TheUnited Nations General Assembly (UNGA orGA; French:Assemblée générale des Nations Unies,[1] AGNU or AG) is one of thesix principal organs of the United Nations (UN), serving as its main deliberative, policymaking, and representative organ. Currently in its79th session, its powers, composition, functions, and procedures are set out inChapter IV of the United Nations Charter.
The UNGA is responsible for the UN budget, appointing the non-permanent members to theSecurity Council, appointing thesecretary-general of the United Nations, receiving reports from other parts of theUN System, and making recommendations throughresolutions.[2] It also establishes numeroussubsidiary organs to advance or assist in its broad mandate.[3] The UNGA is the only UN organ where all member states have equal representation.
The General Assembly meets underits president or the UN secretary-general in annual sessions at theGeneral Assembly Building, within theUN headquarters in New York City. The primary phase of these meetings generally runs from September through part of January until all issues are addressed, which is often before the next session starts.[4] It can also reconvene for special and emergency special sessions. Thefirst session was convened on 10 January 1946 in theMethodist Central Hall inLondon and included representatives of the 51 founding nations.
Most questions are decided in the General Assembly by a simplemajority. Each member country has one vote. Voting on certain important questions—namely recommendations on peace and security; budgetary concerns; and the election, admission, suspension, or expulsion of members—is by atwo-thirds majority of those present and voting. Apart from the approval of budgetary matters, including the adoption of a scale of assessment, Assembly resolutions are not binding on the members. The Assembly may make recommendations on any matters within the scope of the UN, except matters of peace and security under the Security Council's consideration.
During the 1980s, the Assembly became a forum for "North-South dialogue" between industrialized nations and developing countries on a range of international issues. These issues came to the fore because of the phenomenal growth and changing makeup of the UN membership. In 1945, the UN had 51 members, which by the 21st century nearly quadrupled to 193, of which more than two-thirds aredeveloping countries. Because of their numbers, developing countries are often able to determine the agenda of the Assembly (using coordinating groups like theG77), the character of its debates, and the nature of its decisions. For many developing countries, the UN is the source of much of their diplomatic influence and the principal outlet for their foreign relations initiatives.
Although the resolutions passed by the General Assembly do not have binding forces over the member nations (apart from budgetary measures), pursuant to itsUniting for Peace resolution of November 1950 (resolution 377 (V)), the Assembly may also take action if the Security Council fails to act, owing tothe negative vote of apermanent member, in a case where there appears to be a threat to the peace, breach of the peace or act of aggression. The Assembly can consider the matter immediately with a view to making recommendations to Members for collective measures to maintain or restore international peace and security.[5]
The 1947 meeting at the General Assembly meeting place between 1946 and 1951 in Flushing, New York
During the 1946–1951 period the General Assembly, the Security Council and the Economic Social Council also conducted proceedings at the United Nations interim headquarters atLake Success, New York.[9][10] During this time in 1949, the CBS Television network provided live coverage of these sessions on itsUnited Nations in Action broadcast series which was produced by the journalistEdmund Chester.[11]
All 193 members of the United Nations are members of the General Assembly, with the addition of theHoly See andPalestine as observer states as well as the European Union (since 1974). Further, the United Nations General Assembly may grantobserver status to an international organization or entity, which entitles the entity to participate in the work of the United Nations General Assembly, though with limitations.
The agenda for each session is planned up to seven months in advance and begins with the release of a preliminary list of items to be included in the provisional agenda.[13] This is refined into a provisional agenda 60 days before the opening of the session. After the session begins, the final agenda is adopted in a plenary meeting which allocates the work to the various main committees, who later submit reports back to the Assembly for adoption by consensus or by vote.
