West Point's academic program grants theBachelor of Science degree with a curriculum that grades cadets' performance upon a broad academic program, military leadership performance, and mandatory participation in competitive athletics. Candidates for admission must apply directly to the academy and receive a nomination, usually from a member ofCongress.[8] Students are officers-in-training with the rank ofcadet. Collectively, the students at the academy are the "United States Corps of Cadets" (USCC). The Army fully funds tuition for cadets in exchange for an active duty service obligation upon graduation. About 1,300 cadets enter the academy each July, with about 1,000 cadets graduating. The academy began admitting female cadets in 1976, and women now comprise around 20% of entrants. The academy's traditions have influenced other institutions because of its age and unique mission. It was the first American college to have an accreditedcivil engineering program, and its technical curriculum became a model forengineering schools. It was also the first college to haveclass rings.
TheContinental Army first occupied West Point, New York, on 27 January 1778,[9] and it is the oldest continuously operating Army post in the United States.[10] Between 1778 and 1780, thePolish engineer and military heroTadeusz Kościuszko oversaw the construction of the garrison defenses.[11] However, Kościuszko's plan of a system of small forts did not meet with the approval of New York Governor (and General)George Clinton or the other general officers. It was determined that a battery along the river to "annoy the shipping" was more appropriate, and Washington's chief engineer,Rufus Putnam, directed the construction of a major fortification on a hill 500 feet (150 m) above sea level that commanded the West Point plain. General Alexander McDougall named itFort Putnam.[12] The GreatHudson River Chain and high ground above the narrow "S" curve in the river enabled theContinental Army to prevent theRoyal Navy from sailing upriver and dividing Patriot forces in the Northern colonies from the south.[13][14] While the fortifications at West Point were known as Fort Arnold during the war, as commander,Benedict Arnold committed his act oftreason, attempting to turn the fort over to the British.[15][16] After Arnold betrayed the patriot cause, the Army changed the name of the fortifications at West Point, New York, toFort Clinton, named after GeneralJames Clinton.[15] With the peace after the American Revolutionary War, various ordnance and military stores were left deposited at West Point.[17]
Artillery cadet in 1805, wearing a mixture of commissioned and non-commissioned uniforms prescribed for artillery cadets
"Cadets" underwent training in artillery and engineering studies at the garrison since 1794.[18] During theQuasi-War,Alexander Hamilton laid out plans for the establishment of a military academy at West Point and introduced "A Bill for Establishing a Military Academy" in the House of Representatives.[19] In 1801, shortly after his inauguration as president,Thomas Jefferson directed that plans be set in motion to establish at West Point the United States Military Academy.[20] He selectedJonathan Williams to serve as its first superintendent.[21] Congress formally authorized the establishment and funding of the school with theMilitary Peace Establishment Act of 1802, which Jefferson signed on 16 March.[2] The academy officially commenced operations on 4 July 1802.[22] The academy graduatedJoseph Gardner Swift, its first official graduate, in October 1802. He later returned as Superintendent from 1812 to 1814.[18] In its tumultuous early years, the academy featured few standards for admission or length of study. Cadets ranged in age from 10 years to 37 years and attended between 6 months to 6 years.[18] The impendingWar of 1812 caused theUnited States Congress to authorize a more formal system of education at the academy and increased the size of the Corps of Cadets to 250.[18]
In 1817,ColonelSylvanus Thayer became the Superintendent and established the curriculum, elements of which are still in use as of 2020[update]. Thayer instilled strict disciplinary standards, set a standard course of academic study, and emphasized honorable conduct. He was very much inspired by the curriculum of the FrenchÉcole Polytechnique, where he had been sent upon his demand, for two years in order to study the scientific and technological achievements developed by the French Republican faction and bring them back to the United States. Known as the "Father of the Military Academy," he is honored with a monument on campus for the profound impact he had on the academy.[23][24] Founded as a school of engineering, for the first half of the 19th century, USMA produced graduates who gained recognition for engineering the bulk of the nation's initial railway lines, bridges, harbors, and roads.[25][26][27] The academy was the only engineering school in the country until the founding ofRensselaer Polytechnic Institute in 1824. It was so successful in its engineering curriculum that it significantly influenced every American engineering school founded prior to theCivil War.[25][26][28]
West Point, from Phillipstown (1831), engraving by W. J. Bennett showing the original buildings of the United States Military Academy
In 1835, during the Army's first year of theSecond Seminole War, they had only three generals:Winfield Scott,Edmund P. Gaines, andThomas S. Jesup.[29] The Army's remaining fourteen generals held onlybrevet ranks,[30] and none of them were West Point graduates. Nearly the only way to obtain a commission up to 1835 was through the academy, which raised loud complaints and added to the deep desire of the era'sJacksonian Democracy "to get rid of the Academy, where Jacksonians were sure, an aristocratic tradition was being bred."[30]
Robert E. Lee,American Civil War general who graduated from West Point in 1829, and served as its superintendent from 1852 to 1855
