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This is a listing of the nationality markings used by military aircraft of the United States, including those of theU.S. Air Force,U.S. Navy,U.S. Marine Corps,U.S. Coast Guard,U.S. Army and their predecessors. TheCivil Air Patrol is also included for theWorld War II period because it engaged in combat operations (primarily anti-submarine flights) which its July 1946 charter has since explicitly forbidden.
The first military aviation insignias of the United States include a star used by theUS Army Signal Corps Aviation Section, seen during the Pancho Villapunitive expedition, just over a year before American involvement in World War I began. The star was painted only on the vertical tail, in either red (the most often used color)[1][original research?] or blue (less likely, due to the strictlyorthochromatic photography of that era, rendering the red star as a black one in period photos).[2] At the same time, the US Navy was using a blue anchor on the rudders of its seaplanes.
As of 19 May 1917 all branches of the military, outside of theWestern Front of Europe were to use a circular dark-blue field containing the single, five-pointed regularpentagram-outline white star, symbolic of aU.S. state from the national flag, itself containing a central red circle, painted inthe official flag colors.[3]
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A tricolor roundel was introduced by theUS Army Air Service in February 1918 for commonality withthe other European Allies, all of whom used similar roundels. American aircraft also used vertically-striped British and French styletricolors on the rudders during World War I, the British and French markings having the blue stripe forward, while American regulations specified that their aircraft have the red stripe forward although some of their aircraft had the colors in the French order. The order of theUSAAS roundel's colors were similar to those of the defunctImperial Russian Air Service. No connection existed between the US roundel and other Allied forces' military aircraft services, beyond the fact that the United States had joined theAllies of World War I and was using a tricolor roundel in what was now an available order. Tsarist aircraft often used a significantly larger white central circle, while the narrower red and blue rings on such large white-centered variant insignia were often separated with additional white rings. From at least as early as the timeframe of thedeployment of theFirst Marine Aviation Force in France during July 1918[4] until roughly 1922, the USMC's aviation units added an American eagle atop the roundel and a fouled anchor superimposed behind the roundel, mimicking theEagle, Globe, and Anchor emblem on the fuselage sides in the manner of a unit insignia.
In May 1917 the US adopted a red circle-centered white star in a dark blue circular field for all United States military aircraft. In August 1919, following theArmistice that ended World War I, the colors were adjusted to the current standards and the proportions were adjusted slightly so that the centre red circle was reduced slightly from being 1/3 of the diameter of the blue circular field, to being bound by the edges of an imaginary regularpentagon connecting the inner points of the star.
The US Army Air Corps began painting its roundel on only the top of the left wing and only the bottom of the right wing February 26, 1941, intended to help facilitate recognition of friend and foe if the United States became embroiled in the spreading conflict. The other reason was to “eliminate a balanced target” by presenting a somewhat asymmetrical effect — if you see two white stars (i.e., one on each wing), it is easier to aim your guns between them. The US Navy resisted this change and reverted to the roundel on each wing early in the war January 5, 1942. However, the US Navy finally adopted the asymmetrical single wing insignia February 1, 1943.[5]
In the months afterPearl Harbor - followingthe late-June 1941 conversion of the USAAC into theUnited States Army Air Forces - it was thought that the central red dot could be mistaken for a JapaneseHinomaru, from a distance and in May 1942 it was eliminated. On aircraft in service they were painted over with white. During November 1942, US forces participated in the Torch landings and for this a chrome yellow ring (of unspecified thickness) was temporarily added to the outside of the roundel to reduce incidents of Americans shooting down unfamiliar British aircraft, which could themselves be distinguished by a similar yellow outline on the RAF's "Type C.1" fuselage roundels of the time.
