Simbirsk was founded in 1648 by theboyarBogdan Khitrovo.[11] The fort of "Simbirsk" (alternatively "Sinbirsk") was strategically placed on a hill on the Western bank of theVolga River. The fort was meant to protect the eastern frontier of theTsardom of Russia from the nomadic tribes and to establish a permanent royal presence in the area.In 1668, Simbirsk withstood a month-long siege by a 20,000-strong army led by rebelCossack commanderStenka Razin. Also in Simbirsk another country rebel,Yemelyan Pugachev, was imprisoned before execution. At the time Simbirsk possessed a woodenkremlin, which was destroyed by a fire during the 18th century.
As the eastern border of the Russian Empire was rapidly pushed intoSiberia, Simbirsk rapidly lost its strategic importance, but nonetheless began to develop into an important regional center. Simbirsk was granted city status in 1796.
Simbirsk was then considered an exclusive town favoured by the aristocracy, and besides its churches and a Governor's Place, included an Assembly of the Nobles, with a magnificent library.[12] The Holy Trinity Cathedral was constructed in a restrainedNeoclassical style between 1827 and 1841. In the summer of 1864, in what was believed an arson attack, Simbirsk was mostly destroyed by fire. However, it was quickly rebuilt and continued to grow. Its population, which was 26,000 in 1856, had reached 43,000 by 1897.
In 1924, the city was renamed Ulyanovsk in honor of Vladimir Ulyanov, better known asLenin, who was born in Simbirsk in 1870. Two other Russian political leaders,Alexander Kerensky andAlexander Protopopov, were also born in Simbirsk.
The construction of theKuybyshev hydroelectric plant (completed in 1957) 200 kilometers (120 mi) downstream of Ulyanovsk resulted in the flooding of significant tracts of land both north and south of Ulyanovsk andincreasing the width of the Volga by up to 35 kilometers (22 mi) in some places. To this day, some populated neighborhoods of Ulyanovsk remain well below the level of the reservoir, protected from flooding by a dam: it is estimated that its catastrophic failure would submerge parts of the city comprising around 5% of its total population with as much as 10 meters (33 ft) of water.
During the Soviet period, Ulyanovsk was an important tourist center, drawing visitors from around the country because of its revolutionary importance.
After thedissolution of the Soviet Union, the tourist importance of Ulyanovsk sharply decreased. In the 1990s, the city went through the hardest times—a slump in production in all branches, mass unemployment, and a population impoverishment. In the first decade of the 2000s the economy started to grow.
Ulyanovsk slowly recovered from these downturns into regional manufacturing, educational and transportationclusters.
The city is headed by a mayor who is the executive branch, and city council which is the legislative branch. The term of the mayor is five years. In 2010 the city council abolished the direct elections to the mayor, replacing it with city manager, appointed by the council. Then again, in April 2013 the city charter was amended to re-introduce the direct mayoral election.[13]
Ulyanovsk has ahumid continental climate (Köppen climate classificationDfb). Average temperature is −10.2 °C (13.6 °F) in February and 20.6 °C (69.1 °F) in July. Falls are generally warm, with snow beginning to accumulate by mid-November. Winters tend to be cold but with moderate amounts of snowfall and nighttime lows occasionally dipping below −25 °C (−13 °F). Summer weather arrives in mid-May. Precipitation averages about 480 millimeters (19 in). The city is subject to frequent, but moderate, droughts. Springs and summers are sunny, but fall and winter are usually cloudy. Median annual temperature is +5.1 °C (41.2 °F).
A maximum temperature of +39.3 °C (102.7 °F) was recorded on 2 August 2010, duringa record-breaking heat wave.
Climate data for Ulyanovsk (1991–2020, extremes 1948–present)
The Soviet-era headquarters ofUAZ, nowSollers JSC Corporation
Ulyanovsk is a major, diversified, industrial hub foraircraft andauto industries.
TheUAZ automobile manufacturing plant (subsidiary ofSollers JSC);Aviastar-SP Aircraft Company (part ofUnited Aircraft Corporation); Scientific and Production Association "Mars" (manufacturesindustrial control systems for theRussian Navy, a subsidiary of state-owned conglomerate Agat); Ulyanovsk Cartridge Works (manufactures ammunition for firearms); Ulyanovsk Motor Plant (Ульяновский моторный завод, UMZ) and Ulyanovsk Mechanical Plant (Ульяновский механический завод,UMZ, a subsidiary of JSCAlmaz-Antey) are based in the city along with a variety of light industry and food-processing enterprises.
Banking is mostly represented by national banks such asSberbank,VTB Bank,Alfa-Bank, Bin Bank, Ak Bars Bank and also regional banks fromUlyanovsk Oblast.
Ulyanovsk has also a strong military base presence in town. The 31st Airborne Brigade of theRussian Airborne Troops of the armed forces is based in Ulyanovsk.
"Bridgestone Tire Manufacturing CIS" - Japan tyre works, work from 2016.
Production of industrial gases: Linde Gas Rus, Spektrum of Gases.[20]
The region of Undory, a driving distance from Ulyanovsk is famous for its spas and mineral water. The city offers many options for sports enthusiasts. The countryside is ideal for outdoor and water sports. The springs of Undory have been known for more than 200 years. The water at spa is rich in sodium chloride, and comes from artesian wells.
A railway bridge across theVolga was built in 1912–1916 and two automobile lanes were added to it in 1953–1958, allowing for the city to expand on the Eastern (left) bank of the river and transforming it into a localtransport hub.