TheMexican–American War brought the academy to prominence as graduates proved themselves in battle for the first time. FutureCivil War commandersUlysses S. Grant andRobert E. Lee, who also later became the superintendent of the academy, first distinguished themselves in battle in Mexico.[31][32] In all, 452 of 523 graduates who served in the war received battlefield promotions or awards for bravery.[31][33] The school experienced a rapid modernization during the 1850s, often romanticized by the graduates who led both sides of the Civil War as the "end of the Old West Point era."[34] New barracks brought better heat andgas lighting, while new ordnance and tactics training incorporated new rifle andmusket technology and accommodated transportation advances created by the steam engine.[34][35] With the outbreak of the Civil War, West Point graduates filled thegeneral officer ranks of the rapidly expandingUnion andConfederate armies.[36] 294 graduates served as general officers for the Union, and 151 served as general officers for the Confederacy.[34] Of all living graduates at the time of the war, 105 (10%) were killed, and another 151 (15%) were wounded.[34] Nearly every general officer of note from either army during the Civil War was a graduate of West Point, and a West Point graduate commanded the forces of one or both sides in every one of the 60 major battles of the war.[34][36][37]
Immediately following the Civil War, the academy enjoyed unprecedented fame as a result of the role its graduates had played.[38] The post-war years were a difficult time for the academy as it struggled to admit and reintegrate cadets from former Confederate states.[39] The first cadets from Southern states were re-admitted in 1868, and 1870 saw the admission of the first black cadet,James Webster Smith ofSouth Carolina.[39][40] Smith endured harsh treatment and was eventually dismissed for academic deficiency under controversial circumstances in 1874.[41] As a result,Henry O. Flipper ofGeorgia became the first black graduate in 1877, graduating 50th in a class of 76.[39][42] Two of the most notable graduates during this period wereGeorge Washington Goethals from the class of 1880 andJohn J. Pershing from the class of 1886.[39] Goethals gained prominence as the chief engineer of thePanama Canal,[43] and Pershing would become famous for his exploits against the famedPancho Villa in Mexico and later for leading American Forces during World War I.[44] In 1898, the first Confederate leader since the Civil War was invited to the academy.[45]
Besides the integration of southern-state and black cadets, the post-war academy also struggled with the issue ofhazing. In its first 65 years, hazing was uncommon or non-existent beyond small pranks played upon the incoming freshmen, but it took a harsher tone as Civil War veterans began to fill the incoming freshman classes. The upper-class cadets saw it as their duty to "teach the plebes their manners."[46] Hazing at the academy entered the national spotlight with the death of former cadetOscar L. Booz on 3 December 1900. Congressional hearings, which included testimony by cadetDouglas MacArthur, investigated his death and the pattern of freshmen's systemic hazing.[47] When MacArthur returned as superintendent, he made an effort to end the practice of hazing the incoming freshmen by placing Army sergeants in charge of training new cadets during freshman summer.[48] The practice of hazing continued on some levels well into the late 20th century, but is no longer allowed in the present day.[49]
Corps of Cadetsc. 1870United States Military Academy uniform in 1882
The demand for junior officers during theSpanish–American War caused the class of 1899 to graduate early, and thePhilippine–American War did the same for the class of 1901. This increased demand for officers led Congress to increase the Corps of Cadets' size to 481 cadets in 1900.[50] The period between 1900 and 1915 saw a construction boom as much of West Point's old infrastructure was rebuilt.[50] Many of the academy's most famous graduates graduated during the 15 years between 1900 and 1915:Douglas MacArthur (1903),Joseph Stilwell (1904),Henry "Hap" Arnold (1907),George S. Patton (1909),Dwight D. Eisenhower, andOmar Bradley (both 1915). The class of 1915 is known as "the class the stars fell on" for the exceptionally high percentage of general officers that rose from that class (59 of 164).[51][52]
U.K. secretary for warRichard Haldane, author of theHaldane Reforms of the British military, at West Point sometime before World War I
The outbreak of America's involvement in World War I caused a sharp increase in the demand for army officers, and the academy accelerated graduation of all four classes then in attendance to meet this requirement, beginning with the early graduation of the First Class on 20 April 1917, the Second Class in August 1917, and both the Third and Fourth Classes just before the Armistice of 11 November 1918, when only freshman cadets remained (those who had entered in the summer of 1918).[50] In all, wartime contingencies and post-war adjustments resulted in ten classes, varying in length of study from two to four years, within a seven-year period before the regular course of study was fully resumed.[53]
Class at West Point, 1929
Douglas MacArthur became superintendent in 1919, instituting sweeping reforms to the academic process, including introducing a greater emphasis on history andhumanities.[54] He made major changes to the field training regimen, and the Cadet Honor Committee was formed under his watch in 1922.[55][56] MacArthur was a firm supporter of athletics at the academy, as he famously said, "Upon the fields of friendly strife are sown the seeds that, upon other fields, on other days, will bear the fruits of victory."[57] West Point was first officially accredited in 1925, and in 1933 began granting Bachelor of Science degrees to all graduates.[58] In 1935, the academy's authorized strength increased to 1,960 cadets.[58]
AsWorld War II engulfed Europe, Congress authorized an increase to 2,496 cadets in 1942 and began graduating classes early. The class of 1943 graduated six months early in January 1943, and the next four classes graduated after only three years.[59] To accommodate this accelerated schedule, summer training was formally moved to a recently acquired piece of land southwest of the main post. The site would later become Camp Buckner.[60] The academy had its last serious brush with abolition or major reform during the war, when some members of Congress charged that even the accelerated curriculum allowed young men to "hide out" at West Point and avoid combat duty. A proposal was put forth to convert the academy to an officer's training school with a six-month schedule, but this was not adopted. West Point played a prominent role in WWII; four of the five,five-star generals were alumni, and nearly 500 graduates died.[59] Immediately following the war in 1945,Maxwell Taylor (class of 1922) became superintendent. He expanded and modernized the academic program and abolished antiquated courses in fencing and horsemanship.[61]