None of these solutions was entirely satisfactory as friendly fire incidents continued and so the US Government initiated a study that discovered that the red wasn't the issue since color couldn't be determined from a distance anyway, but the shape could be. After trying out several variations including an oblong roundel with two stars, they arrived at using white bars flanking the sides of the existing roundel, all with a red outline, which became official in June 1943. This still wasn't entirely satisfactory and at least one operational unit refused to add the red, resulting in bare white bars on the existing star roundel. The red outline was then replaced with a blue outline whose color exactly matched the round blue field that held the star in September 1943. On US Navy aircraft painted overall in gloss midnight blue starting in 1944, the blue color of the roundels was similar to midnight blue, so the blue portion was eventually dispensed with and only the white portion of the roundel was painted on the aircraft. In the Pacific Theater, some British Commonwealth aircraft in service with theBritish Pacific Fleet, andRoyal New Zealand Air Force, as with Lend LeaseChance Vought F4U Corsairs, began toofficially sport the white "bars" as a more-or-less "universal" symbol on Allied aircraft opposing the Japanese, while also eliminating the red center of the roundels they used for the same reason the United States already had.
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In January 1947, single bisecting, lengthwise-running red bars, one per side, were added within the existing white bars on bothUSN and USAAF aircraft – both replacing the old center red circle, and restoring the official presence ofa red device in the insignia, much as with the red stripes of the American flag – and in September of the same year, theUnited States Army Air Forces (USAAF) became an independent service and was renamed theUnited States Air Force (USAF).
In 1955 the USN would repaint all its aircraft from midnight blue to light grey over white and would use exactly the same roundel as the USAF again. Since then there have been some minor variations, mostly having to do with low-visibility versions of the star and bars roundel. Air superiority F-15s eliminated the blue outline in the 1970s, and later some aircraft replaced the blue and red with black or a countershaded color, or used a stencil to create an outlined "low-visibility" version. Almost all USAF aircraft now use low-visibility roundels in black or gray, with the full-color version limited to a small number of uncamouflaged aircraft such as the E-3 and E-8.
Partly due to the 1964 adoption, and early-April 1967 display initiation of the"racing stripe" insignia on its fixed-wing aircraft, theUnited States Coast Guard, unique among U.S. military organizations, uses the standard high-visibility roundel on the vertical fin of its fixed-wing aircraft as afin flash.
The USAF is currently calling this standardized - especially fully colored - roundel as the National Star Insignia.[6]
Official dates refers to when a new insignia was officially ordered but implementation was not always immediate.
| Insignia | Official dates | Info | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Introduced | Superseded | ||
 | 19 March 1916 | 7 February 1917 | First national insignia of any type used by US military aircraft. Used by theU.S. Army Signal Corps Aviation Section's1st Aero Squadron, while on thePancho Villa Expedition. |
_%25E2%2580%2593_Naval_Flying_Corps.svg) | 15 April 1916 | 19 May 1917 | United States Navy anchor in blue – first official US naval aircraft insignia. Used on rudders and wings. |
.svg) | 17 May 1917 | 8 February 1918 | Note larger center dot from later (1/3 diameter) and colors wereFlag Red andFlag Blue as specified for theUS Flag asOld Glory Red, andOld Glory Blue. |
.svg) | 8 February 1918 | 19 August 1919 | To avoid confusion withGerman cross, and for commonality with Allied air forces duringWorld War I, the US changed its roundel to thedisused Russian design. Colors were to be based on US flag but availability resulted in considerable variation in hues. |
.svg) | 19 August 1919 | 15 May 1942 | Center red circle now inscribed within a regular pentagon formed by inner vertices of star, making red smaller than first version. Colors wereFlag Red andFlag Blue until late 20s when current colors ofInsignia Red andInsignia Blue were specified |
