| Unitarian Universalism | |
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| Abbreviation | UUism[1] |
| Classification | InclusivistLiberal religion[1][2] |
| Scripture | officially none[2] |
| Theology | LiberalPluralist,[3]Omnist,[4][5][6] andSyncretic[7] |
| Founder | Members of theAmerican Unitarian Association and theUniversalist Church of America via consolidation[2][8] |
| Origin | May 1961[8] |
| Number of followers | ≈1.7 million identify with Unitarian Universalism in theU.S.A. (2024);[9] 152,958 members and religious education enrollees ofUUA (2024)[10] |
Unitarian Universalism (UUism orUU) is aliberal religious tradition characterized by its commitment totheological diversity,inclusivity, andsocial justice. Unitarian Universalists do not adhere to a singlecreed or doctrine. Instead, they are unified by shared covenants across congregations based on foundational values and principles centered on love and pluralistic worship.
The beliefs of individual Unitarian Universalists range widely and are often contextual to the congregation. The development of Unitarian Universalism can be traced back toliberalProtestantism andRestorationism through theUnitarian andChristian Universalist traditions.[1][2] Contemporary Unitarian Universalists may draw upon diverse theological and philosophical thought, includingagnosticism,Buddhism,Christianity,Hinduism,Islam,Judaism,New Age,neopaganism,nontheism,religious humanism,Sikhism,Taoism, and teachings of theBaháʼí Faith, among others.
Worship can take place in churches, fellowships, congregations, and societies. Unitarian Universalists maintain a deep regard forintellectual freedom and inclusive love. Congregations and members seek inspiration and derive insight from all majorworld religions and therefore do not have an official, unified corpus ofsacred texts. There are, however, texts unique to its tradition that are commonly appreciated by professed Unitarian Universalists, such asA Chosen Faith byJohn A. Buehrens andForrest Church, which has been called "the classic introductory text on Unitarian Universalism," andThe Unitarian Universalist Pocket Guide.[11][12]
The modernUnitarian Universalist Association (UUA) was formed in 1961 through the consolidation of theAmerican Unitarian Association, established in 1825, and theUniversalist Church of America,[8] established in 1793. The UUA is headquartered inBoston, Massachusetts, and serves churches mostly in theUnited States. A group of thirty Philippine congregations is represented as a sole member within the UUA. TheCanadian Unitarian Council (CUC) became an independent body in 2002. The UUA and CUC were two of the seventeen members of the now defunctInternational Council of Unitarians and Universalists (1995–2021).
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Unitarian Universalism was formed from the consolidation in 1961 of two historically separate Christian denominations, the Universalist Church of America and the American Unitarian Association,[8] bothbased in the United States; the new organization formed in this merger was the Unitarian Universalist Association.[13] At the time of the North American consolidation, Unitarians and Universalists diverged beyond their roots in liberal Christian theology. They draw from a variety of religious traditions. Individuals may or may not self-identify as Christians or subscribe to Christian beliefs.[14] Unitarian Universalist congregations and fellowships tend to retain some Christian traditions, such as Sunday worship with a sermon and the singing of hymns. The extent to which the elements of any particular faith tradition are incorporated into personal spiritual practice is a matter of individual choice for congregants, in keeping with a creedless, non-dogmatic approach to spirituality and faith development.[15][16]
New England Unitarians evolved from thePilgrim Fathers'Congregational Christianity, which was based on a literal reading of theBible. Liberalizing Unitarians rejected theTrinitarian belief in the tri-personal godhead: Father, Son, and Holy Ghost/Spirit. Instead, they asserted a unitary notion of God. In addition, they rejected the doctrine oforiginal sin, moving away from theCalvinism of theCongregationalists.[17]
New EnglandUniversalists rejected thePuritan forefathers' emphasis on the select few, theElect, who were supposed to be saved from eternal damnation by a just God. Instead Universalists asserted thatall people will eventually be reconciled with God.[17]
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Universalists claim a long history, beginning with several Church Fathers, though some modern scholars question whether these church fathers taught the defining doctrine of Universalism (universal salvation).[18][19][20]
This core doctrine asserts that through Christ every single human soul shall be saved, leading to the "restitution of all things" (apocatastasis). In 1793, Universalism emerged as a distinct denomination of Christianity in the United States, eventually called theUniversalist Church of America.[21] Early American advocates of universal salvation such asElhanan Winchester,Hosea Ballou andJohn Murray taught that all souls would achieve salvation, sometimes after a period resemblingpurgatory.[22]Christian Universalism denies the doctrine of everlastingdamnation, and proclaims belief in an entirely lovingGod who will ultimatelyredeem all human beings.[23][24]
According to Spanish physician,Michael Servetus, he studied the Bible and concluded that the concept of the Trinity, as traditionally conceived, was not biblical. His booksOn the Errors of the Trinity andChristianismi Restitutio caused much uproar. Servetus was eventually arrested, convicted of heresy, and burned at the stake inGeneva in 1553.[25]
