TheUnited States embargo against Cuba is anembargo preventing U.S. businesses and citizens from conducting trade or commerce with Cuban interests since 1960. Moderndiplomatic relations are cold, stemming from historic conflict and divergent political ideologies. U.S. economic sanctions againstCuba are comprehensive and impact all sectors of theCuban economy. It is the most enduringtrade embargo in modern history.[1][2] The U.S. government influencesextraterritorial trade with Cuba. The embargo has faced international criticism for itsadverse impact on Cubans, including by theUnited Nations who have formally condemned it intermittently since 1992.
The U.S. government first launched anarms embargo against Cuba in 1958, with their energy and agricultural sectors targeted in 1960. TheCuban Revolution led tonationalization and atrade war with the U.S. that prompted seizure of American economic assets, including oil refineries. The U.S. retaliated with a total embargo on Cuban trade, with exceptions for food and medicine. Cuba held nuclear missiles for theSoviet Union during the 1962Cuban Missile Crisis, which resulted in the U.S.fully blockading the island. The embargo was loosened during theCuban thaw from 2015 to 2017, tightening sharply thereafter overhuman rights in Cuba.
The embargo is enforced mainly through theTrading with the Enemy Act of 1917, theForeign Assistance Act of 1961, theCuban Assets Control Regulations of 1963, theCuban Democracy Act of 1992, theHelms–Burton Act of 1996, and theTrade Sanction Reform and Export Enhancement Act of 2000.[3][4] Its legal framework reflects a complex mixture of federal law, entrenched and codified across multiple branches of government. Relations remain tense due to stark differences on immigration, counterterrorism, civil and political rights, human rights, electoral interference, disinformation campaigns, humanitarian aid, trade policy, financial claims,fugitive extradition andCuban foreign policy.[5]
The United States imposed an arms embargo on Cuba on March 14, 1958, during the armed conflict of 1953-1959 between rebels led byFidel Castro and the Fulgencio Batista régime.[6] Arms sales violated U.S. policy which had permitted the sale of weapons to Latin-American countries which had signed the 1947Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance (Rio Treaty) as long as the weapons were not used for hostile purposes.[7] After the Castro socialist government came to power on January 1, 1959, relations were initially friendly between Castro and theDwight D. Eisenhower administration but became strained after agricultural reform confiscated land owned by many American businesses and Cuba continued to sponsor revolutionary movements in other parts of the Caribbean.[8] By March 1960 the U.S. government began making plans to help overthrow the Castro administration.[8]
In April 1960, the U.S.Department of State issued a memorandum acknowledging majority support within Cuba for the Castro administration, the fast spread of communism within the country, and the lack of an effective political opposition.[9] In May 1960 the Cuban government began regularly and openly purchasing armaments from theSoviet Union, citing the U.S. arms embargo. In July 1960 the U.S. reduced the import quota ofbrown sugar from Cuba to 700,000 tons under the Sugar Act of 1948;[10] the Soviet Union responded by agreeing to purchase the sugar instead.[11]
In June 1960, Eisenhower's government refused to export oil to the island, leaving Cuba reliant on Soviet crude oil. Cuba and the Soviet Union signed a trade agreement according to which the Soviet Union would provide 900,000 tons of oil to Cuba.[12]: 40 The U.S. viewed the agreement as a provocation, and successfully urgedEsso,Texaco, andShell to refuse to process Soviet crude in their Havana and Santiago de Cuba refineries.[12]: 40 On June 29 and July 1, 1960, Cuba confiscated the refineries.[12]: 40 The U.S. responded by canceling its quota of sugar purchases from Cuba.[12]: 40
On July 11, 1960, Eisenhower wrote a personal letter to the UK prime ministerHarold Macmillan encouraging joint action in sanctioning Cuba. Eisenhower elaborates in the letter that the reason for the original diplomatic decline with Cuba was:
The story of the cancellation of elections, of the ascendancy of the Communist oriented group and purge of the moderates, of the executions and the hounding of all anti-Communists, of the abortive Cuban-supported efforts to overthrow various Caribbean governments, and of the shrill anti-American diatribes... We were directly affected when Castro, choosing the Agrarian Reform Law version advanced by the extremists, authorized the expropriation of extensive American properties without acceptable provision for compensation.