Unlike previous conflicts, theKorean War did not disrupt class graduation schedules. More than half of the Army leadership during the war was composed of West Point graduates. The Class of 1950, which graduated only two weeks prior to the war's outbreak, suffered some of the heaviest casualties of any 20th-century class and became known sourly as "the class the crosses fell on." A total of 157 alumni perished in the conflict.[62]Garrison H. Davidson became superintendent in 1956 and instituted several reforms that included refining the admissions process, changing the core curriculum to include electives, and increasing the academic degree standards for academy instructors.[62] The 1960s saw the size of the Corps expand to 4,400 cadets while the barracks and academic support structure grew proportionally.[63][64]
West Point was not immune to the social upheaval of American society during theVietnam War.[65][66][67] The first woman joined the faculty of the all-male institution amidst controversy in 1968.[68] West Point granted its firsthonorable discharge in 1971 to an African-American West Point cadet, Cornelius M. Cooper, of California, who applied forconscientious objector status in 1969.[69] The academy struggled to fill its incoming classes as its graduates led troops in Southeast Asia, where 333 graduates died.[70][71]
Women were first admitted to the academy in 1976 for the Class of 1980. Pictured are three cadets from that class in December 1976
Following the 1973 end of American involvement in Vietnam, the strain and stigma of earlier social unrest dissolved, and West Point enjoyed surging enrollments.[72] On 20 May 1975, an amendment to the Defense Authorization Bill of 1976 opening the service academies to women was approved by the House of Representatives, 303–96. The Senate followed suit on 6 June.President Ford signed the bill on 7 October 1975.[73]
West Point admitted its first 119 female cadets in 1976.[74][75] Also in 1976, physics professorJames H. Stith became the first tenured African American Professor.[76] In 1979, Cadet, later General,Vincent K. Brooks became the firstAfrican American to lead the Corps of Cadets.[77] Kristin Baker, ten years later, became the first female First Captain, the highest-ranking senior cadet at the academy in 1989.[78] Seven other women have been appointed as First Captain: Grace H. Chung in 2003, Stephanie Hightower in 2005, Lindsey Danilack in 2013, Simone Askew in 2017, Reilly McGinnis in 2020, Lauren Drysdale in 2022, and Caroline Robinson in 2025.[79][80]Simone Askew was the first African American woman to lead the Corps.[77] In the 21st century, women comprise approximately 20% of entering new cadets.[81]
First female graduates in 1980
In 1985, cadets were formally authorized to declare an academic major; all previous graduates had been awarded a general Bachelor of Science degree. Five years later there was a major revision of theFourth-Class System, as the Cadet Leader Development System (CLDS) became the guidance for the development of all four classes.[71][82] The class of 1990 was the first one to be issued a standard and mandatory computer to every member of the class at the beginning of Plebe year, theZenith 248 SX. The academy was also an early adopter of theInternet in the mid-1990s, and was recognized in 2006 as one of the nation's "most wired" campuses.[83]
During theGulf War, alumnus GeneralSchwarzkopf was the commander of Allied Forces. The American senior generals inIraq, GeneralsPetraeus,Odierno andAustin, and Afghanistan, retired GeneralStanley McChrystal and GeneralDavid Rodriguez, are also alumni. Following theSeptember 11 attacks, applications for admission to the academy increased dramatically, security on campus was increased, and the curriculum was revamped to include coursework on terrorism and military drills in civilian environments.[84] One graduate was killed during the 9/11 terrorist attacks and ninety graduates have died during operations inAfghanistan,Iraq, and the ongoing globalwar on terror.[85][86] The Class of 2005 has been referred to asThe Class of 9/11 as the attacks occurred during their first year at the academy, and they graduated 911 students. In 2008 gender-neutral lyrics were incorporated into West Point's "Alma Mater" and "The Corps" – replacing lines like "The men of the Corps" with "The ranks of the Corps."[87] In December 2009, PresidentBarack Obama delivered a major speech in Eisenhower Hall Theater outlining his policy fordeploying 30,000 additional troops toAfghanistan as well as setting a timetable for withdrawal.[88][89] President Obama also provided the commencement address in 2014.[90]
After theDon't Ask, Don't Tell policywas lifted 20 September 2011, the academy began admitting and retaining openly gay cadets. By March 2012, cadets were forming a gay-straight alliance group called Spectrum.[91] By March 2015, Spectrum had two faculty and 40 cadet members, a mixture of gay, straight, bi, and undecided. According to a Vanity Fair essay, the LGBT cadets were well accepted.[92] After the ban on transgender service members was lifted in 2016, the Class of 2017 saw the first openly transgender graduate. However, she was denied a commission and was honorably discharged.[93]
The Corps of Cadets assembled withCOVID-19 facemasks for the 2020 Army-Navy game
Brig. Gen. Diana Holland became West Point's first woman Commandant of Cadets in January 2016.[94]
In 2020, the campus confronted its first major pandemic in a century, with theCOVID-19 pandemic causing limitations on classes, and the relocation of the traditionalArmy-Navy football game to ensuresocial distancing. For the first time in many years, the 121st iteration of the game was held at West Point rather than the traditionalLincoln Financial Field inPhiladelphia. Ultimately, West Point beat Navy 15–0.[95]
Looking north from theHudson River toward the central campus, located in theHudson HighlandsThe Trophy Point Amphitheater hosts cadet ceremonies as well as free summer concerts.