The term "Unitarian" entered the English language viaHenry Hedworth, who applied it to the teachings ofLaelio Sozzini and the PolishSocinians. Unitarian churches were formally established inTransylvania andPoland (by the Socinians) in the second half of the 16th century.[26] There, the first doctrines of religious freedom in Europe were established (in the course of severaldiets between 1557 and 1568, seeEdict of Torda) under the jurisdiction ofJohn Sigismund, King of Hungary and Prince of Transylvania, the only Unitarian monarch. The early Unitarian church not only rejected the Trinity, but also thepre-existence of Christ as well as, in many cases,predestination andoriginal sin as put forward byAugustine of Hippo, and thesubstitutionary atonement of Christ developed byAnselm of Canterbury and John Calvin. There were several different forms ofChristology in the beginnings of the Unitarian movement; ultimately, the dominant Christology becamepsilanthropism: that Jesus was a man, but one with a unique relationship to God.[citation needed]
Influenced by theSocinian doctrine of thePolish Brethren, the Unitarian ministerSamuel Clarke (1675–1729) revised theBook of Common Prayer, removing the TrinitarianNicene Creed and references toJesus as God.[27]Theophilus Lindsey also revised theBook of Common Prayer to allow a more tolerant, free Unitarian interpretation. Neither cleric was charged under theBlasphemy Act 1697 that made it an "offense for any person, educated in or having made profession of the Christian religion, by writing, preaching, teaching or advised speaking, to deny theHoly Trinity". TheAct of Toleration (1689) gave relief toEnglish Dissenters, but excluded Unitarians. The efforts of Clarke and Lindsey met with substantial criticism from the more conservative clergy and laity of theChurch of England. In response, in 1774, Lindsey applied for registration of theEssex House as a "Dissenting place of worship" with the assistance ofbarristerJohn Lee.[28] On the Sunday following the registration—April 17, 1774—the first true Unitarian congregation discreetly convened in the provisional Essex Street Chapel. In attendance were Lee,Joseph Priestley and the agent of the Massachusetts Colony,Benjamin Franklin.[29] Priestley also founded a reform congregation, but, after his home was burned down in thePriestley Riots, fled with his wife to America, where he became a leading figure in the founding of the church on American soil.[30]
Once laity and clergy relaxed their vehement opposition to theDoctrine of the Trinity Act 1813, which finally allowed for protections of dissenting religions, theBritish and Foreign Unitarian Association was founded in 1825. It has its headquarters in Essex Hall, successor to Lindsey's Essex House.[31] Two that have been significant in national life are theCross Street Chapel in Manchester and,[32]Newington Green Unitarian Church innorth London.[33] Unitarian congregations in Britain meet under the auspices of theGeneral Assembly of Unitarian and Free Christian Churches. There are 170 communities of Unitarians across Britain.[34] The Chief Officer of the British Unitarians was Liz Slade as of 2024.[35]
In the United States, the Unitarian movement began primarily in theCongregationalparish churches ofNew England, which were part of thestate church of Massachusetts.[36] These churches, whose buildings may still be seen in many New England town squares, trace their roots to the division of thePuritan colonies into parishes for the administration of their religious needs.[37] In the late 18th century, conflict grew within some of these churches between Unitarian and Trinitarian factions. In 1805, Unitarians gained key faculty positions atHarvard. In 1819William Ellery Channing preached theordination sermon forJared Sparks inBaltimore, outlining the Unitarian position. TheAmerican Unitarian Association was founded as a separate denomination in 1825.[38]By coincidence and unknown to both parties, the AUA was formed on the same day—May 26, 1825—as theBritish and Foreign Unitarian Association.[39]
In the 19th century, under the influence ofRalph Waldo Emerson (who had been a Unitarian minister)[40] and othertranscendentalists, Unitarianism began its long journey fromliberal Protestantism to its more pluralist form.[41]
After theschism in the Congregational Churches resulting in the foundation (1825) of the American Unitarian Association, some of those churches remained within the Congregational fold and became member congregations of the Congregational organization (later theUnited Church of Christ), while others voted to become Unitarian. Some of the latter eventually became part of theUnitarian Universalist Association (formed in 1961) during a consolidation of the Unitarian and Universalist churches. Universalist churches in contrast followed a different path, having begun as independent congregations beyond the bounds of the establishedPuritan churches entirely. The UUA and the United Church of Christ cooperate jointly onsocial justice initiatives such as the Sexuality Education Advocacy Training project.[42]
In 1961, theAmerican Unitarian Association (AUA) was consolidated with theUniversalist Church of America (UCA), thus forming theUnitarian Universalist Association (UUA).[43] In the same year, theCanadian Unitarian Council (CUC) formed.[44] The Unitarian Universalist Association (UUA) was given corporate status in May 1961 under special acts of legislature of theCommonwealth of Massachusetts and theState of New York.[45]
In 1998, the Canadian Unitarian Council and Unitarian Universalist Association dissolved their financial accord, although they continue to cooperate.[44] The CUC had come into being atMeadville Lombard Theological School in 1961. However the continual decline of denominational churches and the almost complete failure of the Universalist movement in Canada had caused the formation of the Council to prompt a plan to merge with the UUA. Opposition to Liberal religious freedom relaxed, so that by 2002 it was agreed to increase autonomy and funding. The amalgamation proved troublesome for the Canadians, a small minority largely ignored, with only 45 congregations and 5,200 members—the Americans were insensitive to cultural differences.[46]