Eisenhower goes on to mention that despite these issues, he pursued a "policy of restraint" throughout 1959, but that the ultimate factor leading to a proactive approach against the Castro government in 1960 was:
...the degree to which Cuba had been handed over to the Soviet Union as an instrument with which to undermine our position in Latin America and the world.[13]
In response to sanctions, on August 30, 1960, the Cuban government nationalized three American-owned oil refineries as well asCompañía Cubana de Electricidad, the Cuban Telephone Company, and 36 sugar mills.[12]: 40 The refineries became part of the state-run company,Unión Cuba-Petróleo.[14] This prompted the Eisenhower administration to launch the first trade embargo—a prohibition against selling all products to Cuba outside of humanitarian aid.[9]
In October 1960, the Cuban administration responded by nationalizing all American businesses and most American privately owned properties on the island. Castro promised to separate Americans in Cuba from all of their possessions "down to the nails in their shoes".[9] Cuba's nationalization laws required the government to compensate the owners of seized property, but compensation was to be made in Cuban bonds, an offer rejected by American authorities.[9] Payments pursuant to the Cuban bonds were to be paid from the sale of Cuban sugar to the U.S., but the Americans had just canceled its purchases of Cuban sugar.[15]: 347 No compensation was paid. Other countries which had their assets nationalised, including Switzerland, Canada, Spain, and France, were more agreeable to Castro’s terms, seemingly convinced that they would not be able to get a better deal.[16]
The second wave of nationalizations prompted the Eisenhower administration, in one of its last actions, to sever all diplomatic relations with Cuba in January 1961.[9] The U.S. partial trade embargo with Cuba continued under theTrading with the Enemy Act of 1917.[17] The Cuban government's nationalization of U.S. owned property is the “largest uncompensated taking of American property by a foreign government in history.”[18] Assets seized, included vacation homes and bank accounts of wealthy individuals, but most seized property was owned by large American corporations, including sugar factories, mines and oil refineries.[16]
Following theBay of Pigs Invasion of 17 to 20 April 1961, an operation devised under Eisenhower but which PresidentJohn F. Kennedy had approved preceding his presidency, Castro characterized the Cuban revolution and state as "socialist".[19][20][21] It aligned with the Soviet Union. On September 4, 1961, partly in response, Congress passed theForeign Assistance Act, aCold War Act that prohibited aid to Cuba and authorized the President to impose a complete trade embargo against Cuba. On January 21, 1962, Cuba was suspended by theOrganization of American States (OAS), by a vote of 14 in favor, one (Cuba) against with six abstentions.[22] Mexico and Ecuador, two abstaining members, argued that the OAS Charter did not authorize expulsion. Multilateral sanctions were imposed by OAS, led by the U.S., on July 26, 1964, but were later rescinded on July 29, 1975. Relations betweenCuba and the OAS have since warmed and the suspension was lifted on June 3, 2009.[23]
Kennedy extended measures by executive order, first widening the scope of the trade restrictions on February 8 and then again on March 23, 1962.[24] These measures expanded the embargo to include all imports of products containing Cuban goods, even if the final products had been made or assembled outside Cuba. On August 3, 1962, the Foreign Assistance Act was amended to prohibit aid to any country that provides assistance to Cuba. On September 7, 1962, Kennedy formally expanded the Cuban embargo to include all Cuban trade, except for the non-subsidized sale of food and medicines.[25] Following theCuban Missile Crisis of October 1962, Kennedy imposed travel restrictions on February 8, 1963, and theCuban Assets Control Regulations were issued on July 8, 1963, again under the Trading with the Enemy Act, in response to Cuba hosting Soviet nuclear weapons. These measures froze Cuban assets in the U.S. and consolidated existing restrictions.[26]
The restrictions on U.S. citizens traveling to Cuba lapsed on March 19, 1977;[27] the regulation was renewable every six months, but PresidentJimmy Carter did not renew it and the regulation on spending U.S. dollars in Cuba was lifted shortly afterwards.[28][29] PresidentRonald Reagan reinstated the trade embargo on April 19, 1982, though it was now only restricted to business and tourist travel and did not apply to travel by U.S. government officials, employees of news or film making organizations, persons engaging in professional research, or persons visiting their close relatives.[29] This has been modified subsequently with the present regulation, effective June 30, 2004, being theCuban Assets Control Regulations (31 C.F.R. Part 515).[30][31]
The current regulation does not prohibit travel by U.S. citizens to Cubaper se, but it makes it illegal for U.S. citizens to have transactions (spend money or receive gifts) in Cuba under most circumstances without a U.S. governmentOffice of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) issued license.[32] Since even paying unavoidable airfare ticket taxes into a Cuban airport would violate this transaction law, it is effectively impossible for ordinary tourists to visit Cuba without breaking the monetary transaction rule.[33]