According to Ulyanovsk Region Development Corporation,Ulyanovsk Region is conveniently situated in the center of the European part of Russia, where east west and north south air, rail, car and river routes cross. It has an industrial, transport and business infrastructure and a developed network of roads and railways which provide a good basis for turning Ulyanovsk into a major transport and logistics hub in the Volga Federal district working not only for Ulyanovsk Region's plants but the whole Volga federal district. Ulyanovsk transport hub provides all forms of transport (busyriver port andpassenger terminal, railways with two major passenger and cargo stations, airports and now two major bridges) apart from sea, which can serve Russian and internationalcargo traffic toKazakhstan,Central Asia andSoutheast Asia, Europe, China and back.[22]
As the aging Ulyanovsk bridge, the only crossing of the Volga in the 400 km stretch fromKazan toTolyatti, could no longer cope with the growing needs of the city, the construction ofPresident Bridge, atruss bridge, began in the late 1980s. Completion was delayed significantly due to catastrophic economic circumstances following the end of the Soviet Union. Its official opening ceremony was on November 24, 2009, by the Russian PresidentDmitry Medvedev – although traffic was using the bridge a few days earlier.[citation needed] The bridge has a total length of 5.5 km, making it one of the longest in Europe.[23]
The city is divided by theriver Sviyaga, a tributary of the Volga whose confluence with it is about 200 km north of the city.
Public transportation in the city is well developed and provided by 17 tram lines, 7 trolleybus routes (and all tram lines are only on the right-bank part of the city, and all the trolley only on the left bank), 50 municipal bus routes, and about 150 fixed-route taxi (marshrutkas) lines. The City of Ulyanovsk has a working plan to buildhigh-speed rail system to connect the two banks of the town.
Ulyanovsk State University, established in 1988 as a branch ofMoscow State University. At the present time, UlSU is one of the largest higher educational institutions in the Volga region, comprising 6 institutes, 6 independent faculties, 2 affiliates, 5 junior colleges, 6 learning centers. UlSU enrolls about 15 thousand students annually, among them 125 foreign citizens from 20 countries of the world.
Ulyanovsk State Technical University, established in 1957 as Ulyanovsk Polytech University. Today Ulyanovsk State Technical University features over 14,000 students on different education programs at 10 faculties and 48 departments.
Ulyanovsk Higher Civil Aviation School, founded in 1935 as a training center, designed for training and retraining of flight crews of civil aircraft. In 1992, raised its status to the present. Has branches inKrasny Kut, Saratov Oblast andSasovo, Ryazan Oblast. When it has Main industry museum of civil aviation history (Ulyanovsk aircraft museum), established in 1983.
There is also a large number of technical and medicalcommunity colleges in Ulyanovsk.
During the Soviet period, Ulyanovsk lost much of its historical heritage due to both neglect and intentional destruction. All traces of the original wooden fort have disappeared, as have the churches of old Simbirsk; the majority of 19th-century buildings remain in the city, including the houses where Lenin lived between 1870 and 1887. The restoration of the Cathedral of the Holy Trinity was considered, but has since been canceled. However, many historical constructions remain. Among them the house in which writerIvan Goncharov was born, the Protestant church and other buildings.
The house where Lenin was born
Ulyanovsk is home to several tourist destinations around the downtown museum district and famousVolga River tours. The Ulyanovsk State historical memorial complex "Lenin`s hometown" houses the regional city center, the center of Simbirsk-Ulyanovsk. The memorial estate has been recreating the local culture connected with architecture, education and way of life of Russia since the end of the 19th century until the beginning of the 20th century. The State historical memorial complex "Lenin`s hometown" was founded in 1984.[24] Now it consists of 14 museums and the Showroom, and has a young creative collective of 152 people.[25]
Obelisk and World War II Memorial on the banks ofVolga River
Museum of history and art during winter season. Building – an object of cultural heritage of the Russian Federation. Built in 1913–1916 years as a house-monument to the writerIvan Goncharov who was born in Simbirsk
Законодательное Собрание Ульяновской области. Закон №126-ЗО от 3 октября 2006 г. «Об административно-территориальном устройстве Ульяновской области», в ред. Закона №225-ЗО от 29 декабря 2014 г. «О внесении изменений в Закон Ульяновской области "О муниципальных образованиях Ульяновской области" и Закон Ульяновской области "Об административно-территориальном устройстве Ульяновской области"». Опубликован: "Ульяновская правда", №77 (22.513), 6 октября 2006 г. (Legislative Assembly of Ulyanovsk Oblast. Law #126-ZO of October 3, 2006On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Ulyanovsk Oblast, as amended by the Law #225-ZO of December 29, 2014On Amending the Law of Ulyanovsk Oblast "On the Municipal Formations of Ulyanovsk Oblast" and the Law of Ulyanovsk Oblast "On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Ulyanovsk Oblast". ).
Законодательное Собрание Ульяновской области. Закон №043-ЗО от 13 июля 2004 г. «О муниципальных образованиях Ульяновской области», в ред. Закона №225-ЗО от 29 декабря 2014 г. «О внесении изменений в Закон Ульяновской области "О муниципальных образованиях Ульяновской области" и Закон Ульяновской области "Об административно-территориальном устройстве Ульяновской области"». Вступил в силу через десять дней после официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Деловой Вестник", №78(2818), 20 июля 2004 г. (Legislative Assembly of Ulyanovsk Oblast. Law #043-ZO of July 13, 2004On the Municipal Formations of Ulyanovsk Oblast, as amended by the Law #225-ZO of December 29, 2014On Amending the Law of Ulyanovsk Oblast "On the Municipal Formations of Ulyanovsk Oblast" and the Law of Ulyanovsk Oblast "On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Ulyanovsk Oblast". Effective as of the day which is ten days after the official publication.).
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