The Foreign Relations Committee is considered one of the most powerful and prestigious in the Senate, due to its long history, broad influence on U.S. foreign policy, jurisdiction over all diplomatic nominations, and its being the only Senate committee to deliberate and report treaties.[3]
From 2021 to 2023, the Foreign Relations Committee was chaired byDemocratic senatorBob Menendez ofNew Jersey, until he stepped down as chair after facing federal corruption charges.[4]
In 1943, a confidential analysis of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee by British scholarIsaiah Berlin for theForeign Office stated:[5]
The Senate of the United States ... keeps a close watch on foreign policy, not merely in theory but in practice. The two-thirds majority of the Senate needed for theratification of all foreign treaties is only the best known of its powers, but its general control over all legislation and its power of veto over theappointment of ambassadors, and other high public officials, and the influence of its views over public opinion, give it a unique position in the determination of United States foreign policy. The organ within the Senate which moulds this policy is the Foreign Relations Committee, which has in its power to alter, delay and, under certain political circumstances, to veto almost any piece of major policy in this field.
Between 1887 and 1907, Alabama DemocratJohn Tyler Morgan played a leading role on the committee. Morgan called for a canal linking the Atlantic and Pacific oceans through Nicaragua, enlarging the merchant marine and the Navy, and acquiring Hawaii, Puerto Rico, the Philippines and Cuba. He expected Latin American and Asian markets would become a new export market for Alabama's cotton, coal, iron, and timber. The canal would make trade with the Pacific much more feasible, and an enlarged military would protect that new trade. By 1905, most of his dreams had become reality, with the canal passing through Panama instead of Nicaragua.[6]
Refusing to give the lady [Peace Treaty of Versailles] a seat—by SenatorsBorah,Lodge andJohnson,c. 1919
DuringWorld War II, the committee took the lead in rejecting traditional isolationism and designing a new internationalist foreign policy based on the assumption that the United Nations would be a much more effective force than the old discredited League of Nations. Of special concern was the insistence that Congress play a central role in postwar foreign policy, as opposed to its ignorance of the main decisions made during the war.[7] Republican senatorArthur Vandenberg played the central role.[8]
In 1966, as tensions over theVietnam War escalated, the committee set up hearings on possible relations with Communist China. Witnesses, especially academic specialists on East Asia, suggested to the American public that it was time to adopt a new policy of containment without isolation. The hearings Indicated that American public opinion toward China had moved away from hostility and toward cooperation. The hearings had a long-term impact when Richard Nixon became president, discarded containment, and began a policy of détente with China.[9] The problem remained of how to deal simultaneously with the Chinese government on Taiwan after formal recognition was accorded to the Beijing government. The committee drafted the Taiwan Relations Act (US, 1979) which enabled the United States both to maintain friendly relations with Taiwan and to develop fresh relations with China.[10]
In response to conservative criticism that the state department lacked hardliners,President Ronald Reagan in 1981 nominatedErnest W. Lefever asAssistant Secretary of State. Lefever performed poorly at his confirmation hearings and the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations rejected his nomination by vote of 4–13, prompting Lefever to withdraw his name.[11]Elliot Abrams filled the position.
Republican senatorJesse Helms, a staunch conservative, was committee chair in the late 1990s. He pushed for reform of the UN by blocking payment of U.S. membership dues.[12]
Bertie Bowman served as a staffer on the FRC from 1966 to 1990 and as the hearing coordinator from 2000 to 2021.[13][14]
^Appointed to the committee after Polk was expelled from the Senate.