The embargo was reinforced in October 1992 by theCuban Democracy Act and in 1996 by the Cuban Liberty and Democracy Solidarity Act (known as theHelms–Burton Act) which penalizes foreign companies that do business in Cuba by preventing them from doing business in the U.S.[34] The Helms-Burton Act further restricted U.S. citizens from doingcommerce in or with Cuba, and mandated restrictions on giving public or private assistance to any successor government unless and until certain claims against the Cuban government were met. The key sponsor of the Cuban Democracy Act, DemocratRobert Torricelli, stated that the legislation would "wreck[sic] havoc on that island."[34][unbalanced opinion?] Justification provided for these restrictions was that these companies were trafficking in stolen U.S. properties, and should thus be excluded from the United States.[citation needed] TheEuropean Union criticized the Helms-Burton Act because it felt that the U.S. was dictating how other nations ought to conduct their trade and challenged it on that basis. The E.U. eventually dropped its challenge in favor of negotiating a solution.[35]
After theCuban military shot down two airplanes operated byHermanos al Rescate (Brothers to the Rescue) in 1996, killing three Americans and a U.S. resident, a bi-partisan coalition in the U.S. Congress approved the Helms–Burton Act.[36] The Title III of this law also states that any non-U.S. company that "knowingly traffics in property in Cuba confiscated without compensation from a U.S. person" can be subjected to litigation and that company's leadership can be barred from entry into the United States. Sanctions may also be applied to non-U.S. companies trading with Cuba. This restriction also applies to maritime shipping, as ships docking at Cuban ports are not allowed to dock at U.S. ports for six months. This title includes waiver authority, so that the President might suspend its application. The waiver must be renewed every six months and traditionally was until U.S. PresidentDonald Trump in 2019.[37]
In response to pressure from some American farmers andagribusiness, the embargo was relaxed by theTrade Sanctions Reform and Export Enhancement Act, which was passed by Congress in October 2000 and signed by President Bill Clinton. The relaxation allowed the sale of agricultural goods and medicine to Cuba for humanitarian reasons. Although Cuba initially declined to engage in such trade (having even refused U.S. food aid in the past, seeing it as a half-measure serving U.S. interests),[38] the Cuban government began to allow the purchase of food from the U.S. as a result ofHurricane Michelle in November 2001.[39] In some tourist spots across the island, American brands such asCoca-Cola can be purchased. Ford tankers refuel planes in airports and some computers use Microsoft software.[40] The origin of the financing behind such goods is not always clear. The goods often come from third parties based in countries outside the U.S., even if the product being dealt originally has U.S. shareholders or investors.[41]
In April 2009, President Barack Obama first attempted to warm relations by easing the U.S. travel ban, allowing Cuban-Americans to travel freely to Cuba.[42][43]Ana Cecilia became the first officially approved ship to sail in July 2012 from Miami to Cuba.[44][45] Two years later, in 2014, theObama administration announced its intention to formally re-establish relations with Cuba and later completed a prisoner exchange.[46][47][48] President Obama andFirst Secretary of the Communist Party of CubaRaúl Castro met on April 11, 2015, the first meeting in over 50 years.[46][49][50] On May 29, 2015, the U.S. removed Cuba from its designated list ofstate sponsors of terrorism on May 29, 2015, later re-adding it on January 12, 2021.[51][52][53][54] U.S. banks then were temporarily allowed to open accredited accounts in Cuban banks.[55][56]
Relations officially established on July 20, 2015, with increased travel licenses, amended civil aviation and commercial passenger aircraft regulations, and normalized import-export license requirements announced in September.[57] In February 2016, the U.S. agreed to allow two American men to build a $5-10 million tractor factory.[58] The deal was later disallowed by Cuban authorities because one of the investors was a Cuban permanent resident and Cuba does not allow large investments by Cubans who live on the island.[59][60] In his final eight days in office, Obama formally discontinued thewet feet, dry feet policy, halting all illegal immigration from Cuba in an effort to promote legal alternatives.[61][62][63]
On November 8, 2017, it was announced that President Trump's administration had enacted new rules which would re-enforce the business and travel restrictions which were loosened by the Obama administration and would go into effect on November 9.[64][65] In 2019,ExxonMobil, the largest American energy producer, sued the Cuban government for their theft of U.S. oil assets in the 1960s.[14] In September 2019, the U.S. tightened restrictions on Cuba by limiting U.S. remittances to Cuba and further closing the country's access to the U.S. financial system.[66] Immediately following Cuba's designation as a state sponsor of terrorism in January 2021, the State Department launched new political sanctions against Cuba's support of Venezuela and their president,Nicolás Maduro.[67] That month the U.S. Treasury additionally sanctioned the Cuban Ministry of Interior forhuman rights abuse in Cuba.[68]
