United Development Party Partai Persatuan Pembangunan | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Abbreviation | PPP/P3 |
| General Chairman | Muhamad Mardiono |
| Secretary-General | Taj Yasin Maimoen |
| Founders | Mohammad Syafaat Mintaredja Idham Chalid Anwar Tjokroaminoto Rusli Halil [id] Masjkur[1] |
| Founded | 5 January 1973; 52 years ago (1973-01-05) |
| Merger of | NU Parmusi PSII Perti |
| Headquarters | Menteng,Central Jakarta |
| Youth wing | Kaaba Youth Movement |
| Membership(2022) | 444,496[2] |
| Ideology | |
| Political position | Centre-right[9] toright-wing[10][11] |
| National affiliation |
|
| Slogan | Bergerak Bersama Rakyat (Moving with the People) |
| Anthem | Mars PPP (PPP March) |
| Ballot number | 17 |
| DPR seats | 0 / 580 |
| DPRD I seats | 83 / 2,372 |
| DPRD II seats | 850 / 17,510 |
| Website | |
| ppp | |
TheUnited Development Party (Indonesian:Partai Persatuan Pembangunan,PPP orP3), is apolitical party inIndonesia. At the time of its declaration on January 5, 1973, this party was the result of a merger of four religious parties, namely theNahdlatul Ulama Party (NU), theIslamic Education Movement (PERTI), theIndonesian Islamic Union Party (PSII), and theIndonesian Muslims' Party (PARMUSI). The first chairman at that time wasMohammad Syafaat Mintaredja.[1] The merger of the four religious parties was aimed at simplifying the party system inIndonesia in facing the first general election during theNew Order in 1973. Because the party's distinctive logo was associated with Islamic religious politics, the PPP was popularly known as theKa'bah Party.[4][5][6][7]
Ten political parties participated in the1971 legislative election, a number that PresidentSuharto considered to be too many. Suharto wished that political parties be reduced to just two or three and that the parties should be grouped based on their programs.
The basis for the merger that would result in the birth of the PPP was a coalition of the four Islamic Parties in thePeople's Representative Council (DPR) called the United Development Faction. This faction consisted ofNahdatul Ulama (NU), theIndonesian Muslims' Party (PARMUSI), theIndonesian Islamic Union Party (PSII) and theIslamic Education Movement (PERTI).
TheUnited Development Party (PPP) was founded by
The leaders of fourIslamic parties participating in the 1971 election and the head of the United Development Group, a faction of the four Islamic parties in theHouse of Representatives (Indonesia) (DPR).
With encouragement by the Government, officials from all four parties had meetings with each other and after finding some common ground, merged the four Islamic parties in Indonesia into the United Development Party on 5 January 1973. Despite this formal merging of the parties however, internal PPP politics under the Suharto government were dominated by the differing priorities of the original groups that formed the party.
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In the mid-1970s, popular support for Suharto's regime was rapidly waning. When Suharto had seized power with abloody military coup in 1965 and ousted PresidentSukarno, the Islamic groups had supported Suharto and aided in persecuting his political opponents. But as the regime had become corrupt and even moreauthoritarian, this alliance began to crumble. As the1977 legislative election approached, many began to seek other options to vote for aside from the government-backedGolkar.
Worried that the PPP might win the elections, Suharto played on the fears of the people by having themilitary arrest a group of people who claimed to be associated with the Jihad Commando (Komando Jihad). With this some people became worried that to vote for the PPP and its Islamic leaning would mean expressing support the Jihad Commando and in a government growing increasingly authoritarian, many simply refused to be associated with the wrong side. Golkar would go on to win the legislative elections with 62% with the PPP coming second with 27% of the votes.
The PPP however, would not sit back and accept defeat. At the 1978 MPR General Session, PPP memberChalid Mawardi launched a scathing criticism of Suharto's regime. Mawardi accused the Government of being anti-Muslim, complained about the government's violent crackdown of dissent, and alleged that the 1977 legislative election was won because ofelectoral fraud.[13] PPP members also conducted a mass walkout when Suharto referred to religions as "streams of beliefs".
The PPP seemed to have cemented itself a status as the strongest opposition party. It would not last long however. In 1984, NU, under its chairman,Abdurrahman Wahid withdrew from the PPP, severely weakening it. The PPP vote share fell from almost 28% in the 1982 legislative election to 16% in the1987 legislative election, the PPP was also forced by the government to replace its ideology of Islam with the national ideology ofPancasila and to stop using Islamic symbols. As a result, the party replaced its logo showing theKabah shrine inMecca with a star.[14] The symbol was identical to the first principle of Pancasila,Ketuhanan yang Maha Esa (Belief in the One Supreme God).
