Supreme Court Building | |
 West Facade of the U.S. Supreme Court Building | |
   | |
| Location | 1 First Street,Northeast Washington, D.C., U.S. |
|---|---|
| Coordinates | 38°53′26″N77°0′16″W / 38.89056°N 77.00444°W /38.89056; -77.00444 |
| Built | 1935; 90 years ago (1935) |
| Architect | Cass Gilbert, Cass Gilbert Jr. |
| Designated NHL | May 4, 1987[1] |
| This article is part of a series on the |
| Supreme Court of the United States |
|---|
 |
| The Court |
| Current membership |
|
| Lists of justices |
|
| Court functionaries |
TheSupreme Court Building houses theSupreme Court of the United States, thehighest court in thefederal judiciary of the United States. The building serves as the official workplace of thechief justice of the United States and the eightassociate justices of the Supreme Court. It is located at 1 First Street inNortheastWashington, D.C. It is one block immediately east of theUnited States Capitol and north of theLibrary of Congress. The building is managed by theArchitect of the Capitol. On May 4, 1987, the Supreme Court Building was designated aNational Historic Landmark.[1][2][3]
Designed in theneoclassical style, the proposal for a separate building for the Supreme Court was suggested in 1912 byPresidentWilliam Howard Taft, who became Chief Justice in 1921. In 1929, Taft successfully argued for the creation of the new building but did not live to see it built.[3] Physical construction began in 1932 and was officially completed in 1935 under the guidance of Chief JusticeCharles Evans Hughes, Taft's successor.[3] The building was designed by architectCass Gilbert, a friend of Taft.[4]
Before the establishment ofWashington, D.C., as the national capital, the United States government was briefly based inNew York City, where the Supreme Court met in theMerchants Exchange Building. When thecapital moved toPhiladelphia, the Court moved with it and began meeting inIndependence Hall before settling inOld City Hall at 5th andChestnut streets from 1791 until 1800.[5]
After thefederal government moved to Washington, D.C., in 1800, the court had no permanent meeting location until 1810. When the architectBenjamin Henry Latrobe had the secondU.S. Senate chamber built directly on top of the first U.S. Senate chamber, the Supreme Court took up residence in what is now referred to as theOld Supreme Court Chamber from 1810 through 1860.[6] It remained in theU.S. Capitol until 1935, except for a period from 1814 to 1819, during which the Court was absent from the city following the 1814burning of Washington by British forces during theWar of 1812.[5]
As theSenate expanded, it progressively outgrew its quarters. In 1860, after the new wings of the Capitol for the Senate and theHouse of Representatives had been completed, the Supreme Court moved to theOld Senate Chamber (as it is now known) where it remained until its move to the current Supreme Court building.
From 1860 to 1935, the Supreme Court justices were designated to conduct their work within the cramped space of the Old Senate Chamber[7] alongside other federal government employees. This environment discouraged the justices from traveling to Washington, so they conducted most of their work from their homes.[8] Before the Supreme Court building was approved,Charles Evans Hughes, who had been an associate justice from 1910 to 1916, was vocally outspoken about the poor conditions of the justices' working environment and described the Old Senate Chamber as small, overheated, and barren.[9]
PresidentWilliam Howard Taft proposed a new Supreme Court building in 1912. After becoming Chief Justice in 1921[3] he argued successfully for the Court to have its own headquarters to distance itself fromCongress as an independent branch of government. Through the rigorous lobbying efforts of Chief Justice Taft, he was able to secure the funding needed from Congress for a Supreme Court building in 1929.[8] Taft's motivations for a Supreme Court building were fueled by the relationship between the judicial branch and the other branches of government,[10] as well as the drastic differences in his working environment from when he served as President of the United States to when he served as Chief Justice. Taft envisioned the judicial branch of government to embody a persona of independence, and therefore saw the Supreme Court building as a means of establishing his vision.[9]
In 1929, the government purchased theNational Woman's Party headquarters and razed it for a new building.[11] The court building was designed by architectCass Gilbert, who was a friend to Taft. The building was completed by his son Cass Gilbert Jr. following the elder Gilbert's death in 1934.[12]