Items on the agenda are numbered. Regular plenary sessions of the General Assembly in recent years have initially been scheduled to be held over the course of just three months; however, additional workloads have extended these sessions until just short of the next session. The routinely scheduled portions of the sessions normally commence on "the Tuesday of the third week in September, counting from the first week that contains at least one working day," per the UN Rules of Procedure.[14] The last two of these Regular sessions were routinely scheduled to recess exactly three months afterward[15] in early December but were resumed in January and extended until just before the beginning of the following sessions.[16]
The General Assembly votes on many resolutions brought forth by sponsoring states. These are generally statements symbolizing the sense of the international community about an array of world issues.[17] Most General Assembly resolutions are not enforceable as a legal or practical matter, because the General Assembly lacks enforcement powers with respect to most issues.[18] The General Assembly has the authority to make final decisions in some areas such as the United Nations budget.[19]
The General Assembly can also refer an issue to the Security Council to put in place a binding resolution.[20]
From the First to the Thirtieth General Assembly sessions, all General Assembly resolutions were numbered consecutively, with the resolution number followed by the session number in Roman numbers (for example,Resolution 1514 (XV), which was the 1514th numbered resolution adopted by the Assembly and was adopted at the Fifteenth Regular Session (1960)). Beginning in the Thirty-First Session, resolutions are numbered by individual session (for example Resolution 41/10 represents the 10th resolution adopted at the Forty-First Session).[21]
The General Assembly also approves the budget of the United Nations and decides how much money each member state must pay to run the organization.[22]
The Charter of the United Nations gives responsibility for approving the budget to the General Assembly (Chapter IV, Article 17) and for preparing the budget to the secretary-general, as "chief administrative officer" (Chapter XV, Article 97). The Charter also addresses the non-payment of assessed contributions (Chapter IV, Article 19).The planning, programming, budgeting, monitoring, and evaluation cycle of the United Nations has evolved over the years; major resolutions on the process include General Assembly resolutions: 41/213 of 19 December 1986, 42/211 of 21 December 1987, and 45/248 of 21 December 1990.[23]
The budget covers the costs of United Nations programmes in areas such as political affairs, international justice and law, international cooperation for development, public information, human rights, and humanitarian affairs.
The main source of funds for the regular budget is the contributions of member states. The scale of assessments is based on the capacity of countries to pay. This is determined by considering their relative shares of total gross national product, adjusted to take into account a number of factors, including their per capita incomes.
In addition to the regular budget, member states are assessed for the costs of the international tribunals and, in accordance with a modified version of the basic scale, for the costs of peacekeeping operations.[24]
The Assembly annually elects five non-permanent members of the Security Council for two-year terms, 18 members of the Economic and Social Council for three-year terms, and 14–18 members of the Human Rights Council for three-year terms. It also elects the leadership of the next General Assembly session, i.e. the next President of the General Assembly, the 21 vice presidents, and the bureaux of the six main committees.[25][27][28]
Elections to the International Court of Justice take place every three years in order to ensure continuity within the court. In these elections, five judges are elected for nine-year terms. These elections are held jointly with the Security Council, with candidates needing to receive an absolute majority of the votes in both bodies.[29]
The Assembly also, in conjunction with the Security Council,selects the next secretary-general of the United Nations. The main part of these elections is held in the Security Council, with the General Assembly simply appointing the candidate that receives the Council's nomination.[30]
Division of seats of the Economic and Social Council based on regional grouping:
African States (14)
Asia-Pacific States (11)
Eastern European States (6)
Latin American and Caribbean States (10)
Western European and Other States (13)
TheUnited Nations Regional Groups were created in order to facilitate the equitable geographical distribution of seats among the Member States in different United Nations bodies. Resolution 33/138 of the General Assembly states that "the composition of the various organs of the United Nations should be so constituted as to ensure their representative character." Thus, member states of the United Nations are informally divided into five regions, with most bodies in the United Nations system having a specific number of seats allocated for each regional group. Additionally, the leadership of most bodies also rotates between the regional groups, such as the presidency of the General Assembly and the chairmanship of the six main committees.[30][31][32]