^Lugar briefly held the ranking position while Helms attempted to succeed him. Lugar kept the position with the support of the committee's Republicans until a vote by the full Senate Republican Conference overruled them and installed Helms.[19][20]
Officials from theUS Senate Foreign Relations Committee inspecting burnt down printing press ofUthayan newspaper inJaffna on December 7, 2013, whileE. Saravanapavan, the managing director of the newspaper explaining something to him
^"12.6 Committees",American Government and Politics in the Information Age, University of Minnesota Libraries Publishing edition, 2016. This edition adapted from a work originally produced in 2011 by a publisher who has requested that it not receive attribution., November 16, 2016,archived from the original on October 1, 2023, retrievedJanuary 22, 2021
^Joseph A. Fry, "John Tyler Morgan's Southern Expansionism,"Diplomatic History (1985) 9#4 pp: 329-346.
^Roland Young,Congressional Politics in the Second World War (1958), pp 168–96
^James A. Gazell, "Arthur H. Vandenberg, Internationalism, and the United Nations."Political Science Quarterly (1973) pp: 375-394.in JSTORArchived December 4, 2020, at theWayback Machine
^Katherine Klinefelter, "The China Hearings: America's Shifting Paradigm on China,"Congress & the Presidency (2011) 38#1 pp: 60-76.
^Jacob K. Javits, "Congress And Foreign Relations: The Taiwan Relations Act,"Foreign Affairs (1981) 60#1 pp 54-62
Carter, Ralph G. and James Scott, eds.Choosing to Lead : Understanding Congressional Foreign Policy Entrepreneurs (Duke University Press, 2009)
Crabb, Cecil Van Meter, and Pat M. Holt.Invitation to struggle: Congress, the president, and foreign policy (CQ Press, 1992)
Dahl, Robert A.Congress and Foreign Policy (1950)
Farnsworth, David Nelson.The Senate Committee on Foreign Relations (University of Illinois Press, 1961), a topical survey of the committee's activity from 1947 to 1956.
Frye, Alton. "'Gobble'uns' and foreign policy: a review,"Journal of Conflict Resolution (1964) 8#3 pp: 314–321. Historiographical review of major books
Gagnon, Frédérick. "Dynamic Men: Vandenberg, Fulbright, Helms and the Activity of the Chairman of the US Senate Foreign Relations Committee Since 1945."online (2013)
Gazell, James A. "Arthur H. Vandenberg, Internationalism, and the United Nations."Political Science Quarterly (1973): 375–394.in JSTOR
Gould, Lewis.The Most Exclusive Club : A History of the Modern United States Senate (2006)
Hewes, James E. Jr. "Henry Cabot Lodge and the League of Nations".Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society (1970) 114#4 pp: 245–255.
Hitchens, Harold L., "Influences of the Congressional Decision to Pass the Marshall Plan"Western Political Science Quarterly (1968) 21#1 pp: 51–68.in JSTOR
Jewell, Malcolm E.Senatorial Politics and Foreign Policy (U. of Kentucky Press, 1962)
Kaplan, Lawrence S.The Conversion of Senator Arthur H. Vandenberg: From Isolation to International Engagement (University Press of Kentucky, 2015)
Link, William A.Righteous Warrior: Jesse Helms and the Rise of Modern Conservatism (2008)
McCormick, James M. "Decision making in the foreign affairs and foreign relations committees." in Randall B. Ripley and James M. Lindsay, eds..Congress resurgent: foreign and defense policy on Capitol Hill (University of Michigan press, 1993) pp: 115–153
Maguire, Lori. "The US Congress and the politics of Afghanistan: an analysis of the Senate Foreign Relations and Armed Services Committees during George W Bush's second term."Cambridge Review of International Affairs (2013) 26#2 pp: 430–452.
Robinson, James A.Congress and Foreign Policy-Making (1962), statistical study of roll calls emphasizing the importance of the committee
Spanier, John, and Joseph Nogee, eds.Congress, the Presidency and American Foreign Policy (Elsevier, 2013)
Warburg, Gerald Felix.Conflict and consensus: The struggle between Congress and the president over foreign policymaking (HarperCollins Publishers, 1989)
Woods, Randall Bennett.Fulbright : A Biography (Cambridge University Press, 1995)
Young, Roland.Congressional Politics in the Second World War (1958), pp 168–96