At the 1988 MPR General Session,Jailani Naro, the PPP Chairman, was nominated as vice president. Suharto, who had been elected to the presidency for a fifth term at the aforementioned General Session, intervened. He cited a decision that the MPR made in 1973 that one of the criteria for a vice president was that he should be able to work with the president. Suharto also conducted discussions with Naro and convinced him to withdraw the nomination.
What Naro did was unprecedented as both Suharto and his vice presidents had always been elected unopposed. The problem this time was Suharto's choice for vice president,Sudharmono. Suharto's choice had caused a rift between him and his most loyal ally,ABRI. Many within ABRI did not like Sudharmono because he spent more time behind a desk (Sudharmono was a military attorney) than as a field officer. Seeing a gap to exploit, Naro nominated himself, possibly with the private support of ABRI who, in public, had shown support for Sudharmono.
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The PPP continued as the second biggest party out of the three allowed in the New Order. In May 1998, after Suharto's fall, the PPP returned to its Islamic ideology and prepared itself for the1999 legislative election, where it won 11% of the vote.
In the 1999 MPR General Session, the PPP was part of the Central Axis, a political coalition of Muslim parties which was formed by MPR Chairman, Amien Rais to counter the dominance ofMegawati Sukarnoputri'sIndonesian Democratic Party-Struggle (PDI-P). The PDI-P had won the legislative election and Megawati was expected to win the presidency. However, the MPR was still at this stage responsible for electing the president and vice president, and the Muslim parties in the Central Axis did not want a female president. Instead, they nominated and successfully secured the election of Abdurrahman Wahid as president. In the vice-presidential election, PPP ChairmanHamzah Haz ran against Megawati and was defeated.
The PPP was the first of Wahid's political allies to become disillusioned with him. The PPP's main problem with Wahid was his visit toIsrael and the suggestion that he was willing to establish diplomatic relations with that nation. Hamzah who served in Wahid's cabinet as Coordinating Minister for People's Welfare, immediately resigned from his position just a month after Wahid had appointed him to it. Many other Wahid allies would follow and in July 2001, the PPP would join in removing Wahid from the presidency and naming Megawati as the president. Hamzah was then elected as vice president after defeatingSusilo Bambang Yudhoyono andAkbar Tanjung in the vice-presidential election.
The PPP won 8.1% of the vote in the2004 legislative election, a decrease from its 10.7% share of the vote in 1999, but enough to retain its place as the third-best represented party in the legislature, behind the PDI-P and Golkar.
The PPP originally did not have a presidential candidate in mind for the2004 presidential election. They had expected that Hamzah would be picked as Megawati's running mate and continue the Megawati/Hamzah President/Vice President partnership. Megawati however, chose NU ChairmanHasyim Muzadi as her running mate.
The PPP then continued to wait, still expecting that Hamzah Haz would be picked as a vice-presidential candidate. Finally, a day before the registration of presidential/vice-presidential candidates was closed, Hamzah moved forward and became the PPP's presidential candidate.[15] His running mate was Agum Gumelar, who served as Minister of Transportation in Megawati's Cabinet. Hamzah's presidential run was unsuccessful as he received only 3.1% of the vote and came fifth.
In August 2004, the PPP announced that it was forming a national coalition with the PDI-P, Golkar, theReform Star Party (PBR) and theProsperous Peace Party to back Megawati to win the presidential run-off against Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono. Yudhoyono however would emerge victorious and the PPP would defect from the national coalition to Yudhoyono's camp. They were rewarded by being given cabinet places.
The PPP held its 6th National Congress in Jakarta from 30 January to 3 February 2007. On the last day of the Congress, Suryadharma Ali emerged as the new PPP Chairman to replace Hamzah. Suryadharma served as Minister of Cooperatives and State and Medium Enterprises in President Yudhoyono's Cabinet. He announced that he would continue as minister while concurrently holding the position of PPP Chairman.[citation needed]
The party came sixth in the2009 legislative election with 5.3 percent of the vote, winning 38 seats in thePeople's Representative Council.[16] Throughout the election, the party obtained votes from the elderly Muslim men throughout rural and urban area, inside and outside ofJava.[17]
In the2014 Indonesian legislative election, the PPP improved on its performance in the previous election winning 6.53% of the vote, and 39 seats in the legislature.[18] Five years later, in the2019 Indonesian legislative election, the PPP share of the vote fell to 4.52%, and the number of seats it held in the legislature halved to 19.[19][20]
In the 2014 Indonesian legislative election, the PPP targeted 12% of the national vote[21] or 13-15% of the vote in the DPR.[22] However, PPP could only win 6.53% of the national vote and 39 seats in the DPR.[23] Internal conflict in determining the presidential candidate occurred again ahead of the2014 presidential election. At that time, the General Chairman of the PPPSuryadharma Ali was present at the Gerindra Party campaign at the Gelora Bung Karno Stadium, Jakarta, on March 23, 2014. Suryadharma Ali gave a speech and supportedPrabowo Subianto.[24] The presence ofSuryadharma Ali at theGerindra Party campaign was accused of being the cause of the PPP's failure to achieve the target of 12 percent of the vote in the legislative elections on April 9, 2014. On April 13, 2014, 26 of the 34 PPP Regional Leadership Councils (DPW) requested that the PPP Central Leadership Council hold a plenary meeting to hearSuryadharma Ali's accountability.