In July 2021, under PresidentJoe Biden, the U.S. imposed sanctions on Cuba's domestic police force and on two of Cuba's leaders in response topolitical violence related to the2021 Cuban protests.[69] Cuba attempted to embargo the U.S. by banning U.S. cash deposits at Cuban banks in 2021 but had to reverse the ban due to economic distress in 2023.[70] The U.S. government eased select financial sanctions against companies that serve Cuban interests but have no link to the Cuban government in 2024.[71] President Biden authorized additional sanctions against Cuba during the2024 Cuban protests which caused further diplomatic strain withFirst Secretary of the Communist Party of CubaMiguel Díaz-Canel.[72] First Secretary Díaz-Canel was joined by former First Secretary Raúl Castro in a protest with "tens of thousands of Cubans" against the U.S. embargo in December following the re-election of President Trump.[73]
The U.S. government significantly tightened its economic sanctions against Cuba in January 2025, orienting around a "total pressure" or "maximum pressure" strategy.[74][75] In addition to re-designating the island as a state sponsor of terrorism for a third time, the State Department announced further sanctions against Cuban military contractors and further restricted Cuba's access to the U.S. dollar.[76] U.S.Homeland Security andCoast Guard soon thereafter restricted immigration ofeconomic refugees from Cuba, along with Haiti, Nicaragua, and Venezuela.[77] The U.S. re-activiated Title III of theHelms–Burton Act, an international deterrent against foreign investment in Cuba.[78][79] The U.S. government halted foreign aid funding, expanded visa restrictions, and formally cautioned against Cuban forced labor in February.[80][81] President Trump issued apresidential directive in July for greater enforcement of theCuban travel ban, further isolating thetourism industry of Cuba.[82] The U.S. government banned First Secretary Díaz-Canel along with two ministers from entering the U.S., later restricting access to the Cuban luxury real estate sector.[83]
The economic impact of the U.S. trade embargo on Cuba is comprehensive and impacts all sectors of the Cuban economy.[84] TheUnited Nations estimated in 2023 the total economic damage to the Cuban economy to be in the "trillions of dollars" since inception.[85][86] A 2015 report inAl Jazeera estimated that the embargo had cost the Cuban economy $1.1 trillion in the 55 years since its inception, once inflation is taken into account.[87] The Cuban government assessed the cost in 2018 to be around $933 billion since inception.[88] In 2009, theU.S. Chamber of Commerce estimated that the embargo costs the U.S. economy $1.2 billion per year in lost sales and exports, while the Cuban government estimates that the embargo has cost the island itself $753 million annually.[89][90] In 2001, theU.S. International Trade Commission found that, from 1996 and 1998, without the embargo, Cuban imports to the U.S. would be worth $658 million.[91] In 2002, the U.S.-based, anti-embargo Cuba Policy Foundation estimated that the embargo costs the U.S. economy $3.6 billion per year in economic output.[92] The U.N. assessed the damage to the Cuban economy from 2022 to 2023 to be at $4.87 billion.[85]
The U.S. government has pursuedextraterritorial measures to enforce its embargo. Cuban ambassadorRicardo Alarcón cited 27 recent cases of trade contracts interrupted by U.S. pressure to the U.N. in 1991.British Petroleum was seemingly dissuaded by U.S. authorities from investing in offshore oil exploration in Cuba despite initially expressing interest. In 1992, the U.S. State Department discouraged firms likeRoyal Dutch Shell and Clyde Petroleum from investing in Cuba.[93] In 1998, U.S. officials attributed Cuba's economic penury not as a result of the embargo, but instead its unwillingness to liberalize its own economy and substantial debts owed to its Japanese, European, and Latin American trading partners.[94]
After the formal implementation of the embargo and the passage of Proclamation 3355, there was a 95% decrease in Cuba's sugar quota, which canceled roughly 700,000 tons of the 3,119,655 tons previously allotted to the United States.[95] A year later, Cuba's sugar quota was reduced to zero when President Eisenhower issued Proclamation 3383.[95] This substantially affected Cuba's total exports, as Cuba was one of the world's leading sugar exporters at the time.[95]
In 1989, with the collapse of theSoviet bloc, Cuba witnessed its most devastating economic crises. Cuba'sGDP plummeted 34% and trade between the nations apart from theCouncil of Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA) declined by 56%.[95] Between 1989 and 1992 (theSpecial Period), the termination of trade partnerships with the Soviet bloc caused the total value of Cuba's exports to fall by 61% and imports to drop by approximately 72%.[96] International economists believed the Cuban government would fall along with the Soviet Union but Cuba instituted a campaign of macroeconomic adjustment and liberalization instead, which provided significant economic recovery.[95] As of 2024, Cuba was experiencing its worst economic crisis in 30 years due to increased sanctions, the challenges ofeconomic reforms, and theCOVID-19 pandemic.[97][98]