According to the Unitarian Universalist Association, Unitarian Universalism is a religion marked by freedom, reason, and acceptance.[47] As such, Unitarian Universalists practice anon-creedal religion that does not require one to believe in any particular belief or doctrine.[48] Rather than sharing common beliefs, Unitarian Universalists are united by a common history, the affirmation of each person's individual spiritual quest, and a covenant to uphold the community's shared spiritual values. As such, Unitarian Universalists vary greatly in their beliefs, and a plurality of beliefs often defines Unitarian Universalist congregations.[49]
Unitarian Universalists are encouraged to engage in their own unique spiritual journey and to follow their conscience in their beliefs. Unitarian Universalism is seen as compatible with other spiritual paths, and individual Unitarian Universalists are encouraged to engage in their own spiritual journey, whatever the path. Unitarian Universalists are not required to renounce previous faith traditions to join a Unitarian Universalist congregation. As a result, individual practitioners may simultaneously identify as Unitarian Universalists and other faith traditions.[49]
Although Unitarian Universalism draws its roots from Christian sources, contemporary Unitarian Universalists in North America view their religion as multifaith and drawing on a variety of sources, both religious and secular. Unitarian Universalism encourages its members to draw on the world's religions as well as the words and deeds of prophetic people as inspiration for their spiritual journeys.[50] Although members are cautioned to be aware of possiblecultural appropriation of traditions that do not belong to them, Unitarian Universalists are encouraged to find wisdom in a diverse spectrum of religions, customs, and cultures from around the world.[51]
A Chosen Faith byJohn A. Buehrens andForrest Church andThe Unitarian Universalist Pocket Guide are unique texts to Unitarian Universalism that are commonly appreciated by followers (although they are not considered official sacred text, since such a recognition is against Unitarian Universalist principles).[52][53]The Unitarian Universalist Pocket Guide is produced by the UUA and is a comprehensive introduction to Unitarian Universalism (especially as practiced in the UUA), featuring contributions from a variety of UU writers and being periodically edited by the incumbent UUA president. ThePocket Guide is in its 7th edition as of 2025, and was edited bySofía Betancourt, who is the 10th President of the UUA.[54]
Although the predecessors of Unitarian Universalism,Unitarianism andUniversalism, find their origin in unorthodox beliefs about the nature of theChristianGod, modern Unitarian Universalists hold a variety of views about the nature and existence of deity. Most Unitarian Universalist congregations take no formal stance on whether or not a god or gods exist but leave it up to individual members to decide for themselves what they believe. Unitarian Universalists may beatheists,agnostics, andtheists.[55] Among those Unitarian Universalists who use language of divinity, bothmonotheism andpolytheism are common, and Unitarian Universalists hold a variety of beliefs about the nature of the divine.[56][57]
The diversity of beliefs about divinity in Unitarian Universalism can be accounted for because of the influence ofreligious humanism on the movement in the late nineteenth century. Although Unitarian Universalists believe that anyone can be a Humanist, regardless of their position on the use of the language of divinity, the rise of religious humanism within Unitarian Universalism enables members to be able to further question the existence and nature of the divine through its encouragement towards reason.[58] Fifteen of the thirty-four signers ofHumanist Manifesto I were Unitarians and one was a Universalist. Unitarian Universalists were also a significant presence among the signers ofHumanist Manifestos II andIII.[59]
Today, the majority of Unitarian Universalists in North America identify as Humanists. Although Humanism is seen as an evolving philosophy where the limits of science and reason are recognized, its tenets continue to play a large role in the thought of Unitarian Universalist congregations. Unitarian Universalist Humanists hold that thenaturalism of their Humanism encourages individuals to recognize the awe, beauty, and wonder of the natural world and recognize the interdependence between humans and other beings.[58][59][60]
In the absence of shared beliefs, Unitarian Universalists often see their religion as acovenantal (as opposed to acreedal) one. Unitarian Universalists see covenants as the promises that bind congregations, communities, and individuals together in a community. In Unitarian Universalism, covenants are mutual promises among individuals and communities about how they will behave and engage with each other. Covenants help create trust and care among Unitarian Universalists and in their congregations.[61]
Rather than creating things people have to do, covenants in Unitarian Universalist communities create freedom by helping members know what to expect from each other. In the words of Unitarian Universalist minister Alice Blair Wesley:
...authentic human freedom is of necessity, lawful freedom, and because we receive the possibility of freedom as a gift of the way things are, an authentic covenant is: a glad promise to live freely together, insofar as we are able, in accordance with the laws of reality that make our freedom possible. This is true whether the agreement is between just two, as in a union of marriage, or whether the agreement is among millions, as in a free nation, or whether the agreement is among members who gather to be a free congregation.[62]
The use of covenants in the Unitarian Universalist community dates back to 1646 and the creation of theCambridge Platform by theCongregational churches of colonialNew England, some of whom would later becomeUnitarians, predecessors of modern Unitarian Universalists. The Platform was the first formal declaration of the principles of church order and governance in colonial North America.[63] Today, many Unitarian Universalist congregations create their own covenants, often called covenants of right relations, to lay out the principles of their congregations formally.[61]