The academy is located approximately 50 miles (80 km) north of New York City on the western bank of theHudson River.West Point, New York, is incorporated as a federal military reservation inOrange County and is adjacent toHighland Falls.[96] Based on the significance both of theRevolutionary War fort ruins and of the military academy itself, the majority of the academy area was declared aNational Historic Landmark in 1960.[97][98] In 1841,Charles Dickens visited the academy and said "It could not stand on more appropriate ground, and any ground more beautiful can hardly be."[99] One of the most visited and scenic sites on post,Trophy Point, overlooks the Hudson River to the north, and is home to many captured cannon from past wars as well as theStanford White-designedBattle Monument.[100] Though the entire military reservation encompasses 15,974 acres (65 km2), the academic area of the campus, known as "central area" or "the cadet area", is entirely accessible to cadets or visitors by foot.[101]
Cadet ChapelOne of the six wings of Washington Hall during lunchtime
In 1902, the Boston architectural firmCram, Goodhue, and Ferguson was awarded a major construction contract that set the predominantlyneogothic architectural style still seen today.[102] Most of the buildings of the central cadet area are in this style, as typified by theCadet Chapel, completed in 1910.[103] These buildings are nearly all constructed from granite that has a predominantly gray and black hue. The barracks that were built in the 1960s were designed to mimic this style.[102] Other buildings on post, notably the oldest private residences for the faculty, are built in theFederal,Georgian, orEnglish Tudor styles.[104] A few buildings, such as Cullum Hall and theOld Cadet Chapel, are built in theNeoclassical style.[105]
Nininger Hall, part of the original Cadet Barracks
The academy grounds are home to numerous monuments and statues. The central cadet parade ground,the Plain, hosts the largest number, and includes theWashington Monument,Thayer Monument,Eisenhower Monument,MacArthur Monument,Kosciuszko Monument, andSedgwick Monument.Patton Monument was first dedicated in front of the cadet library in 1950,[106] but in 2004 it was placed in storage to make room for the construction of Jefferson Hall. With the completion of Jefferson Hall,Patton's statue was relocated and unveiled at a temporary location on 15 May 2009, where it will remain until the completion of the renovation of the old cadet library and Bartlett Hall.[107] There is also a statue commemorating brotherhood and friendship from theÉcole Polytechnique in the cadet central area just outside Nininger Hall. The remaining campus area is home to 27 other monuments and memorials.[108]
West Point is home to historic athletic facilities likeMichie Stadium and Gillis Field House as well as modern facilities such as the Lichtenberg Tennis Center, Anderson Rugby Complex, and the Lou Gross Gymnastics Facility.[112] Michie Stadium recently underwent a significant upgrade in facilities for the football team, and the academy installed a new artificial turf field in the summer of 2008.[113]
The visitor center is just outside the Thayer Gate in the village ofHighland Falls and offers the opportunity to arrange for a guided tour. These tours, which are the only way the general public can access the academy grounds, leave the visitor center several times a day. The old West Point Visitor Center was housed in the now-demolished Ladycliff College library building. On 9 September 2016, West Point broke ground in order to begin construction of the new 31,000 square foot Malek West Point Visitors Center. It is being built on the location of the former visitor center. The Malek West Point Visitors Center is named after Frederic Malek, USMA Class of 1959 and a 2014 Distinguished Graduate.[114]
TheWest Point Museum is directly adjacent to the visitor center, in the renovated Olmsted Hall on the grounds of the formerLadycliff College. Originally opened to the public in 1854, the West Point Museum is the oldest military museum in the country.[115][116] During the summer months, the museum operates access to theFort Putnam historic site on main post and access to the 282 acreConstitution Island.[117] Some of the most notable items on display at the museum areGeorge Washington's pistols, Napoleon's sword, a dagger carried byHermann Göring when he was captured, a revolver that belonged to Göring, and a silver-plated party book, signed by Charles Lindbergh, Herbert Hoover and Mussolini, among others. In addition, a gold-platedLiliput pistol that belonged toAdolf Hitler is on display.[118]
The commanding officer at the USMA is theSuperintendent, equivalent to the president or chancellor of a civilian university. In recent years, the position of superintendent has been held by alieutenant general (three star general). The 61st Superintendent, Lieutenant GeneralSteven W. Gilland, took command on 27 June 2022, replacingDarryl A. Williams.[119] The academy is a direct reporting unit, and as such, the Superintendent reports directly to theArmy Chief of Staff (CSA).[120][121]
There are two other general officer positions at the academy.Brigadier GeneralR.J. Garcia is the Commandant of Cadets, equivalent to adean of students at the civilian level.Brigadier GeneralShane Reeves is the Dean of the Academic Board, equivalent to aprovost at the civilian level.[122] Brigadier General Diana Holland was the first female commandant.[123] Brigadier General Jebb was the first female Dean.[124] There are 13 academic departments at USMA, each with a colonel as the head of department. These 13 tenured colonels comprise the core of the Academic Board. These officers are titled "Professors USMA" or PUSMA.[125] The academy is also overseen by the Board of Visitors (BOV). The BOV is a panel of Senators, Congressional Representatives, and presidential appointees who "shall inquire into the morale and discipline, curriculum, instruction, physical equipment, fiscal affairs, academic methods, and other matters relating to the academy that the board decides to consider." Currently the BOV is chaired by RepresentativeJohn Shimkus and is composed of three Senators, five Representatives and six presidential appointees.[126]
Candidates must be between 17 and 23 years old (waivers have been accepted for 24-year olds in rare cases where the candidate is in the military and deployed and therefore unable to attend before their 24th birthday), unmarried, and with no legal obligation to support a child. Above-average high school or previous college grades and strong performance on standardized testing are expected.[127] The interquartile range on the oldSAT was 1100–1360 and 68% ranked in the top fifth of their high school class.[128][129]
To be eligible for appointment, candidates must also undergo a Candidate Fitness Assessment[130] and a complete physical exam.[130] Up to 60 students from foreign countries are present at USMA, educated at the expense of the sponsoring nation, with tuition assistance based on theGNP of their country.[131] Of these foreign cadets theCode of Federal Regulations specifically permits one Filipino cadet designated by thePresident of the Philippines.[132]
The actual application process consists of two main requirements: candidates apply to USMA for admission and separately provide a nomination. The majority of candidates receive a nomination from theirUnited States Representative orSenator. Some receive a nomination from the Vice President or even the President of the United States.[133]
The nomination process is not political. The academy applicant typically provides written essays and letters of recommendation. The applicant then submits to a formal interview.[134] Admission to West Point is selective: 7.74% of applicants were admitted (total of 1232) to the Class of 2024.[135]