The U.S. government has implemented significant restrictions on financial activity within Cuba. TheU.S. Treasury holds over $6 billion worth of financial claims against the Cuban government according to theU.S. Foreign Claims Settlement Commission.[99][100] There are over 6,000 financial claims against the Cuban government by American companies valued at around $2 billion.[101] The Cuban government is required to pay cash for all food imports from the U.S., as credit is not allowed.[102] Cuba is heavily dependent on U.S.remittances from family members and access to U.S. dollar deposits influences financial decision-making on the island.[103] Limited access to the U.S. dollar and financial system has exacerbated wealth inequality in Cuba and forced involuntarydollarization on the island.[103] Cuban banks are banned from operating within the United States.[104] U.S. investors are prohibited from owning and trading Cuban sovereign debt.[101]
Cuba conducts international financing with many countries, including many U.S. allies; U.S.-based companies, and companies that do business with the U.S. which trade in Cuba do so at the risk of U.S. sanctions.[105][106] The U.S. has threatened to stop financial aid to other countries if they trade non-food items with Cuba. The U.S.'s attempts to do so have been vocally condemned by the United Nations General Assembly as an extraterritorial measure that contravenes "the sovereign equality of States, non-intervention in their internal affairs and freedom of trade and navigation as paramount to the conduct of international affairs".[107]
The embargo has been criticized for its effects on food, clean water, medicine, and other socioeconomic needs of the Cuban population.[108][109] Criticism has come from both Fidel Castro and Raúl Castro, citizens and groups from within Cuba, and international organizations and leaders. U.S. diplomat Lester D. Mallory wrote an internal memo on April 6, 1960, arguing in favor of an embargo to "(make) the greatest inroads in denying money and supplies to Cuba, to decrease monetary andreal wages, to bring about hunger, desperation and overthrow of government".[110][111]
The embargo has been linked to shortages of medical supplies and soap which have resulted in a series of medical crises and heightened levels of infectious diseases.[112][113] Medical scholars have also linked the embargo to epidemics of specific diseases, including neurological disorders and blindness caused by poor nutrition.[112][114] An article written in 1997 suggests malnutrition and disease resulting from increased food and medicine prices have affected men and the elderly in particular, due to Cuba's rationing system which gives preferential treatment to women and children.[113] In 1997, the American Association for World Health stated that the embargo contributed to malnutrition, poor water access, lack of access to medicine and other medical supplies and concluded that "a humanitarian catastrophe has been averted only because the Cuban government has maintained a high level of budgetary support for a health care system designed to deliver primary and preventative medicine to all its citizens."[87][108] The AAWH found that travel restrictions embedded in the embargo have limited the amount of medical information that flows into Cuba from the United States.[109] Since 2000, the embargo has explicitly excluded the acquisition of food and medicines.[115]
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The severe effects of the U.S. embargo on the economic activity and political affairs of Cuba has led political scientists to classify the effort as a full-scale "blockade".[116] They claim that violations of the embargo are too harsh, citing the fact that violations often lead to severe sanctions.[116] Academic Nigel White writes, "While the U.S. measures against Cuba do not amount to a blockade in a technical or formal sense, their cumulative effect is to put an economic stranglehold on the island, which not only prevents the U.S. intercourse but also effectively blocks commerce with other states, their citizens and companies."[11] Political economist Jorge Antonio stated in 2000 that the effects of the embargo on the development of Cuba are likely negligible.[117] His research concluded: "Under the real world ofCastroism, however, the answer must be a terse one: none. The embargo has not harmed the Cuban economy. Cooperation between the U.S. and Cuba would have been impossible from the very beginning of the Revolution for legal, political, ideological, strategic, and economic reasons, not to mention others of a philosophical or moral character."[117]
FormerCentral Bank of Cuba economist Pavel Vidal said "Reforms in Cuba do not depend on the embargo, and the embargo should be eliminated unilaterally, independently from reforms in Cuba. Both cause problems".[118] A 2009 report byAmnesty International found that the "Cuban embargo has had an adverse effect on human rights" and said that "states must take into account the effects that [imposed] sanctions may have on the enjoyment of economic, social and cultural rights in the country affected".[119] In Cuba, the embargo is commonly calledel bloqueo (the blockade), especially by the government and its supporters.[120]