Chief JusticeEdward Douglass White, nominated by Taft in 1910, and later succeeded by him in 1921, was part of the initial resistance to the idea of a Supreme Court building. He argued that the Supreme Court obtained its relevance because of its location within the Capitol.[9] Many justices in addition to Chief Justice White refused to conduct their work within the building and remained in their homes.[9] The familiarity of their workspaces at home naturally discouraged the justices from operating in a completely new location, and they were also given funding by Congress to work from their homes.[13]
JusticesHarlan Fiske Stone andLouis Brandeis did not move into the new Supreme Court Building during their service on the court.[14] Brandeis believed that Taft's intentions behind the new building represented a conflict between the judicial branch and the executive and legislative branches of government.[14] Brandeis also opposed Taft's efforts to secure a new Supreme Court building by suggesting that a new wing should be added to the capitol to avoid having to work from his home;[14] however, Taft was relentless in pursuing his vision for the Supreme Court. A decade after the Supreme Court building was completed, all nine justices occupied an office within the structure.[15] This is primarily because the justices that did not favor the new Supreme Court Building were eventually replaced by new justices who were unfamiliar with working from home.[16]
The main opposition to the creation of the Supreme Court building was in Congress, particularly during Taft's tenure as Chief Justice. Taft faced opposition from senators in Congress, such as SenatorCharles Curtis of Kansas, who threatened to replace Taft if he continued to protest his working conditions.[13] In 1927, Taft noticed that out of ninety-six total senators at the time, only one urgently supported Taft's lobbying efforts; but only because this senator wanted the space the justices occupied at that time for the Senate.[17]
The Supreme Court Building is located at 1 First Street,NE, on the site of the formerOld Capitol Prison, across the street from theUnited States Capitol. The building was designed by architectCass Gilbert, and was Gilbert's last major project; he died before it was completed. Gilbert was a long-time friend ofWilliam Howard Taft and was employed for several years by McKim, Mead, and White, then regarded as the largest architectural firm in the world.[13] Chief Justice Taft personally appointed Gilbert for the architectural planning and construction of the Supreme Court building.[10] Gilbert was not particularly concerned with the function of the Supreme Court building for the Supreme Court Justices; however, the respect Gilbert had for Chief Justice Taft compelled him to design the building as a testament to his friend's honor.[4] Gilbert's architectural imagination resulted in a Greek-styled temple which was intended to communicate the inherent royalty of law.[9]
The Supreme Court Building is in theNeoclassical style and rises four stories (92 ft (28 m)) above ground. The cornerstone was laid on October 13, 1932, and construction was completed in 1935 for slightly under the $9,740,000 budget authorized by Congress ($173 million in 2024 dollars).[18] "The building was designed on a scale in keeping with the importance and dignity of the Court and the Judiciary as a coequal, independent branch of the United States Government, and as a symbol of 'the national ideal of justice in the highest sphere of activity.'"[5] The public façade is made ofmarble quarried fromVermont, and that of the non-public-facing courtyards,Georgia marble. The massive, oversized bronze doors for the entrance were manufactured and cast by theGeneral Bronze Corporation ofNew York City.[19]
"Out of all of our monumental projects, spread over two lifetimes, the Supreme Court doors are the only work that we ever signed - that's how important they were."
Most of the interior spaces are lined withAlabama marble, except for the Courtroom itself, which is lined withSpanish ivory vein marble.[20] For the Courtroom's 24 columns, "Gilbert felt that only the ivory buff and golden marble from the Montarrenti quarries nearSiena, Italy" would suffice. In May 1933, he petitioned the ItalianPrime Minister,Benito Mussolini, "to ask his assistance in guaranteeing that the Siena quarries sent nothing inferior to the official sample marble".