The regional groups work according to the consensus principle. Candidates who are endorsed by them are, as a rule, elected by the General Assembly in any subsequent elections.[32]
The General Assembly meets annually in a regularsession that opens on the third Tuesday of September, and runs until the following September. Sessions are held at United Nations Headquarters in New York unless changed by the General Assembly by a majority vote.[25][33]
The regular session is split into two distinct periods, the main and resumed parts of the session. During the main part of the session, which runs from the opening of the session until Christmas break in December, most of the work of the Assembly is done. This period is the Assembly's most intense period of work and includes the general debate and the bulk of the work of the six Main Committees. The resumed part of the session, however, which runs from January until the beginning of the new session, includes more thematic debates, consultation processes and working group meetings.[34]
Spanish Prime MinisterJosé Luis Rodríguez Zapatero addressing the General Assembly in New York, 20 September 2005United States PresidentBarack Obama addresses the UN General Assembly in 2011.Brazilian PresidentDilma Rousseff delivers the opening speech at the 66th Session of the General Assembly on 21 September 2011, marking the first time a woman opened a United Nations session.[35]
The general debate of each new session of the General Assembly is held the week following the official opening of the session, typically the following Tuesday, and is held without interruption for nine working days. The general debate is a high-level event, typically attended by Member States'heads of state orgovernment, government ministers and United Nations delegates. At the general debate, Member States are given the opportunity to raise attention to topics or issues that they feel are important. In addition to the general debate, there are also many other high-level thematic meetings, summits and informal events held during general debate week.[36][37][38]
Special sessions, or UNGASS, may be convened in three different ways, at the request of the Security Council, at the request of a majority of United Nations member States or by a single member, as long as a majority concurs. Special sessions typically cover one single topic and end with the adoption of one or two outcome documents, such as a political declaration, action plan or strategy to combat said topic. They are also typically high-level events with participation from heads of state and government, as well as by government ministers. There have been 32 special sessions in the history of the United Nations.[34][39][40]
If the Security Council is unable, usually due to disagreement among the permanent members, to come to a decision on a threat to international peace and security, then emergency special sessions can be convened in order to make appropriate recommendations to member states for collective measures. This power was given to the Assembly inResolution 377(V) of 3 November 1950.[34][41][42]
Emergency special sessions can be called by the Security Council if supported by at least seven members, or by a majority of Member States of the United Nations. If enough votes are had, the Assembly must meet within 24 hours, with Members being notified at least twelve hours before the opening of the session. There have been 11 emergency special sessions in the history of the United Nations.[25]
The United Nations General Assembly buildingPanorama of the UNGA
The General Assembly subsidiary organs are divided into five categories: committees (30 total, six main), commissions (six), boards (seven), councils (four) and panels (one), working groups, and "other."
The Fourth Committee:Special Political and Decolonisation deals with a variety of political subjects not dealt with by the First Committee, as well as with decolonization
The Sixth Committee:Legal deals with legal matters
The roles of many of the main committees have changed over time. Until the late 1970s, the First Committee was the Political and Security Committee and there was also a sufficient number of additional "political" matters that an additional, unnumbered main committee, called the Special Political Committee, also sat. The Fourth Committee formerly handled Trusteeship and Decolonization matters. With the decreasing number of such matters to be addressed as thetrust territories attained independence and thedecolonization movement progressed, the functions of the Special Political Committee were merged into the Fourth Committee during the 1990s.
Each main committee consists of all the members of the General Assembly. Each elects a chairman, three vice chairmen, and arapporteur at the outset of each regular General Assembly session.
Soviet leaderMikhail Gorbachev addressing the UN General Assembly in December 1988
These are not numbered. According to the General Assembly website, the most important are:[43]
Credentials Committee – This committee is charged with ensuring that thediplomatic credentials of all UN representatives are in order. The Credentials Committee consists of nine Member States elected early in each regular General Assembly session.
General Committee – This is a supervisory committee entrusted with ensuring that the whole meeting of the Assembly goes smoothly. The General Committee consists of the president and vice presidents of the current General Assembly session and the chairman of each of the six Main Committees.