In the United States, members of theUnitarian Universalist Association (UUA) covenanted together via the seven Principles and Purposes, formerly a part of Article II of the UUA bylaws. These Principles and Purposes were statements of shared values that Unitarian Universalist congregations agreed to uphold:
- The inherent worth and dignity of every person;
- Justice, equity and compassion in human relations;
- Acceptance of one another and encouragement to spiritual growth in our congregations;
- A free and responsible search for truth and meaning;
- The right of conscience and the use of the democratic process within our congregations and in society at large;
- The goal of world community with peace, liberty, and justice for all;
- Respect for the interdependent web of all existence of which we are a part.[64]
These principles, first adopted in 1960 and later revised in 1984 and 1985, proved so popular that many Unitarian Universalists came to see them as a wisdom source in and of themselves and a guide for participation in Unitarian Universalist congregations.[64][65]
In June, 2024, the UUA's General Assembly voted to replace the 7 principles in Article II of the UUA bylaws with a new covenant of 7 values. The central value is love. The other 6 are: interdependence, equity, transformation, pluralism, generosity, and justice.[66]
In Canada, members of theCanadian Unitarian Council affirm the seven principles along with an eighth principle: "Individual and communal action that accountably dismantles racism and systemic barriers to full inclusion in ourselves and our institutions."[67]
In the Philippines, where Unitarian Universalism is much moretheistically oriented, member congregations of the Unitarian Universalist Church of the Philippines affirm the seven principles, but with the addition of their own first principle: "There is God. God is love."[68]
Unitarian Universalism believes that actions taken to make the world a better place are more important than what a person actually believes, as espoused by a common slogan in Unitarian Universalist congregations, "Deeds, not creeds." They hold that belief divorced from action does not change the world and that good intentions often lead to a worse situation in the long term. Unitarian Universalist thinkers have long recognized the need to bring belief and action together and encourage their members to go into the larger world and improve it.[69][70]
Because of this importance of action, Unitarian Universalists have long been involved insocial,economic, andenvironmental justice movements, both through organizations created by Unitarian Universalists and through local, regional, national, and international grassroots organizing. Many Unitarian Universalists see this work as inseparable from their Unitarian Universalist faith and see their participation in justice movements as a deeply important part of their religious faith.[69][71]
Historically, the Unitarian Universalist Association's predecessor movements, Unitarianism and Universalism, saw members involved inabolitionism,women's suffrage,pacifism,temperance, andprison reform.[69] Today, Unitarian Universalists are deeply involved in causes such asracial justice and theBlack Lives Matter movement,[72]LGBTQ movements,[73]feminism andwomen's rights,[74]immigration justice,[75]reproductive rights,[76]climate justice,[77] andeconomic inequality.[78]
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The Unitarian belief that reason, and not creed, defines the search for truth, and the Universalist belief that God embraces all people equally has led to the current Unitarian Universalist belief that truth and spiritual meaning can be found in all faiths. This is reflected in the wide array of spiritual practices found among Unitarian Universalists today. Many Unitarian Universalist congregations include Buddhist-style meditation groups, JewishSeder,Yom Kippur and Passover dinners,iftaar meals (marking the breaking of Ramadan fast for Muslims), and Christmas Eve/Winter Solstice services. Children's and youth's religious education classes teach about the divinity of the world and the sanctity of world religions. One of its more popular curricula, Neighboring Faiths (formerly Church Across the Street), takes middle and high school participants to visit the places of worship of many faith traditions including aHindu temple, aReform orOrthodox synagogue, and aCatholic church.
There is great variety among Unitarian Universalist congregations, with some favoring particular religious beliefs or forms of worship over others, with many more home to an eclectic mix of beliefs. Regardless of their orientation, most congregations are fairly open to differing beliefs, though not always with various faith traditions represented to the same degree.
There is a wide variety in how congregations conceive of themselves, calling themselves "churches", "societies", "fellowships", "congregations", or eschew the use of any particular descriptor. Many use the name "Unitarian Universalist", (and a few "Universalist Unitarian"), having gradually adopted this formulation since consolidation in 1961. Others use names that reflect their historic roots by keeping the historical designation "Unitarian" or "Universalist" (e.g. "First Unitarian Church"). A few congregations use neither (e.g.Unity Temple). For some congregations, the name can be a clue to their theological orientation. For others, avoidance of the word "church" indicates a desire to distance itself from traditional Christian theology. Sometimes the use of another term may simply indicate a congregation's lay-led or relatively new status. However, some Unitarian Universalist congregations have grown to appreciate alternative terms such asfellowship and retained them even though they have grown much larger or lost features sometimes associated with their use (such as, in the case of fellowships, a traditionally lay-led worship model).[79]
Also of note is that there are many more people who identify as Unitarian Universalist on surveys than those who attend Unitarian Universalist congregations (by a factor of four in a recent survey),[80] reflecting those who have never joined (and lapsed members) but nonetheless consider themselves part of the Unitarian Universalist movement.