Since theTrade Sanction Reform and Export Enhancement Act was enacted in 2000, the trade of food and medicine goods is excluded from the embargo. Complex licensing and regulatory requirements severely limit export of medicines, medical equipment and supplies, which contain anything produced or patented by the United States, to Cuba.[121][122] In 2020, $176.8 million worth of goods were exported to Cuba from the U.S. and $14.9 million imported to the U.S. from Cuba.[123]
The U.S. embargo has included travel restrictions for American tourists visiting the island since 1961. The U.S. government maintains a Level II Travel Advisory Alert for the island, cautioning citizens against legally traveling through Cuba due to crime.[124] Federal law requires persons subject to U.S. jurisdiction to obtain a license to engage in any travel-related transactions pursuant to travel to, from, and within Cuba.[125] Transactions related solely to tourist travel are not licensable.[125] The U.S. Treasury Department'sOffice of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) considers any visit of more than one day to beprima facie proof of violation.[126] OFAC also holds that U.S. citizens may not receive goods or services for free from any Cuban national, eliminating any attempts to circumvent the regulation based on that premise.[126]
Spurred by a burgeoning interest in the assumed untapped product demand in Cuba, a growing number offree-marketers in Congress, backed byWestern andGreat Plains lawmakers who represent agribusiness, have tried each year since 2000 to water down or lift regulations preventing Americans from traveling to Cuba.[127] PresidentGeorge W. Bush threatened toveto such efforts which stalled the legislation during the 2000s.[127]
U.S. nationals have circumvented the ban by traveling to Cuba from a different country, such as Mexico,The Bahamas,Canada, orCosta Rica.[128] The practice opens U.S. citizens to a risk of prosecution and fines by the U.S. government if discovered.[128] In 2006, the U.S. announced the creation of a task force that will more aggressively pursue violations of the U.S. trade embargo against Cuba, with severe penalties.[129] Criminal penalties for violating the embargo range up to ten years in prison, $1 million in corporate fines, and $250,000 in individual fines; civil penalties up to $55,000 per violation.[130]
The embargo is formally opposed by multiple international organizations including:Amnesty International,[131]Human Rights Watch,[132] and theInter-American Commission on Human Rights,[133] among others around the world.[131]
TheHelms-Burton Act has been the target of criticism from Canadian and European governments in particular, who object to what they say is the extraterritorial pretensions of a piece of legislation aimed at punishing non-U.S. corporations and non-U.S. investors who have economic interests in Cuba. TheEuropean Council has criticized the embargo as being extraterritorial and indirectly impacting the economic growth of European countries that have ties to Cuba, recommending WTO dispute settlement.[134]
The embargo has also faced criticism from a select faction of international trade advocates and business leaders.[135]Cato Institute'sDaniel Griswold called the embargo a failure, saying the economic sanctions have impoverished Cubans and "deprived Americans of their freedom to travel and has cost US farmers and other producers billions of dollars of potential exports."[136] Business leaders who have opposed the embargo include: James E. Perrella, Dwayne O. Andreas, and Peter Blyth, according toForeign Affairs.[137]
It has faced criticism from a variety of U.S. political figures since inception.[138] PresidentJimmy Carter called for an end to the embargo in 2002 saying the U.S. and Cuba were "trapped in a destructive state of belligerence."[139]George Shultz, who served asSecretary of State under Reagan, called the embargo "insane" in 2005.[140] Venezuelan PresidentHugo Chávez criticized the embargo in 2009 calling it a "great farce" later stating that the "U.S. empire [is] alive and well, threatening us."[141] During this time U.S. PresidentBarack Obama discussed easing the embargo during his 2008 campaign for president,[142] though he promised to maintain it.[143][144] Secretary of StateHillary Clinton publicly shared the view that the embargo helps the Castros stay in power by enabling an anti-American narrative.[145] TheLatin America Working Group argues thatpro-embargo Cuban-American exiles, whose votes are crucial in the U.S. state ofFlorida, have swayed many politicians to adopt views similar to their own.[146] In June 2011,George McGovern, the Democratic nominee for president in1972, blamed "embittered Cuban exiles in Miami" for keeping the embargo alive.[147] Political scientistWilliam LeoGrande opined in 2015 that the embargo "has never been effective at achieving its principal purpose: forcing Cuba's revolutionary regime out of power or bending it to Washington's will.'[148]
Humanitarian opposition of the embargo has persisted since the 1970s due to the strict restrictions the embargo imposes on Cubans.Pope John Paul II criticized the embargo during his 1979 pastoral visit to Mexico.[149]Patriarch Bartholomew I called the embargo a "historic mistake" while visiting the island in 2004.[150] ReverendsJesse Jackson andAl Sharpton as well as ministerLouis Farrakhan have also publicly opposed the embargo. The U.S. bishops called for an end to the embargo on Cuba, afterPope Benedict XVI's 2012 visit to the island.[151]