Not all the justices were thrilled by the new arrangements, the courtroom in particular.Harlan Fiske Stone complained it was "almost bombastically pretentious... Wholly inappropriate for a quiet group of old boys such as the Supreme Court". Another justice observed that he felt the court would be "nine blackbeetles in the Temple ofKarnak", while another complained that such pomp and ceremony suggested the justices ought to enter the courtroom riding onelephants.The New Yorker columnistHoward Brubaker noted at the time of its opening that it had "fine big windows to throw theNew Deal out of".[21]
The west façade of the building bears the motto "Equal Justice Under Law", while the east façade bears the motto "Justice, the Guardian ofLiberty". On November 28, 2005, a basketball-sized chunk of marble weighing approximately 172 lb (78 kg) fell four stories from the west façade onto the steps of the Court; it had previously been part of the parapet above the word "under" in the "Equal Justice Under Law" engraving immediately above the figure of aRomancenturion carryingfasces. After the incident, planning was initiated to repair the west façade, which included cleaning, removal of debris, and restoration. In 2012, scaffolding encased the west façade printed with a full-size photograph of the façade. The project was completed in 2013.[22]
The Supreme Court Building includes:
Originally built as a storage area, the gym was converted for its current function in the 1940s, although who is responsible for the transformation is not known. It may have been built at the suggestion of Cass Gilbert Jr., who took over many of his father's projects after he died. Among the justices known for their on-court prowess was JusticeByron White who, as the runner-up for the 1937Heisman Trophy and formerNational Football League player, is considered to be the Supreme Court's preeminent sportsman.Supreme Court clerks who have played includeFox News commentatorLaura Ingraham, and current Supreme Court JusticesElena Kagan andBrett Kavanaugh. Near the entrance to the gym is a sign that reads: "Playing basketball and weightlifting are prohibited while the court is in session".[24] TheAtlantic Terra Cotta Company ofPerth Amboy, New Jersey created theterra cotta roof for the building. The Supreme Court Building maintains its own police force, theSupreme Court Police. Separate from the Capitol Police, the force was created in 1935 to protect the building and its personnel.
On May 3, 2010, citing security concerns and as part of the building's modernization project, the Supreme Court announced that the public (including parties to the cases being argued, the attorneys who represent them, and visitors to Oral arguments or the building) would no longer be allowed to enter the building through the main door on top of the steps on the west side.[29] Visitors must now enter through ground-level doors located at the plaza, leading to a reinforced area for security screening. The main doors at the top of the steps may still be used to exit the building.[29] JusticeBreyer released a statement, joined by Justice Ginsburg, expressing his opinion that although he recognizes the security concerns that led to the decision, he does not believe on balance that the closure is justified.[30] Calling the decision "dispiriting", he said he was not aware of any Supreme Court in the world that had closed its main entrance to the public.[30]
All visitors to the Court must pass through metal detectors and have their belongingsX-rayed. Cameras are permitted in the building, but no recording devices of any kind, audio or visual, are ever permitted in the Courtroom. When the Court is not in session, visitors can walk through the Great Hall and public areas on the ground floor, including the cafeteria and a small movie theater presenting a documentary of the Court, and guided lectures are periodically given in the Courtroom, which is not otherwise accessible. The schedule for the lectures can be confirmed on the Court's website the day before a visit. The line for these tours forms in a designated area to the side of the Courtroom doors.[31]
When the Court is in session, the Great Hall is not open to the public, except for those attending Court. The arguments are typically held in two-week cycles of a 10 am and 11 am argument on Mondays, Tuesdays, and Wednesdays.[32] Depending on the significance of the case and the time of year (winter arguments are less popular), visitors should arrive at the Court anywhere from two hours in advance to, in extremely controversial cases, the night before. At some point in the morning, which is not predetermined, the Supreme Court Police Officers distribute numbered tickets. These serve as placeholders only and are not a guarantee of admission. Visitors who have tickets may leave the area and return at the appointed time to line up in numerical order, usually one hour before the argument. At this time, there usually are several hundred persons waiting outside the Court, most of whom are not able to observe either argument.[33] The Courtroom has seating for some 250 public visitors, but there are almost always large groups of students or officials that reduce the number of available seats. Visitors who are admitted to observe the first argument generally stay for the second argument, resulting in only a small number of total seats available for the second argument. Just before the first argument, the officers divide the crowd into two lines: one is for those waiting with tickets to observe the entire argument, while the other is to observe five minutes of the argument while standing in the back of the Courtroom. Both lines remain in place during the first argument. Visitors must stand when the justices enter and leave, and remain silent. Drowsy, noisy, or otherwise disruptive visitors are promptly removed by plainclothes officers.[31]
Since recording devices have been banned inside the courtroom, the fastest way for decisions of landmark cases to reach the press is through theRunning of the Interns.[34]
... the oversized doors measure 17 feet high, 9 ½ feet wide and weigh about 13 tons. Cast by The General Bronze Corporation they were shipped to Washington and installed in early 1935.
Bronze has been the metal of all civilizations through the ages
Geographic data related toUnited States Supreme Court Building atOpenStreetMap| The court |  | |
|---|---|---|
| Procedures | ||
| Current members | ||
| Retired justices | ||
| History |
| |
| Lists of justices and nominees | ||
| Statutes affecting court size | ||
| Functionaries | ||
| Location | ||
| Related | ||
Authority control databases: Geographic |
|---|