In 2004,UU World magazine asked for contributions of "elevator speeches" explaining Unitarian Universalism.[81] These are short speeches that could be made in the course of an elevator ride to those who knew nothing of the religion. Here are examples of the speeches submitted:
In Unitarian Universalist congregations, we gather in community to support our individual spiritual journeys. We trust that openness to one another's experiences will enhance our understanding of our own links with the divine, with our history, and with one another.
— Jonalu Johnstone, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma[82]
Most Unitarian Universalists believe that nobody has a monopoly on all truth, or ultimate proof of the truth of everything in any one belief. Therefore, one's own truth is unprovable, as is that of others. Consequently, we should respect the beliefs of others, as well as their right to hold those beliefs. Conversely, we expect that others should respect our right to our own beliefs. Several UU's then, would likely hold as many different beliefs. Other beliefs they may hold in common are a respect for others, for nature, and for common decency, leading to a particular caring for the poor, the weak and the downtrodden. As a result, issues of justice, including social justice are held in common among most.
— Gene Douglas, Harrah, Oklahoma[83]
It's a blessing each of us was born; It matters what we do with our lives; What each of us knows about God is a piece of the truth; We don't have to do it alone.
— Laila Ibrahim, Berkeley, California[82]
As in theology, Unitarian Universalistworship andritual are often a combination of elements derived from other faith traditions alongside original practices and symbols. In form, church services might be difficult to distinguish from those of aProtestant church, but they vary widely among congregations.[43]
The most common symbol of Unitarian Universalism is theflaming chalice, often framed by two overlapping rings that many interpret as representing Unitarianism and Universalism (the symbol has no official interpretation). The chalice itself has long been a symbol of liberal religion, and indeed liberal Christianity (theDisciples of Christ also use a chalice as their denomination symbol[84]). The flaming chalice was initially the logo of the Unitarian Service Committee during theSecond World War. It was created by Austrian artistHans Deutsch. The holy oil burning in it is a symbol of helpfulness and sacrifice.[85]
Nevertheless, other interpretations have been suggested, such as the chalice used by the followers of CzechJan Hus, which was supposedly reverential of Eastern Orthodox traditions; although Hus's early National Church was intrinsically an evangelical Protestant. In some agnostic historiographies the flaming chalice displayed a vague resemblance to a cross in some stylized representations, relying on the sepulchral traditions of the Hospitallers.[86] Many Unitarian Universalist congregations light a chalice at the beginning of worship services. Other symbols include anoff-center cross within a circle (a Universalist symbol associated with the Humiliati movement in the 1950s, a group of reformist, liturgically minded clergy seeking to revive Universalism).
Other symbols include a pair of open hands releasing adove.[87]
Religious services are usually held on Sundays and most closely resemble the form and format of Protestant worship in the Reformed tradition.[43] Services at a vast majority of congregations follow a structure that focuses on a sermon or presentation by a minister, a lay leader of the congregation, or an invited speaker.[88] Sermons may cover a wide range of topics. Since Unitarian Universalists do not recognize a particular text or set of texts as primary or inherently superior, inspiration can be found in many different religious or cultural texts as well as the personal experiences of the minister.
The service also includes hymn-singing, accompanied by organ, piano, or other available instruments, and possibly led by a song leader or choir. The most recent worship songbook published by the denomination,Singing the Journey[89] contains 75 songs and is a supplement to the olderSinging the Living Tradition which contains readings as well.[90] Hymns typically sung in Unitarian Universalist services come from a variety of sources—traditionalhymn tunes with new or adapted lyrics, spirituals, folk songs from various cultures, or original compositions by Unitarian Universalist musicians are just a few. Instrumental music is also a common feature of the typical worship service, including preludes, offertory music, postludes, or music for contemplation.
Pastoral elements of the service may include a time for sharing Joys and Sorrows/Concerns, where individuals in the congregation are invited tolight a candle or say a few words about important events in their personal lives. Many also include a time ofmeditation orprayer, led by the minister or service leader, both spoken and silent. Responsive readings and stories for children are also typical. Many congregations also allow for a time at the end of the service, called "talk back", where members of the congregation can respond to the sermon with their own insights and questions, or even disagree with the viewpoint expressed by the minister or invited speaker.
Many Unitarian Universalist congregations no longer observe the Christian sacraments ofbaptism,communion, orconfirmation, at least in their traditional forms or under their traditional names. Congregations that continue these practices under their more traditional names are oftenfederated churches or members of the Council of Christian Churches within the Unitarian Universalist Association (CCCUUA), or may have active chapters associated with theUnitarian Universalist Christian Fellowship or similar covenant groups.[91] "Child dedications" often replace more traditional infant baptisms (such "dedications" are sometimes practiced even in "orthodox" Christian communities that do not baptize infants for theological reasons). Annual celebrations ofWater Communion andFlower Communion may replace or supplement Christian-style communion (though many pluralist and Christian-oriented congregations may celebrate or otherwise make provisions for communion on Christian holy days).[92] Confirmation may be replaced by a "Coming of Age" program, in which teenagers explore their individual religious identity, often developing their own credo. After they have completed exploring their spiritual beliefs, they write a speech about it which they then personally deliver to the congregation.