Other committees of the General Assembly areenumerated.[44]
Executive Board of the United Nations Children's Fund, established by GA Resolution 57 (I) and 48/162
Executive Board of the United Nations Development Programme and of the United Nations Population Fund, established by GA Resolution 2029 (XX) and 48/162
Executive Board of the World Food Programme, established by GA Resolution 50/8
Countries are seated alphabetically in the General Assembly according to English translations of the countries' names. The country which occupies the front-most left position is determined annually by the secretary-general via ballot draw. The remaining countries follow alphabetically after it.[49]
On 21 March 2005,Secretary-GeneralKofi Annan presented a report,In Larger Freedom, that criticized the General Assembly for focusing so much on consensus that it was passing watered-down resolutions reflecting "the lowest common denominator of widely different opinions."[50] He also criticized the Assembly for trying to address too broad an agenda, instead of focusing on "the major substantive issues of the day, such as internationalmigration and the long-debated comprehensive convention on terrorism." Annan recommended streamlining the General Assembly's agenda, committee structure, and procedures; strengthening the role and authority of itspresident; enhancing the role ofcivil society; and establishing a mechanism to review the decisions of its committees, in order to minimizeunfunded mandates andmicromanagement of theUnited Nations Secretariat. Annan reminded UN members of their responsibility to implement reforms, if they expect to realize improvements in UN effectiveness.[51]
The reform proposals were not taken up by the United Nations World Summit in September 2005. Instead, the Summit solely affirmed the central position of the General Assembly as the chief deliberative, policymaking and representative organ of the United Nations, as well as the advisory role of the Assembly in the process of standard-setting and the codification of international law. The Summit also called for strengthening the relationship between the General Assembly and the other principal organs to ensure better coordination on topical issues that required coordinated action by the United Nations, in accordance with their respective mandates.[52]
A United Nations Parliamentary Assembly, or United Nations People's Assembly (UNPA), is a proposed addition to the United Nations System that eventually could allow for direct election of UN parliament members by citizens all over the world.
In the General Debate of the 65th General Assembly,Jorge Valero, representingVenezuela, said "The United Nations has exhausted its model and it is not simply a matter of proceeding with reform, the twenty-first century demands deep changes that are only possible with a rebuilding of this organisation." He pointed to the futility of resolutions concerning theCuban embargo and theMiddle East conflict as reasons for the UN model having failed. Venezuela also called for the suspension of veto rights in the Security Council because it was a "remnant of the Second World War [it] is incompatible with the principle of sovereign equality of States."[53]
Reform of the United Nations General Assembly includes proposals to change the powers and composition of the U.N. General Assembly. This could include, for example, tasking the Assembly with evaluating how well member states implement UNGA resolutions,[54] increasing the power of the assembly vis-à-vis theUnited Nations Security Council, or making debates more constructive and less repetitive.[55]
The U.N. General Assembly approved the "Pact for the Future," a plan to address global challenges including climate change, AI regulation, inequality, and conflicts. It calls for reforms to the Security Council, nuclear disarmament, and greater inclusion of youth and women in decision-making. U.N. Secretary-General Guterres urged leaders to act on these commitments.[56]
The annual session of the United Nations General Assembly is accompanied by independent meetings between world leaders, better known as meetings taking place on thesidelines of the Assembly meeting. The diplomatic congregation has also since evolved into a week attracting wealthy and influential individuals from around the world to New York City to address various agendas, ranging from humanitarian and environmental to business and political.[57]
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^"Ordinary sessions".United Nations General Assembly. United Nations. n.d.Archived from the original on 16 December 2019. Retrieved17 January 2020.
^Manhire, Vanessa, ed. (2019)."United Nations Handbook 2019–20"(PDF).United Nations Handbook (Wellington, N.z.). (57th ed.). Wellington: Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade of New Zealand: 17.ISSN0110-1951. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 8 March 2021. Retrieved18 January 2020.
^"Special sessions".United Nations General Assembly. United Nations. n.d.Archived from the original on 8 April 2020. Retrieved17 January 2020.
^"Emergency Special sessions".United Nations General Assembly. United Nations. n.d.Archived from the original on 28 February 2022. Retrieved17 January 2020.
^Johnstone, Ian (2008). "Legislation and Adjudication in the UN Security Council: Bringing down the Deliberative Deficit".American Journal of International Law. 102. No 2 (2):275–308.doi:10.2307/30034539.JSTOR30034539.S2CID144268191.
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