Candidates may have previous college experience, but they may not transfer, meaning that regardless of previous college credit, they enter the academy as a fourth class cadet and undergo the entire four-year program.[136] Candidates considered academically disqualified and not selected may receive an offer to attend to theUnited States Military Academy Preparatory School.[137] Upon graduation from USMAPS, these candidates are appointed to the academy if they receive the recommendation of the USMAPS Commandant and meet medical admission requirements.[138]
Graduates of the Class of 2008 toss their hats after "class dismissed"
West Point is a highly residential baccalaureate college, with a full-time, four-year undergraduate program that emphasizes instruction in the arts, sciences, and professions with no graduate program.[141] There are forty-five academic majors, the most popular of which are foreign languages, management information systems, history, economics, and mechanical engineering.[129][142] West Point is accredited by theMiddle States Commission on Higher Education.[143] Military officers compose 75% of the faculty, while civilian professors make up the remaining 25%.[144]
A cadet's class rank, which determines their Army branch and assignment upon graduation, is calculated as a combination of academic performance (55%), military leadership performance (30%), and physical fitness and athletic performance (15%).[145][146]
The academy's teaching style forms part of the Thayer method, which was implemented by Sylvanus Thayer during his tour as Superintendent.[147] This form of instruction emphasizes small classes with daily homework, and strives to make students actively responsible for their own learning by completing homework assignments prior to class and bringing the work to class to discuss collaboratively.[148]
The academic program consists of a structured core of thirty-one courses balanced between the arts and sciences.[149] The academy operates on the semester system, which it labels as "terms" (Term 1 is the fall semester; Term 2 is the spring semester). Although cadets choose their majors in the spring of their freshmen year, all cadets take the same course of instruction until the beginning of their second year.[150] This core course of instruction consists of mathematics, information technology, chemistry, physics, engineering, history, physical geography, philosophy, leadership and general psychology, English composition and literature, foreign language, political science, international relations, economics, and constitutional law.[151][152] Some advanced cadets may "validate" out of the base-level classes and take advanced or accelerated courses earlier as freshmen or sophomores. Regardless of major, all cadets graduate with a Bachelor of Science degree.[149]
As all cadets are commissioned as second lieutenants upon graduation, military and leadership education is nested with academic instruction. Military training and discipline fall under the purview of the Office of the Commandant of Cadets. Entering freshmen, or fourth class cadets, are referred to as New Cadets, and enter the academy on Reception Day or R-day,[153] which marks the start of cadet basic training (CBT), known colloquially as Beast Barracks, or simply Beast.[154][155] Most cadets consider Beast to be their most difficult time at the academy because of the transition from civilian to military life. Their second summer, cadets undergo cadet field training (CFT) at nearby Camp Buckner, where they train in more advanced field craft and military skills. During a cadet's third summer, they may serve as instructors for CBT or CFT. Rising Firstie (senior) cadets also spend one-month training at Camp Buckner, where they train for modern tactical situations that they will soon face as new platoon leaders. Cadets also have the opportunity during their second, third and fourth summers to serve in active army units and military schools around the world.[156] The schools include Airborne, Air Assault, Sapper, Pathfinder, etc.[157]
Active duty officers in therank ofcaptain ormajor serve as Company Tactical Officers (TAC Officers). The role of the TAC is to mentor, train, and teach the cadets proper standards of good order and discipline and be a good role model.[158] There is one TAC for every cadet company. There is also one senior Non-Commissioned Officer to assist each TAC, known as TAC-NCOs.[159]
The Department of Military Instruction (DMI) is responsible for all military arts and sciences education as well as planning and executing the cadet summer training.[160] Within DMI there is a representative from each of the Army's branches. These "branch reps" serve as proponents for their respective branches and liaise with cadets as they prepare for branch selection and graduation.[161] Within DMI sits the Modern War Institute, a research center devoted to the study of contemporary conflict and the evolving character of war.[162]
TheDepartment of Physical Education (DPE) administers the physical program, which includes both physical education classes, physical fitness testing, and competitive athletics. The head of DPE holds the title of Master of the Sword, dating back to the 19th century when DPE taught swordsmanship as part of the curriculum.[163]
All cadets take a prescribed series of physical fitness courses such as military movement (applied gymnastics), boxing, survival swimming, and beginning in 2009,advanced combatives. Cadets can also take elective physical activity classes such asscuba, rock climbing, and aerobic fitness.[164]
Class of '57 honor memorial on which the honor code is inscribed
Moral and ethical development occurs throughout the entirety of the cadet experience by living underthe honor code and through formal leadership programs available at the academy. These include instruction in the values of the military profession through Professional Military Ethics Education (PME2), voluntary religious programs, interaction with staff and faculty role models, and an extensive guest-speaker program. The foundation of the ethical code at West Point is found in the academy's motto, "Duty, Honor, Country."[1]
West Point'sCadet Honor Code reads simply that: "A cadet will not lie, cheat, steal, or tolerate those who do."[167] Cadets accused of violating the Honor Code face an investigative and hearing process. If they are found guilty by a jury of their peers, they face severe consequences ranging from being "turned back" (repeating an academic year) to separation from the academy.[168] Cadets previously enforced collective censure by an unofficial sanction known as "silencing" by not speaking to cadets accused of violating the honor code, but the practice ended in 1973 after national scrutiny.[169][170]
Although the academy's honor code is well known and has been influential for many other colleges and universities, the academy has experienced several significant violations. For example, 151 junior cadets were found guilty of "violating the honor code" in their exams in 1976.[171] In 2020, more than 70 cadets were also accused of cheating on exams.[172]
Cadets are not referred to asfreshmen,sophomores,juniors, orseniors. Instead they are officially called fourth class, third class, second class, and first class cadets. Colloquially, freshmen areplebes, sophomores areyearlings oryuks, juniors arecows, and seniors arefirsties.[173][174] Only some of the origins of the class names are known.Plebeians were the lower class of ancient Roman society, while yearling is a euphemism for a year-old animal. There are a number of theories for the origin of the termcow; however the most prevalent and probably accurate one is that cadets had no leave until the end of their yearling year, when they were granted a summer-long furlough. Their return as second classmen was heralded as "the cows coming home."[175]