Services can vary widely between congregations, and can incorporate dancing, contemporary music and poetry, readings taken from secular fiction or original works by congregants.[93]
In the 19th century, Unitarians and Universalists were active inabolitionism, thewomen's movement, thetemperance movement, and othersocial reform movements. Thesecond women's rights convention was held at theFirst Unitarian Church of Rochester, New York. Additionally, fourPresidents of the United States were Unitarians:John Adams,John Quincy Adams,Millard Fillmore, andWilliam Howard Taft.[94]
Historically, Unitarian Universalists have often been active in political causes, notably thecivil rights movement,[96] theLGBT rights movement,[97] thesocial justice movement, and thefeminist movement.Susan B. Anthony, a Unitarian andQuaker, was extremely influential in the women'ssuffrage movement. Unitarian Universalists and Quakers still share many principles. It is therefore common to see Unitarian Universalists and Quakers working together. The Unitarian Universalist tradition has included some prominentChristian socialists, such as the AmericanUnitarian ministerJohn Haynes Holmes and the labor leader andUniversalistSarah Bagley.[98] Holmes was also among the founders of both theNational Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in 1909 and theAmerican Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), chairing the latter for a time.James J. Reeb, a minister atAll Souls Church, Unitarian, inWashington, D.C., and a member of theSouthern Christian Leadership Conference, was clubbed inSelma,Alabama on March 8, 1965, and died two days later of massive head trauma. Two weeks after his death,Viola Liuzzo, a Unitarian Universalist civil rights activist, was murdered by white supremacists after her participation in the protest march from Selma toMontgomery, Alabama. TheSelma to Montgomery marches for voting rights are best known forBloody Sunday, which refers to March 7, 1965, the most violent of the three marches. The past head of the Unitarian Universalist Association 2001–2009,William G. Sinkford, isAfrican-American, making Unitarian Universalism one of the first traditionally white denominations to be headed by a member of a racial minority.[99]
Whilepolitical liberals andprogressives make up a clear majority of U.S. Unitarian Universalists (particularly in theUUA),[100] Unitarian Universalism aspires to diversity, and officially welcomes congregants regardless of their political views. Politically conservative Unitarian Universalists point out that neither theological liberalism nor the Seven Principles or Shared Values of Unitarian Universalism require decidedlyleft-leaning politics. There have been calls from groups such as the Fifth Principle Project for more tolerance and understanding of political differences within the UUA in order to avoid alienatingpolitically centrist-leaning ormoderate conservative Unitarian Universalists.[101] The formerU.S. Secretary of DefenseWilliam Cohen is an example of aconservative-leaning Unitarian Universalist.[102] Due to itscovenantal commitment toliberal democratic principles and pluralism, however, Unitarian Universalism is generally considered to precludefar-right political ideologies, such asChristian nationalism.[103][104][105]
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Several congregations have undertaken a series of organizational, procedural and practical steps to become acknowledged as a "Welcoming Congregation": a congregation which has taken specific steps to welcome and integrate gay, lesbian, bisexual & transgender (LGBT) members. Unitarian Universalist ministers performsame-sex unions and nowsame-sex marriages where legal (and sometimes when not, as a form of civil protest). On June 29, 1984, the Unitarian Universalists became the first major church "to approve religious blessings on homosexual unions."[106] Unitarian Universalists have been in the forefront of the work to make same-sex marriages legal in their local states and provinces, as well as on the national level. Gay men, bisexuals, and lesbians are also regularlyordained as ministers, and a number of gay, bisexual, and lesbian ministers have, themselves, now become legally married to their partners. In May 2004,Arlington Street Church, in Boston, Massachusetts, was the site of the first state-sanctioned same-sex marriage in the United States. The official stance of the UUA is for the legalization of same-sex marriage—"Siding with Love". In 2004 UU minister Debra Haffner ofThe Religious Institute on Sexual Morality, Justice, and Healing publishedAn Open Letter on Religious Leaders on Marriage Equality to affirm same-sex marriage from a multi-faith perspective. In December 2009, Washington, D.C., MayorAdrian Fenty signed the bill to legalize same-sex marriage for theDistrict of Columbia inAll Souls Church.
Unitarian Universalists for Polyamory Awareness engages Unitarian Universalist ministers and other leaders to educate them onpolyamory.[107] At the 2015UUA General Assembly, the Association's non-discrimination rule was amended to include the category of "family and relationship structures";[108] the UUA has yet to take specific follow-up action on this, however.
Many congregations are heavily involved in projects and efforts aimed at supporting environmental causes andsustainability. These are often termed "seventh principle" activities because of the seventh principle quoted above.