Not long after the demand for accountability was voiced,Suryadharma Ali on April 16, 2014, signed a letter of dismissal for the Deputy Chairman of the PPPSuharso Monoarfa and five elements of the PPP DPW leadership. Suharso was dismissed on the grounds of managing his wife's nomination process as a legislative candidate, while the five elements of the PPP DPP leadership were dismissed for managing the presidential election while cadres were fighting for votes in the legislative elections.[24] After the dismissal, Suryadharma declared his support for Prabowo at the PPP DPP office and was responded to by the Deputy Chairman of the PPP DPPEmron Pangkapi who emphasized that his party's coalition with Gerindra was illegal.[24] To resolve the problem, the PPP held a national leadership meeting on April 19–20, 2014 which resulted in the decision to temporarily dismiss Suryadharma Ali as chairman.[24] However, in the end, the internal conflict ended peacefully after Suryadharma apologized[24] and the PPP officially supported Prabowo Subianto on May 12, 2014.[25] The PPP had proposedSuryadharma Ali as a vice presidential candidate Prabowo[26] but Prabowo choseHatta Rajasa as his vice president.
Following the conflict between theDjan Faridz andRomahurmuziy camps, internal party conflict has resurfaced. This started on August 15, 2022, whereSuharso Monoarfa made a controversial statement regarding the kiai's 'envelope'.[27] AlthoughSuharso Monoarfa has apologized, this statement is considered controversial because it is considered insulting to Islamic boarding schools and kiai, resulting in protests demandingSuharso Monoarfa to resign as the general chairman of the PPP.[28][29][30] This controversial statement was also opposed by PPP cadres because it was considered to threaten the party's existence for the 2024 election contest and PPP cadres demanded that Suharso Monoarfa resign if he did not want to be dishonorably discharged.[31][32] On September 3–5, 2022, PPP held a national working conference (Mukernas) inSerang,Banten which determined the dismissal ofSuharso Monoarfa as general chairman and the appointment ofMuhammad Mardiono as acting general chairman for the remainder of the 2020–2025 term.[33]Suharso Monoarfa actually fought back against the decision and mobilized loyalist cadres to cancel the decision.[34] Political experts assess This conflict is different because the previous conflict was related to political direction while the conflict betweenSuharso Monoarfa andMuhammad Mardiono occurred because of a slip of the tongue and assessed that this conflict would only last a short time.[35][36]
Ahead of the 2024 elections, the United Development Party (PPP) formed the United Indonesia Coalition (KIB) together with Golkar and the National Mandate Party (PAN) on May 12, 2022.[37] The word "Bersatu" has a philosophy, namely Beringin (Golkar), Surya (PAN), and Baitullah (PPP), while the three are symbols of each political party that founded the coalition.[38] PPP is also strengthened by the joining ofSandiaga Uno as a party member.[39] However, on April 26, 2023, PPP nominatedGanjar Pranowo, joining the coalition supportingPDI-P.[40] Initially, PPP nominatedSandiaga Uno as a vice presidential candidate to accompany Ganjar[41] and tried to invite theUnited Indonesia Coalition to supportGanjar Pranowo.[42] However,Golkar andPAN supportedPrabowo Subianto and formed Indonesia Onward Coalition withGreat Indonesia Movement Party.[43]
In the Indonesian legislative election 2024, for the first time the PPP party's votes decreased significantly and ultimately the PPP party was unable to pass into the DPR-RI.[44]Thegreat-grandson of thefounding father and first chairman of the United Development Party (PPP),[45] Alvaro Rafi Syafaat Mintaredja or better known as Alvaro Mintaredja, was seen to be active again representing the family in PPP since 2025 after the party founded by hisgreat-grandfather who isMohammad Syafaat Mintaredja did not pass into theHouse of Representatives (Indonesia) (DPR) in 2024 Indonesian Legislative Election for the first time in history.[46] He was also seen with PresidentJokowi at the wedding of PresidentAbdurrahman Wahid's nephew, who is a close relative of theMintaredja family.[47] Gus Dur orAbdurrahman Wahid is also known for the founder ofNational Awakening Party (PKB).[48] and hoped that with Alvaro Mintaredja and the active participation ofMohammad Syafaat Mintaredja Family, United Development Party (PPP) could return to Senayan (DPR) again in 2029. As is known, the first child of Mohammad Syafa’at Mintaredja, namelyEvac Syafruddin Mintaredja, decided not to follow in his father's footsteps and chose to start his career from the bottom he become the Head of the Media Bureau at theMinistry of State Secretariat under Vice PresidentJusuf Kalla.[49] Evac's son, Arie Syafriandi Mintaredja also chose to become an entrepreneur, down to the 4th generation, Alvaro Rafi Syafaat Mintaredja.Sandiaga Uno, who is a new PPP member, also expressed his concern and apologized for thisincident and asked all members of PPP to remain enthusiastic.[50][51] Alvaro was born in Jakarta on January 4, 2004, his age is still very young. All administrators of the DPP, DPC, DPW, Senior Figures, and Party Elites support Alvaro Mintaredja to become the chairman of the United Development Party in the future, repeating the history of his great-grandfather.[52]
After the fall ofSuharto, PPP once again became anIslamist party in the earlyPost-Suharto era. Today it is considered acentre-right[53] toright-wing[10][54] nationalist Islamist party which conforms with Pancasila doctrine and no longer upholdssharia as a main goal.