Film directorMichael Moore challenged the embargo by bringing9/11 rescue workers in need of healthcare to Cuba to obtainsubsidized health care.[152]
Every year since 1992, except for 2020 due to theCOVID-19 pandemic,[153][154] the U.N. General Assembly has passed anon-binding resolution that condemns the ongoing impact of the embargo and declares it in violation of theCharter of the United Nations and of international law.[154][153] Israel is the only country that routinely joins the U.S. in voting against the resolution.[155]
Other countries that voted against the resolution in the past includeRomania in 1992,Albania andParaguay in 1993,Uzbekistan from 1995 to 1997,Marshall Islands from 2000 to 2007,Palau from 2004 to 2009 then once in 2012, andBrazil in 2019. 187 countries voted in favor of the resolution in 2024, with only the United States and Israel voting against it andMoldova abstaining.[156][157]
In 2025, five countries joined the United States and Israel in voting against the resolution:Argentina, Paraguay,Hungary,North Macedonia, andUkraine. Additionally, twelve countries abstained from the vote: Albania,Bosnia-Herzegovina,Costa Rica,Ecuador,Estonia,Latvia,Morocco,Poland, Moldova, and Romania. This was reportedly a result of intense lobbying by the Trump Administration, as well as a protest against the alleged participation of Cuban nationals during the ongoingRussian invasion of Ukraine.[158][159]
| U.N. Resolutions against the U.S. embargo on Cuba | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| year | date | resolution number | link | for | against | abstention | voting against |
| 1992 | November 24 | 47/19 | https://undocs.org/A/RES/47/19 | 59 | 3 | 71 | U.S., Israel, Romania |
| 1993 | November 3 | 48/16 | https://undocs.org/A/RES/48/16 | 88 | 4 | 57 | U.S., Israel, Albania, Paraguay |
| 1994 | October 26 | 49/9 | https://undocs.org/A/RES/49/9 | 101 | 2 | 48 | U.S., Israel |
| 1995 | November 2 | 50/10 | https://undocs.org/A/RES/50/10 | 117 | 3 | 38 | U.S., Israel, Uzbekistan |
| 1996 | November 12 | 51/17 | https://undocs.org/A/RES/51/17 | 138 | 3 | 25 | U.S., Israel, Uzbekistan |
| 1997 | November 5 | 52/10 | https://undocs.org/A/RES/52/10 | 143 | 3 | 17 | U.S., Israel, Uzbekistan |
| 1998 | October 14 | 53/4 | https://undocs.org/A/RES/53/4 | 157 | 2 | 12 | U.S., Israel |
| 1999 | November 9 | 54/21 | https://undocs.org/A/RES/54/21 | 155 | 2 | 8 | U.S., Israel |
| 2000 | November 9 | 55/20 | https://undocs.org/A/RES/55/20 | 167 | 3 | 4 | U.S., Israel, Marshall Islands |
| 2001 | November 27 | 56/9 | https://undocs.org/A/RES/56/9 | 167 | 3 | 3 | U.S., Israel, Marshall Islands |
| 2002 | November 12 | 57/11 | https://undocs.org/A/RES/57/11 | 173 | 3 | 4 | U.S., Israel, Marshall Islands |
| 2003 | November 4 | 58/7 | https://undocs.org/A/RES/58/7 | 179 | 3 | 2 | U.S., Israel, Marshall Islands |
| 2004 | October 28 | 59/11 | https://undocs.org/A/RES/59/11 | 179 | 4 | 1 | U.S., Israel, Marshall Islands, Palau |
| 2005 | November 8 | 60/12 | https://undocs.org/A/RES/60/12 | 182 | 4 | 1 | U.S., Israel, Marshall Islands, Palau |
| 2006 | November 8 | 61/11 | https://undocs.org/A/RES/61/11 | 183 | 4 | 1 | U.S., Israel, Marshall Islands, Palau |
| 2007 | October 30 | 62/3 | https://undocs.org/A/RES/62/3 | 184 | 4 | 1 | U.S., Israel, Marshall Islands, Palau |
| 2008 | October 29 | 63/7 | https://undocs.org/A/RES/63/7 | 185 | 3 | 2 | U.S., Israel, Palau |
| 2009 | October 28 | 64/6 | https://undocs.org/A/RES/64/6 | 187 | 3 | 2 | U.S., Israel, Palau |
| 2010 | October 26 | 65/6 | https://undocs.org/A/RES/65/6 | 187 | 2 | 3 | U.S., Israel |
| 2011 | October 25 | 66/6 | https://undocs.org/A/RES/66/6 | 186 | 2 | 3 | U.S., Israel |
| 2012 | November 13 | 67/4 | https://undocs.org/A/RES/67/4 | 188 | 3 | 2 | U.S., Israel, Palau |
| 2013 | October 29 | 68/8 | https://undocs.org/A/Res/68/8 | 188 | 2 | 3 | U.S., Israel |
| 2014 | October 28 | 69/5 | https://undocs.org/A/Res/69/5 | 188 | 2 | 3 | U.S., Israel |
| 2015 | October 27 | 70/5 | https://undocs.org/A/Res/70/5 | 191 | 2 | 0 | U.S., Israel |
| 2016 | October 26 | 71/5 | https://undocs.org/A/Res/71/5 | 191 | 0 | 2 | |
| 2017 | November 1 | 72/4 | https://undocs.org/A/Res/72/4 | 191 | 2 | 0 | U.S., Israel |
| 2018 | November 1 | 73/8 | https://undocs.org/A/Res/73/8 | 189 | 2 | 0 | U.S., Israel |
| 2019 | November 7 | 74/7 | https://undocs.org/A/Res/74/7 | 187 | 3 | 2 | U.S., Israel, Brazil |
| 2021 | June 23 | 75/289 | https://undocs.org/A/Res/75/289 | 184 | 2 | 3 | U.S., Israel |
| 2022 | November 3 | 77/7 | https://undocs.org/A/Res/77/7 | 185 | 2 | 2 | U.S., Israel |
| 2023 | November 2 | 78/38 | https://undocs.org/en/A/78/L.5 | 187 | 2 | 1 | U.S., Israel |
| 2024 | October 30 | 79/38 | https://undocs.org/en/A/79/L.6 | 187 | 2 | 1 | U.S., Israel |
| 2025 | October 29 | 80/4 | https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/4091600?ln=en | 165 | 7 | 12 | U.S., Argentina, Hungary, Israel, North Macedonia, Paraguay, Ukraine |
Cuba continues to play a destabilizing role in the Western Hemisphere, providing a communist foothold in the region and propping up U.S. adversaries in places likeVenezuela andNicaragua by fomenting instability, undermining the rule of law, and suppressing democratic processes. The U.S. government has made a strategic decision to reverse the loosening of sanctions and other restrictions on the Cuban regime. These actions will help to keep U.S. dollars out of the hands ofCuban military, intelligence, and security services.