In May 2004,TexasComptrollerCarole Keeton Strayhorn ruled that Unitarian Universalism was not a "religion" because it "does not have one system of belief", and stripped the Red River Unitarian Universalist Church inDenison, Texas, of its tax-exempt status. However, within weeks, Strayhorn reversed her decision.[109]
There are separate movements and organizations who hold to classical Unitarian orChristian universalist Christian theology and neither belong to the Unitarian Universalist Association nor consider themselves Unitarian Universalists. The American Unitarian Conference and the Christian Universalist Association are the two most significant organizations representing these theological beliefs today. Christians who hold these beliefs tend to consider themselves the true Unitarians or Universalists and heirs of the theological legacy of the originalAmerican Unitarian Association orUniversalist Church of America, and they do not wish to be confused with Unitarian Universalists. TheUnity Church is another denomination that is often confused with Unitarian Universalism.[110]
In 1992, the UUA published statements opposing theBSA's policies of discriminating againsthomosexuals,atheists, and agnostics; and in 1993, the UUA updated the curriculum guidance of its "Religion in Life" emblems program for young people in scouting to include criticism of the BSA policies.[111] On account of the published criticism, in 1998 the BSA withdrew its recognition of UUA's Religion in Life emblem program. Subsequently, the UUA removed the objectionable material from the program curriculum and the BSA renewed recognition of the Religion in Life program. Later, the UUA issued internal, supplemental material to emblems-program workbooks that included general statements critical of discrimination on bases of sexual orientation or personal religious viewpoint. When the BSA learned of those (internal) statements it again withdrew recognition of the UUA Religion in Life emblems program.[112]
In 2004, the Unitarian Universalist Scouters Organization (UUSO), a group not affiliated with the UUA, established their "Living Your Religion" emblems program for UU-BSA scouts.[113] Without the knowledge or approval of the UUA, the program was approved by the BSA Religious Relationships committee in 2005. Upon being notified of the UUSO program the UUA issued a statement (March 16, 2005) clarifying that UUSO was not an affiliate organization of the UUA and asserting that, contrary to reports otherwise, UU congregations were still awarding the UUA Religion in Life emblem to their youth members in BSA Scouts—whose emblems then were worn on the Scouts' uniforms without complaint from the BSA. Further, the statement made clear that the UUA still maintained its criticism of both the BSA's ongoing discrimination against gay Scouts and gay Scout leaders and the BSA requirement of a religious litmus test for membership.[114][115]
Later events made these issues moot: In 2013, BSA opened its membership to gay youth, followed by opening membership to gay adults in 2015, which policy changes resolved the main UUA objection to supporting BSA. The UUSO dissolved in 2015 and by 2016, via a memorandum of understanding, the UUA religious emblems program was again formally recognized by BSA.[116]
During the presidency of William Sinkford, debate roiled the Unitarian Universalist (U.U.) movement over his call to return to, or to re-create, an authentic Unitarian Universalist "language of reverence."[117] Sinkford suggested that as Unitarian Universalists abandoned traditional religious language they would relinquish, to others, religion's words of power. These other religionists would proceed to dictate their meanings of religious words and language, including scripture, in the public sphere. He advocated that Unitarian Universalists should regain their proper seat at the interfaith table by making this language their own. In response, others saw his idea as an effort to return Unitarian Universalist congregations to more orthodox Christian worship patterns. Indeed, some were concerned that it might be a call to oppose the growing influence among UUs of humanism and atheism, the adherents of which would be made unwelcome within the community. Sinkford denied such motives, citing the words of Unitarian Universalist humanists as examples of what he meant by "language of reverence".[118]
The growth of humanism among Unitarian Universalists stemmed in part from the congregational commitment to reach a universal audience while educating U.U. folk in biblical literacy, many of whom were born into families that eschewed or minimized religious or moral catechisms. (In addition to humanists, these people comprehend atheists and theists, agnostics, skeptics and seekers, non-member affiliates, the religion-alienated and others among the larger UU congregation.)The debate saw the publication of a book by the UUABeacon Press, written by former UUA PresidentJohn Buehrens[119] and titledUnderstanding the Bible: An Introduction for skeptics, seekers, and religious liberals.[120] Meant to serve as a kind of handbook to be read alongside the Bible, it provides interpretative strategies from a liberal religious perspective for the reader to engage in conversation about the Bible—what it says and what it means today. Positive engagement is intended rather than to relinquish all public conversation to others over interpretation of the Bible. Another important work by Buehrens, withForrest Church, isA Chosen Faith: An Introduction to Unitarian Universalism,[121] in which the authors present the many sources of the Unitarian Universalist faith.
The "borrowing" of religious rituals from other faith traditions by Unitarian Universalists was discussed at the Unitarian Universalist General Assembly in 2001 during a seminar titled "Cultural Appropriation: Reckless Borrowing or Appropriate Cultural Sharing" by the Religious Education Dept, UUA.[122][123] Of particular discussion was the borrowing of rituals and practices that are sacred to specific tribes or using spiritual practices without real context.