The Corps of Cadets is officially organized into a brigade. The senior ranking cadet, the Brigade Commander, is known traditionally as theFirst Captain. The brigade is organized into four regiments. Within each regiment there are three battalions, each consisting of three companies.[176] Companies are lettered A through I, with a number signifying which regiment it belongs to. For example, there are four "H" companies: H1, H2, H3, and H4. First class cadets hold the leadership positions within the brigade from the First Captain down to platoon leaders within the companies. Leadership responsibility decreases with the lower classes, with second class cadets holding the rank of cadet sergeant, third class cadets holding the rank of cadet corporal, and fourth class cadets as cadet privates.[177]
Because of the academy's congressional nomination process, students come from all 50 states, Puerto Rico, the District of Columbia, the Mariana Islands, Guam, American Samoa, and the US Virgin Islands.[145][178] The academy is also authorized up to 60 international exchange cadets, who undergo the same four-year curriculum as fully integrated members of the Corps of Cadets.[131] Cadets attend the United States Military Academy free of charge, with all tuition and board paid for by the Army in return for a service commitment of five years of active duty and three years of reserve status upon graduation.[179]
Most graduates are commissioned as second lieutenants in the Army. Foreign cadets are commissioned into the armies of their home countries. Since 1959, cadets have also had the option of "cross-commissioning," or requesting a commission in one of the other armed services, provided they meet that service's eligibility standards. Every year, a small number of graduates do this, usually in a one-for-one "trade" with a similarly inclined cadet or midshipman at one of the other service academies.[citation needed]
Starting on the first day of a cadet's second class year, non-graduates after that point are expected to fulfill their obligations in enlisted service. Cadets receive a monthlystipend of $1,017.00 for books, uniforms, and other necessities, as of 2015.[180] From this amount, pay is automatically deducted for the cost of uniforms, books, supplies, services, meals, and other miscellaneous expenses. All remaining money after deductions is used at the individual cadets' discretion. All cadets receive meals in the dining halls and have access to internet on approved, issued devices.[181] The student population was 4,389 cadets for the 2016–2017 academic year. The student body has recently been around 20% female.[129]
All cadets reside on campus for their entire four years in one of the nine barracks buildings. Most cadets are housed with one roommate, but some rooms are designed for three cadets. Cadets are grouped intocompanies identified by alpha-numeric codes. All companies live together in the same barracks area.[183] The commandant may decide to have cadets change companies at some point in their cadet career. This process is known as scrambling and the method of scrambling has changed several times in recent years.[184][185] All 4,000 cadets dine together at breakfast and lunch in the Washington Hall during the weekdays.[186] The cadet fitness center, Arvin Cadet Physical Development Center (usually just called "Arvin" by cadets and faculty), which was rebuilt in 2004, houses extensive physical fitness facilities and equipment for student use.[187]
Class of 2012's motto
Each class of cadets elects representatives to serve as class president and fill several administrative positions.[188] They also elect a ring and crest committee, which designs the class's crest, the emblem that signifies their class and is embossed upon their class rings. Each class crest is required to contain the initialsUSMA and their class motto.[189] The class motto is proposed by the class during cadet basic training and voted on by the class prior to the beginning of their freshman academic year. Class mottos typically have wording that rhymes or is phonetically similar with their class year.[189]
Cadets today live and work within the framework of the West Point Leader Development System (WPLDS), which specifies the roles that a cadet plays throughout their four years at the academy.[190] Cadets begin their USMA careers as trainees (new cadets), then advance in rank, starting as CDT Privates (freshmen) and culminating as CDT Officers (seniors). Freshmen have no leadership responsibilities, but have a host of duties to perform as they learn how to follow orders and operate in an environment of rigid rank structure, while seniors have significant leadership responsibilities and significantly more privileges that correspond to their rank.[191]
Rwandan PresidentPaul Kagame visits his son's room during Plebe-Parent Weekend
Cadets have a host of extracurricular activities available, most run by the office of the Directorate of Cadet Activities (DCA).[192] DCA sponsors or operates 113 athletic and non-sport clubs.[193] Many cadets join several clubs during their time at the academy and find their time spent with their clubs a welcome respite from the rigors of cadet life.[194] DCA is responsible for a wide range of activities that provide improved quality of life for cadets, including: three cadet-oriented restaurants,[195] the Cadet Store,[196] and theHowitzer andBugle Notes.[197]The Howitzer is the annual yearbook, whileBugle Notes, also known as the "plebe bible," is the manual of plebe knowledge. Plebe knowledge is a lengthy collection of traditions, songs, poems, anecdotes, and facts about the academy, the army, theOld Corps, and the rivalry with Navy that all plebes must memorize during cadet basic training.[198][199][200] During plebe year, plebes may be asked, and are expected to answer, any inquiry about plebe knowledge asked by upper class cadets. Other knowledge is historical in nature, including information as found inBugle Notes.[201] However, some knowledge changes daily, such as "the days" (a running list of the number of days until important academy events),[202] the menu in the mess hall for the day, or the lead stories inThe New York Times.[201]
Each cadet class celebrates at least one special "class weekend" per academic year. Fourth class cadets participate in Plebe Parent Weekend during the first weekend of spring break. In February, third class cadets celebrate the winter season with Yearling Winter Weekend. In late January the second class cadets celebrate 500th Night, marking the remaining 500 days before graduation. First class cadets celebrate three different formal occasions. In late August, first class cadets celebrateRing Weekend, in February they mark their last 100 days with 100th Night, and in May they have a full week of events culminating in their graduation. All of the "class weekends" involve a formal dinner and social dance, known in old cadet slang as a "hop," held at Eisenhower Hall.[203][204] Grant Hall, formerly the cadet mess hall at West Point, is now a social center.[205] Cadets also have an array of extracurricular options beyond the school's grounds, including in thePeace & Dialogue Leadership Initiative and the academy's Foreign Academy Exchange Program.[206]
Since 1899, Army's mascot has officially been a mule because the animal symbolizes strength and perseverance.[207][208] The academy's football team was nicknamed "The Black Knights of the Hudson" due to the black color of its uniforms.[209][210] This nickname has since been officially shortened to the "Black Knights."[211] U.S. sports media use "Army" as a synonym for the academy. "On Brave Old Army Team" is the school'sfight song.[212] Army's chief sports rival is theNaval Academy due to its long-standing football rivalry and the interservice rivalry with theNavy in general. Fourth class cadets verbally greet upper-class cadets and faculty with "Beat Navy," while the tunnel that runs under Washington Road is named the "Beat Navy" tunnel. Army also plays theU.S. Air Force Academy for theCommander-in-Chief's Trophy. In the first half of the 20th century, Army andNotre Dame werefootball rivals, but that rivalry has since died out.[213][214] Notre Dame beat Army 44 – 6 in 2016.