.svg) | 1939 | 1941 | Neutrality marking on fuselage and sometimes wings of aircraft travelling in Europe, includingLiberator transports. This flag was official from 4 July 1912 to 3 July 1959when additional stars were added. |
_%25E2%2580%2593_Civil_Air_Patrol.svg) | 1 December 1941 | 1 July 1946 | Civil Air Patrol roundel.[7] |
.svg) | 15 May 1942 | 28 June 1943 | Insignia Red dot removed to avoid confusion with JapaneseHinomaru roundel. |
_%25E2%2580%2593_Civil_Air_Patrol.svg) | ? | ? | Civil Air Patrol World War II roundel. Insignia Red propeller removed to avoid confusion with Japanese Hinomaru roundel.[7] |
.svg) | October 1942 | 1943 | Operation Torch – yellow varied in thickness, applied to roundels on fuselage and under wing but not overwing, but some units applied yellow borders on overwing roundels regardless. Yellow outermost ring likely inspired by similar, slightly darker hued British Type A.2 and C.1 roundels' outermost "rings". |
.svg) | 28 June 1943 | 14 August 1943 | Experiments showed that at a distance, shapes were more important than colors, so bars were added to the roundel with an Insignia Red outline. |
_%25E2%2580%2593_variant.svg) | 28 June 1943 | August 1943 | Several units in the Pacific refused to paint the red outline but added white bars pending new orders for a blue outline. |
.svg) | 14 August 1943 | 14 January 1947 | The Insignia Red outline was replaced with an Insignia Blue outline through the amendment of Army-Navy aeronautical specification AN-I-9 on 14 August 1943. This was followed by an amendment to Technical Order 07-1-1, issued on 24 September 1943, for units in the field. On some US Navy aircraft in the Pacific the blue outline was lighter than the insignia blue. |
_%25E2%2580%2593_variant.svg) | 31 July 1943 | 14 January 1947 | Insignia Blue lacked contrast with the Sea Blue or Black used on some aircraft and the Insignia Blue was dispensed with. Initially applications (as on theF6F) were made without orders; however, this became official practice in January 1945. |
 | 14 January 1947 | Current | Twin Insignia Red lengthwise bars, bisecting the formerly all-white bars, were added to the roundel in reflection of3 flag colors, roughly nine months before the official formation of theUnited States Air Force |
.svg) | 14 January 1947 | 23 February 1955 | Sea Blue or Black aircraft |
.svg) | 1973 | ? | F-15 Air superiority Compass Ghost Scheme with 1943 blue outline removed but with red and white bars retained |
 | 1980s | current | Low visibility marking (also seen in other colors, including with colored area broken into several colors to contrast with background camouflage pattern); principally used on tactical aircraft in low visibility schemes |
 | 1980s | current | Low visibility marking as used on theF-117 |
 | 1980s | current | Alternate low visibility markings used on some USAF aircraft. |
| Fin "Flash" | Official dates | Info | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Introduced | Superseded | ||
 | 19 May 1917 19 August 1919 | 8 February 1918 8 May 1942 | United States Navy andUnited States Marine Corps, stripes optional after 10 December 1930 and mostly eliminated from Navy aircraft. |
 | 8 February 1918 | 19 August 1919 | "Reversed" UK Royal Air Force/FrenchAéronautique Militaire fin flash/rudder stripes forUSAAS, United States Navy and Marine Corps aircraft during World War I and immediate post-war years, with the red stripe forwardmost. |
| 17 May 1919 | November 1926 | US Army Air Service andUnited States Army Air Corps. |
 | November 1926 | 12 September 1942 | USAAC >20 June 1941 >USAAF – removed from camouflaged aircraft rudder surfaces from July 1940 and all other aircraft in 1942. |
 | 1936 | 8 May 1942 | United States Coast Guard |
 | 23 December 1941 | 6 May 1942 | USN and USMC. Number of rudder surface stripes not specified until 5 January 1942 when 6 white and 7 red stripes were specified (as with November 1926 USAAC red stripes) — officially removed four months before all USAAF aircraft had removed them. |
| 6 April 1967 | Current | Only in use onUnited States Coast Guard fixed-wing aircraft – theUSCG "racing stripe" placed on the forward fuselage took the place normally used for the national roundel. |
Just one day after arriving, on March 16, 1916, the first reconnaissance flight was flown by Capt. Dodd with Capt. Foulois (as an observer) on the Curtiss JN-3 S.C. No. 43. As with all of the Army's aircraft in that era, the plane carried simple markings — ared star on the tail and the large number 43 painted on the sides of the fuselage.