Internal controversy over the hiring of the UUA's Southern Region Lead (a white man from outside the region was hired rather than a Latina woman who resided within the region) led to resignations and apologies in 2017. UUA President Peter Morales, the denomination's first Latino president, resigned amid criticism of his failure to address the diversity controversies.[124][125] The three co-presidents who took over commissioned a "racism audit" to addresswhite supremacy within the denomination.[126] In April 2018,The Washington Post reported that the UUA "in the past year has been asked to help resolve 15 congregational conflicts involving religious professionals of color".[127]
As of 2020, the UUA had 1,027 Unitarian Universalist member congregations in the United States[134] and some congregations outside the US.[135] In 2011, it had two congregations in theU.S. Virgin Islands, 19 in Canada, six in other countries, plus 28 multi-denominational member congregations: 17 inMassachusetts, four inIllinois, three inNew Hampshire, two inVermont, and one each inMaine andWashington, D.C. Seven of the ten U.S. states with the most congregations are also among the most populous states; the state with the most congregations and members is Massachusetts; Vermont is No. 1 relative to its total population.[136] As of December 2023 there are 42 Unitarian Universalist congregations and emerging groups in Canada affiliated with the CUC.[137]
In 1956, Sam Wells wrote, "Unitarians and Universalists are considering merger which would have total U.S. membership of160000 (500000 in the world)".[138] In 1965 Conkin wrote, "In 1961, at the time of the merger, membership [in the United States] was 104,821 in 651 congregations, and the joint membership soared to its historically highest level in the mid-1960s (an estimated259000) before falling sharply back in the 1970s ...".[139] According to the 2008Yearbook of American & Canadian Churches, the Unitarian Universalist Association of Congregations claimed 214,738 members in 2002.[140]
In the United States, theAmerican Religious Identification Survey reported629000 members describing themselves as Unitarian Universalist in 2001, an increase from502000 reported in a similar survey in 1990.[141] The highest concentrations are inNew England and aroundSeattle, Washington.[142]
The U.S. Religious Landscape Survey, conducted in 2007 by the Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life and featuring a sample size of over35000, puts the proportion of American adults identifying as Unitarian Universalist at 0.3%.[143]
The 2001 Canadian census done by Statistics Canada put Canadian Unitarians at 17,480,[144] and the September 2007 membership statistics from the CUC show they had at that time 5,150 official members.[145] In 2015, the CUC reported 3,804 members.[146]
... in the early months of 1774 a little group of persons – Lindsey and his chiefpledged supporters – turned the corner out of the Strand into Essex Street and stood looking at a building near the top of the street, a building which alone kept alive the proud name 'Essex House'
...eleven homes and two chapels in Birmingham were destroyed ... on April 8, 1794, Joseph and Mary Priestley set sail for America ... his 1796 lectures on "Evidences of Revelation" led to the formation of the First Unitarian Church in Philadelphia
Many churches that were Congregationalist split off and became Unitarian. In 1825, the movement grew large enough that an organization, the American Unitarian Association, was formed
The Unitarian Universalist Association has long been an advocate of age-appropriate, medically accurate, comprehensive sexuality education
Unitarian Universalist Association was given corporate status in May 1961 under special acts of legislature of The Commonwealth of Massachusetts and the State of New York.
{{cite web}}:|author= has generic name (help)The Rev. John Haynes Holmes, a Unitarian, built the Community Church of New York into a hub of civil liberties and antiracist activism, and introduced the American public to Gandhian nonviolence...American socialism was also born during the abolitionist era, partly at Hopedale and other utopian communities, and partly through the pioneering journalism of Universalist Sarah Bagley, who launched the Lowell Offering as a voice for female mill workers in Massachusetts's first factory town.
A complaint about the recent years' narrowing of UU's politics is that it excludes political moderates and conservatives who would embrace the UU's Principles. There is no political litmus test to be a UU, and there is no reason that many moderates and conservatives who believe in 'the inherent worth and dignity of every person' can't belong to a UU or other religiously liberal church. UU Minister Rev. Sean Neil-Baron[sic] put it 'We are a liberal religion not a religion for liberals,' and there used to be an active group for conservative UUs.
...Unitarian Universalists are known for their history of vociferous support for controversial causes including immigrant rights, access to abortion, LGBT equality and environmental protection. Broad principles of reason, compassion and valuing all people, rather than claims about ultimate truth, are given as the driving force for political action.
UU congregations are increasingly being targeted by right-wing hate, all of our congregations should be prepared to respond to threats with skill and courage while also remaining grounded in our values.
The landscape in which I write in early 2025, during the first one hundred days of asecond Trump administration that is actively eviscerating the administrative state and attempting afascistcoup on behalf of white Christian nationalism, is fundamentally different from the one that Unitarian Universalists navigated fifty, ten, or even five years ago–both within our faith and in broader society. The current moment is rife with both existential challenges and liberatory opportunities that demand we ask ourselves, yet again: which aspects of our faith are so essential that without them, we would no longer be Unitarian Universalists?
Map includes 1,018 UUA member congregations in the United States using data collected by the UUA through February 2011, but does not include theChurch of the Larger Fellowship which is headquartered in Mass. but serves a geographically dispersed community. The map does include multidenominational congregations affiliated with the UUA
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