Army football players during a game atMichie Stadium in 2023
Armyfootball began in 1890, whenNavy challenged the cadets to a game of the relatively new sport. Navy defeated Army at West Point that year, but Army avenged the loss inAnnapolis the following year.[215] The rival academies still clash every December in what is traditionally the last regular-season Division I college-football game. The 2015 football season marked Navy's fourteenth consecutive victory over Army, the longest streak in the series since inception. The following year, Army won 21–17.[216] Army's football team reached its pinnacle of success under coachEarl Blaik when Army won consecutive national championships in 1944, 1945 and 1946, and produced threeHeisman Trophy winners:Doc Blanchard (1945),Glenn Davis (1946) andPete Dawkins (1958).[217] Past NFL coachesVince Lombardi[218] andBill Parcells[219] were Army assistant coaches early in their careers. The football team plays its home games atMichie Stadium, where the playing field is named after Earl Blaik. Cadets' attendance is mandatory at football games and the Corps stands for the duration of the game. At all home games, one of the four regiments marches onto the field in formation before the team takes the field and leads the crowd in traditional Army cheers.[220] From 1992 through 1996, Army won all of the games against Navy for the first time since the legendary days of Blanchard and Davis, and it introduced the fraternal group of players identifying themselves as the Fat Man Club, initiated by the offensive linemen of the Class of 1996. Between the 1998 and 2004 seasons, Army's football program was a member ofConference USA, but has since reverted to its former independent status.[221]
Themen's lacrosse team has won eightnational championships and appeared in the NCAA tournament sixteen times. In its early years, lacrosse was used by football players, like the "Lonesome End"Bill Carpenter, to stay in shape during the off-season.[224] The 2005–06 women's basketball team went 20–11 and won the Patriot League tournament. They went to the2006 NCAA Women's Division I Basketball Tournament as a 15th-rankedseed, where they lost toTennessee, 102–54. It was the firstMarch Madness tournament appearance for any Army basketball team. The head coach of that team,Maggie Dixon, died soon after the season at only 28 years of age.Bob Knight, formerly the winningest men's basketball coach in NCAA history, began his head coaching career at Army in the late 1960s[225] before moving on toIndiana andTexas Tech. One of Knight's players at Army wasMike Krzyzewski, who later was head coach at Army before moving on toDuke, where he has won fivenational championships.[226]
Approximately 15% of cadets are members of a club sport team. West Point fields a total of 24 club sports teams that have been very successful in recent years, winning national championships in judo, boxing, orienteering, pistol, triathlon, crew, cycling, and team handball.[227][228]
The majority of the student body, about 65%, competes in intramural sports, known at the academy as "company athletics."DPE's Competitive Sports committee runs the club and company athletics sports programs and was recently named one of the "15 Most Influential Sports Education Teams in America" by the Institute for International Sport.[229] The fall season sees competition in basketball, flag-football, team handball, soccer, ultimate disc, and wrestling; while the spring season sees competition in combative grappling, floor hockey, orienteering, flicker ball, and swimming.[230] In the spring, each company also fields a team entry into the annualSandhurst Competition, a military skills event conducted by the Department of Military Instruction.[231]
Due to West Point's age and its unique mission of producing Army officers, it has many time-honored traditions. The list below are some of the traditions unique to or started by the academy.
The Cullum number is a reference and identification number assigned to each graduate. It was created bybrevet Major GeneralGeorge W. Cullum (USMA Class of 1833) who, in 1850, began the monumental work of chronicling the biographies of every graduate. He assigned number one to the first West Point graduate,Joseph Gardner Swift, and then numbered all successive graduates in sequence. Before his death in 1892, General Cullum completed the first three volumes of a work that eventually comprised 10 volumes, titledGeneral Cullum's Biographical Register of the Officers and Graduates of the United States Military Academy, and covering USMA classes from 1802 through 1850. From 1802 through the Class of 1977, graduates were listed by General Order of Merit. Beginning with the Class of 1978, graduates were listed alphabetically within each class. Ten graduates have an "A" suffix after their Cullum Number. For various reasons these graduates were omitted from the original class rosters, and a suffix letter was added to avoid renumbering the entire class and subsequent classes.[232]Former cadets, those who attended but did not graduate but separated under honorable conditions, are also given Cullum numbers in a different configuration.