The party's vision is to bring about a nation that is just, prosperous, moral and democratic and that upholds the law, respects human rights and that holds in high esteem the dignity of mankind and social justice based on the values of Islam. The party believes that religion (Islam) has an important role to play as a moral guidance and inspiration in the life of the nation. It is committed to improving the quality of democracy in Indonesia and respects freedom of expression, opinion and organization, the realization of good governance and the endeavor to preserve the unitary Republic of Indonesia based on Pancasila and the1945 Constitution. It supports the concept of a people-based economic system, economic justice, the creation of jobs, the eradication of poverty, state control of sectors of the economy that have a controlling influence on the lives of the majority, a major role for state-owned companies, and economic independence.[55]
| Election | Ballot number | Total seats won | Total votes | Share of votes | Seat change | Outcome of election | Party leader |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1971 | N/A | 94 / 360 | 14,833,942[note 1] | 27.11%[56] |  94 seats | Opposition | Mohammad Syafaat Mintaredja |
| 1977 | 1 | 99 / 360 | 18,743,491 | 29.29%[57] | 5 seats | Opposition | Mohammad Syafaat Mintaredja |
| 1982 | 1 | 94 / 360 | 20,871,880 | 27.78%[57] |  5 seats | Opposition | Jailani Naro |
| 1987 | 1 | 61 / 400 | 13,701,428 | 15.97%[57] | 33 seats | Opposition | Jailani Naro |
| 1992 | 1 | 62 / 400 | 16,624,647 | 17.01%[57] | 1 seat | Opposition | Ismail Hasan Metareum |
| 1997 | 1 | 89 / 400 | 25,340,028 | 22.43%[57] | 27 seats | Opposition | Ismail Hasan Metareum |
| 1999 | 9 | 58 / 500 | 11,329,905 | 10.71%[57] | 31 seats | Governing coalition | Hamzah Haz |
| 2004 | 5 | 58 / 550 | 9,248,764 | 8.15%[57] |  | Governing coalition | Hamzah Haz |
| 2009 | 24 | 38 / 560 | 5,544,332 | 5.32%[57] | 20 seats | Governing coalition | Suryadharma Ali |
| 2014 | 9 | 39 / 560 | 8,157,488 | 6.53%[58] | 1 seat | Governing coalition | Suryadharma Ali |
| 2019 | 10 | 19 / 575 | 6,323,147 | 4.52%[59] | 20 seats | Governing coalition | Suharso Monoarfa |
| 2024 | 17 | 0 / 580 | 5,878,708 | 3.87% | 19 seats | Governing coalition[60] | Muhamad Mardiono |
| Election | Ballot number | Pres. candidate | Running mate | 1st round (Total votes) | Share of votes | Outcome | 2nd round (Total votes) | Share of votes | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2004 | 5 | Hamzah Haz | Agum Gumelar | 3,569,861 | 3.01% | Eliminated | Runoff[61] | ||
| 2009 | 2 | Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono | Boediono | 73,874,562 | 60.80% | Elected | |||
| 2014 | 1 | Prabowo Subianto[62] | Hatta Rajasa | 62,576,444 | 46.85% | Lost | |||
| 2019 | 1 | Joko Widodo | Ma'ruf Amin | 85,607,362 | 55.50% | Elected | |||
| 2024 | 3 | Ganjar Pranowo | Mahfud MD | 27,040,878 | 16.47% | Lost | |||
Note: Bold text indicates the party member
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(in Indonesian)