In the field of3D computer graphics, theunified shader model (known inDirect3D 10 as "Shader Model 4.0") refers to a form ofshader hardware in agraphical processing unit (GPU) where all of the shader stages in the renderingpipeline (geometry, vertex, pixel, etc.) have the same capabilities. They can all read textures and buffers, and they useinstruction sets that are almost identical.[1]
Earlier GPUs generally included two types of shader hardware, with thevertex shaders having considerably more instructions than the simplerpixel shaders. This lowered the cost of implementation of the GPU as a whole, and allowed more shaders in total on a single unit. This was at the cost of making the system less flexible, and sometimes leaving one set of shaders idle if the workload used one more than the other. As improvements infabrication continued, this distinction became less useful.ATI Technologies introduced a unified architecture on the hardware they developed for theXbox 360.Nvidia quickly followed with theirTesla design. AMD introduced a unified shader in card form two years later in theTeraScale line. The concept has been universal since then.
Early shader abstractions (such as Shader Model 1.x) used very different instruction sets for vertex and pixel shaders, with vertex shaders having much more flexible instruction set. Later shader models (such as Shader Model 2.x and 3.0) reduced the differences, approaching unified shader model. Even in the unified model the instruction set may not be completely the same between different shader types; different shader stages may have a few distinctions. Fragment/pixel shaders can compute implicit texture coordinate gradients, while geometry shaders can emit rendering primitives.[1]
Unified shader architecture (orunified shading architecture) is a hardware design by which all shader processing units of a piece of graphics hardware are capable of handling any type of shading tasks. Most often Unified Shading Architecture hardware is composed of an array of computing units and some form ofdynamic scheduling/load balancing system that ensures that all of the computational units are kept working as often as possible.
Unified shader architecture allows more flexible use of the graphics rendering hardware.[2] For example, in a situation with a heavy geometry workload the system could allocate most computing units to run vertex and geometry shaders. In cases with less vertex workload and heavy pixel load, more computing units could be allocated to run pixel shaders.
While unified shader architecture hardware and unified shader model programming interfaces are not a requirement for each other, a unified architecture is most sensible when designing hardware intended to support an API offering a unified shader model.
OpenGL 3.3 (which offers a unified shader model) can still be implemented on hardware that does not have unified shader architecture. Similarly, hardware that supported non unified shader model APIs could be based on a unified shader architecture, as is the case withXenos graphics chip inXbox 360, for example.
The unified shader architecture was introduced with theNvidiaGeForce 8 series,ATIRadeon HD 2000 series,S3 Chrome 400,Intel GMA X3000 series,Xbox 360's GPU,Qualcomm Adreno 200 series,Mali Midgard,PowerVR SGX GPUs and is used in all subsequent series.
For example, the unified shader is referred as "CUDA core" or "shader core" onNVIDIA GPUs, and is referred as "ALU core" onIntel GPUs.
Nvidia
Intel
ATI/AMD