaths of several law enforcement officers, and deepened public distrust in our political process... If Dr. Eastman and President Trump's plan had worked, it would have permanently ended the peaceful transition of power, undermining American democracy and the Constitution. If the country does not commit to investigating and pursuing accountability for those responsible, the Court fears January 6 will repeat itself.").Graham, David A. (January 6, 2021)."This Is a Coup" .The Atlantic Archived from the original on January 6, 2021. RetrievedDecember 16, 2023 . Musgrave, Paul (January 6, 2021)."This Is a Coup. Why Were Experts So Reluctant to See It Coming?" .Foreign Policy .Archived from the original on January 6, 2021. RetrievedDecember 16, 2023 . 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