A 2008USA Today/Gallup Poll indicated that Americans believed that diplomatic relations should be re-established with Cuba, with 61% in favor and 31% opposed.[161] In January 2012, anAngus Reid Public Opinion poll showed that 57% of Americans called for ending the U.S. travel ban with Cuba, with 27% disagreeing and 16% not sure.[162]
The Cuban Research Institute atFlorida International University has conducted thirteen polls (from 1991 to 2020) ofCuban Americans inDade County, Florida.[163] In 1991, support for the embargo was 67.9% (5.5% don't know) shortly after the end of the Cold War, bottoming out at 31.6% (9.4% don't know) in 2016 during the Cuban thaw, and back up to 54% (8% don't know) in 2020 after relations with Cuba deteriorated.[163] In 2024, the Cuban Research Institute found high levels of support for the embargo among Cuban-American voters in southern Florida, reporting that 55% of Cuban-American voters were in favor of the embargo's continuation with 43% preferring a more humanitarian sanctions program.[164]
Other countries that had holdings in Cuba—including Switzerland, Canada, Spain, and France—were more amenable to Castro's terms, apparently convinced that there was no chance they'd ever get a better deal.
Кастро охарактеризовал кубинскую революцию как социалистическую лишь 16 апреля 1961 года (то есть на втором году революции), на похоронах жертв американской варварской бомбардировки острова. Фидель произнес там следующие слова: «Товарищи рабочие и крестьяне, наша революция является социалистической и демократической, революцией бедняков, которая делается силами бедняков и в интересах бедняков». Заметим, что Фидель ничего не сказал о марксизме, речь ша [sic] о демократическом или как тогда говорили народном социализме.
When Castro, on 1 May 1961, declared that Cuba was now a Socialist state, he meant something utterly alien to the kind of democratic socialism exemplified byFigueres andBetancourt.
'What the imperialists cannot forgive us,' [Castro] roared, 'is that we have made a Socialist revolution under their noses.' This was the first occasion on which Castro publicly described the Revolution as being Socialist [...].
31 CFR § 515.542
But Trump returned the country to the blacklist immediately after returning to the White House as he resumed his "maximum pressure" campaign against Cuba that typified his foreign policy during his first term.
In a January 29 letter to the appropriate Congressional committees, I withdrew the prior administration's letter regarding the LIBERTAD Act. The Trump Administration is committed to U.S. persons having the ability to bring private rights of action involving trafficked property confiscated by the Cuban regime.
Meetings Coverage and Press Releases
Cuban banks are not generally licensed to open such accounts at U.S. banks. See note to 31 CFR § 515.584(a).
If the above are accepted or cannot be successfully countered, it follows that every possible means should be undertaken promptly to weaken the economic life of Cuba. If such a policy is adopted, it should be the result of a positive decision which would call forth a line of action which, while as adroit and inconspicuous as possible, makes the greatest inroads in denying money and supplies to Cuba, to decrease monetary and real wages, to bring about hunger, desperation and overthrow of government.
Under the TSRA, exports of food and agricultural products to Cuba remain regulated by the Department of Commerce and require a licence for export or re-export. The export of medicines and medical supplies continues to be severely limited. Although the TSRA contemplates the export of medicine, this legislation does not supersede the Cuban Democracy Act of 1992 and therefore the necessity of a presidential certificate through on-site verifications remains in force.
Its complex licensing requirements effectively prevent food, medicine, and medical equipment from reaching Cubans.
Petty crime is a threat for tourists in Cuba. Also, violent crime, including armed robbery and homicide, sometimes occurs in Cuba.
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