West Point began the collegiate tradition of the class ring, beginning with the class of 1835.[233] The class of 1836 chose no rings, and the class of 1879 had cuff links in lieu of a class ring. Before 1917, cadets could design much of the ring individually, but now only the center stone can be individualized.[233] One side of the ring bears the academy crest, while the other side bears the class crest and the center stone ring bears the wordsWest Point and the class year. The academy library has a large collection of cadet rings on display.[234] Senior cadets receive their rings duringRing Weekend in the early fall of their senior year. Immediately after senior cadets return to the barracks after receiving their rings, fourth class cadets take the opportunity to surround senior cadets from their company and ask to touch their rings. After the cadets recite a poem known as theRing Poop, the senior usually grants the freshmen permission to touch the ring.[235] In 2002, the Memorial Class ring donor program began. Donations of class rings are melted and merged. A portion of the original gold is infused with gold from preceding melts to become part of the rings for each 'Firstie' class.[236]
A monument to Civil War Union GeneralJohn Sedgwick stands on the outskirts of thePlain. Sedgwick's bronze statue hasspurs with rowels that freely rotate. Legend states that if a cadet is in danger of failing a class, they are to don their full-dress parade uniform the night before the final exam. The cadet visits the statue and spins the rowels at the stroke of midnight. Then the cadet runs back to the barracks as fast as possible. According to legend, if Sedgwick's ghost catches them, they will fail the exam. Otherwise, the cadet will pass the exam and the course.[238][239] Although being out of their rooms after midnight is officially against regulations, violations have been known to be overlooked for the sake of tradition.[240]
As part of the run-up to the Navy football game, the Corps of Cadets plays the Goat-Engineer game.[241] First played in 1907, it is a game between the "Goats" (the bottom half of the senior (Firstie) class academically), and the "Engineers" (the top half). The game is played with full pads and helmets usingeight-man football rules. The location has changed over the years, with recent venues being Richard Shea Stadium/Doubleday Field,Michie Stadium, andDaly Field. Legend states that Army will beat Navy if the goats win, and the opposite if the engineers win.[241] In recent years, female cadets have begun playing aflag football contest, so there are now two Goat-Engineer games, played consecutively the same night.[242]
From the earliest days of the academy, one form of punishment for cadets who commit regulatory infractions has been a process officially known aspunishment tours.[243] This process is better known to the cadets as "hours" because as punishment, cadets must walk a specified number of hours in penalty. Cadets are "awarded" punishment tours based upon the severity of the infraction. Being late to class or having an unkempt room may result in as little as 2 hours while more severe misconduct infractions may result in upwards of 60 to 80 hours. In its most traditional form, punishment tours are "walked off" by wearing the dress gray uniform under arms and walking back and forth in a designated area of the cadet barracks courtyard, known as "Central Area." Cadets who get into trouble frequently and spend many weekends "walking off their hours" are known as "area birds."[244] Cadets who walk more than 100 total hours in their career are affectionately known as "Century Men."[245] An alternate form of punishment to walking hours is known as "fatigue tours," where assigned hours may be "worked off" by manual labor, such as cleaning the barracks. Certain cadets whose academics are deficient may also conduct "sitting tours," where they have to "sit hours" in a designated academic room in a controlled study environment, for which they receive half credit towards their reduction of tours. Cadets' uniforms are inspected before their tours begin each day. The inspection process is arduous and considered part of the punishment, but the time spent does not count against the awarded number of tours.[citation needed] A small number of cadets may be relieved of their tours that day if their uniforms are exceptionally presentable. Another tradition associated with punishment tours is that any visiting head of state has the authority to grant "amnesty," releasing all cadets with outstanding hours from the remainder of their assigned tours.[246][247]
In 1967 theRoyal Military Academy Sandhurst presented West Point with aBritish Army officer's sword for use as a trophy in amilitary skills competition at West Point. In 2019 the Sandhurst competition spans two days, 12 and 13 April, with teams from USMA, the ROTC programs, the Naval, Coast Guard, and the Air Force academies. International academies including the UK, Canada, Australia and Ireland have won the Sandhurst Military Skills Competition.[248]
West Point Elementary SchoolWest Point Middle School
TheDepartment of Defense Education Activity (DoDEA) maintains, for children of military personnel, West Point Elementary School and West Point Middle School on the academy grounds.[249]
The academy is physically in theHighland Falls Central School District.[250] USMA sends high school aged students who are dependents of on-base military personnel toJames I. O'Neill High School of Highland Falls schools under contract. In 2021, 190 children living on West Point attended O'Neill. In 2021 the agency at West Point announced that the bid to educate West Point High School students would be competitive.[251] In March 2022 the O'Neill contract was renewed.[252]
The U.S. Military Academy at West Point is considered a liberal arts college by U.S. News and it is ranked #8 in the 2025 edition of Best Colleges in National Liberal Arts Colleges.[253]
The U.S. Military Academy Preparatory School, known as USMAPS, the Prep School, or West Point Prep, was formally established in 1946, but the history of "prepping" soldiers for West Point has been done since Congress enacted legislation in 1916 authorizing soldier appointments to West Point. The school exists today to prepare soldiers and civilians with the academic, leadership, and physical skills to become successful cadets at the United States Military Academy.[254] It is primarily an academic institution that accepts students and soldiers.[254]
Among American universities, the academy is fifth on the list of total winners forRhodes Scholarships,[272] seventh forMarshall Scholarships and fourth on the list ofHertz Fellowships.[273] The official alumni association of West Point is the West Point Association of Graduates (WPAOG or AOG), headquartered at Herbert Hall.[274]
As an active-duty U.S. Army installation, there are several regular Army units that provide support for the USMA and the West Point installation. The U.S. Army Garrison[275] includes a Headquarters and Headquarters Company, Provost Marshal and Military Police, Religious Program Support, Keller Army Community Hospital, the West Point Dental Activity, the USMA Band (a regular Army band—USMA cadets are not members of the USMA band), and the Directorate of Human Resources (DHR). The DHR is the higher headquarters for: Military Personnel Division (MPD), Army Continuing Education System (ACES), Administrative Services Division (ASD) and theArmy Substance Abuse Program (ASAP).
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