Ulsan (Korean: 울산;Korean pronunciation:[uɭ.s͈an]), officially theUlsan Metropolitan City, isSouth Korea's seventh-largest metropolitan city and the eighth-largest city overall, with a population of over 1.1 million inhabitants.[4] It is located in the south-east of the country, neighboringBusan to the south and facingGyeongju to the north.
Ulsan is the city that built the first automobile hydrogen charging station in the country in 2009. In addition, the first hydrogen ship charging station in the country was installed in Jangsaengpo Port in 2021. Currently, theUlsan Green Hydrogen Town project, a hydrogen city that supplies hydrogen by connecting the city and a hydrogen power plant, is in progress.[8] In December 2016, 10Hyundai ix35 FCEVs, the first hydrogen fuel cell taxis in the country, entered test operation.[9][10]
Stone tools found at theMugeo-dong Ok-hyeon archaeological site indicate that Ulsan was inhabited by humans at least as early as thePaleolithic era. Other findings indicate human inhabitation in theNeolithic Era. Ulsan also contains a substantial number of settlement remains from theBronze Age.[11] During theJinhan confederacy, Ulsan was a site of iron mining and production.[12] In theLater Silla period, Ulsan served as an important port for the economic hub ofGyeongju, and likely saw the import of luxury Persian goods such as silver, glass, and peacock tails.[13]
In 1592, the future port-town of Ulsan was the site of a major battle when warrior monks joined citizen soldiers in resisting Japanese invasion.[14] On January 29, 1598, a combined military operation between Korea and China tried to besiege the castle, but failed as reinforcements from Japan came to delay the fighting.[14] Records from theJoseon period show that Ulsan was developed as a shipbuilding site as early as 1642.[15]
Owing to the two World Wars, Ulsan began to grow as an industrial center. During this time it was part ofKeishōnan-dō. In 1962, Ulsan was chosen to become a Special Industrial Zone and in the following year, it formally became a city.[16] TheHyundai Group andSK Group began setting up large businesses in Ulsan.[17]Hyundai Heavy Industries established the shipyard in Ulsan andHyundai Motor Company started there.[18] Later onSK Energy developed an oil refinery and petrochemical hub there. Ulsan soon transformed into a modern metropolitan city.
On December 31, 1996, legislation on the promotion of Ulsan to a metropolitan city[19] was declared. Ulsan was promoted to a metropolitan city on July 15, 1997.[20]
Geographically, Ulsan is located at the southeastern tip of the Korean Peninsula and the southern end of theTaebaek Mountains. The coastline, classified as a mountainous emergent coastline, exhibits relatively simple development and is adjacent to theEast Sea.[21]
Ulsan is bounded on the south to Busan. Busan is 70 km (43 mi) to the south.
Ulsan has amonsoon-influencedhumid subtropical climate (Köppen:Cfa, bordering onCwa), with cold but dry winters, and hot, humid summers. Monthly means range from 2.0 °C (35.6 °F) in January to 25.9 °C (78.6 °F) in August, with diurnal temperature ranges generally low. Its location on the Korean peninsula results in a seasonal lag. The warmest days occur in August and averaging very near 30 °C (86 °F). Precipitation is relatively low in the winter months, but there is high rainfall from April to September.
Climate data for Ulsan (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1932–present)
According to the 2015 census, a majority of Ulsan residents did not belong to any religion. Buddhism was the most common religion with 29.8% of residents being adherents, followed by Protestantism at 10.9% and Roman Catholicism at 4.2%.
Planned industrial development for the Ulsan Industrial Zone 1962.Ulsan Central market entrance.
As the centre of theUlsan Industrial District, the city is the corporate base of the multinationalHyundai conglomerate. Up to 1962, Ulsan operated as a fishing port and market centre. As part of South Korea's first five-year economic plan, Ulsan became an open port. Additionally, the government designated Ulsan as a Special Industrial District,[29] which encouraged development of major industrial plants and factories: anoil refinery, fertilizer plants, automobile production, and heavy industries were developed here. Theshipbuilding portBangeojin was annexed by the city in 1962.
Hyundai Group foundedHyundai Heavy Industries in Ulsan in 1973, which effectively turned the city into a company town and drew a large influx of workers into the city.[30] The company's importance to the city can be seen in its name's omnipresence, with a highway named after Hyundai's founder, and the hospital, school, theater, as well as many restaurants and department stores bearing the Hyundai name.[31]
The city has the world's third largest[citation needed]oil refinery with 840,000 BPD, owned bySK Energy. South Korea's no.3 S-oil refinery complex with 669,000BPD and 1.7million PX plant of world single largest facility, 39,000BPD lubricant base oil, owned by Saudi Aramco, is also in Ulsan.[7]
Ulsan is the home of the world's largestautomobile assembly plant, with an annual capacity of 1,700,000 units, operated byHyundai Motors. The plant started with 50,000 capacity in 1968 and has expanded 30 times to become the top complex in the world with its own export piers with logistics competitiveness.[5] Its integrated design of related functions was inspired by theFord River Rouge Complex inDearborn, Michigan.
In November 2011,SB LiMotive opened an advancedlithium-ion battery production plant in Ulsan. SB LiMotive was a 50-50 consortium ofSamsung SDI andRobert Bosch GmbH.[35][36][37] In September 2012, Samsung SDI bought out Robert Bosch GmbH's portion of SB LiMotive for $95 million to gain 100% ownership of the Ulsan production facility.[38] The Ulsan plant is one of Samsung SDI's trio of advanced car-battery production facilities.[39][40]
The Ulsan Green Hydrogen Town is ahydrogen city being developed as a pilot project. As of October 2024, 188km of underground pipelines have been laid to connect hydrogen produced as a byproduct from petrochemical complexes to the city center.[41]
The city transport department plans to build alight-rail line. The bus system shows a specific ETA at most bus stops.[42]
Ulsan Airport, constructed in 1970 and expanded in 1997, has more than 20 flights per day to and fromSeoul'sGimpo International Airport and 4 flights per week to and fromJeju International Airport. In November 2010, Korea's high-speed train network, theKTX, was extended to Ulsan.[43] This provides a high-speed link to Seoul, with a running time of just over 2 hours. The new KTX station,Ulsan Station, is in nearbyEonyang, with a series of express buses (5001-5005), as well as some city buses serving the new station.[44] The original city station has been renamed Taehwa River Station.[43]
In December 2016, 10Hyundai ix35 FCEVs, the first hydrogen fuel cell taxis in the country, entered test operation.[9]
In the Yeongnam Alps, there are seven tall mountains (Gajisan,Sinbulsan, Ganwolsan, Cheonhwangsan, Yeongchuksan, Goheonsan, Jaeyaksan) over 1,000m above sea level. Sinbulsan (MT.) Ridge, where grasses turn silver in autumn, is one of the best sights to see in theYeongnam Alps. Eoksae festival is held every early October in Ganwoljae, which is best known for its colony of silver grass. Korea's largest traditional folkOnggi (earthware) village is Oegosan. The traditional Onggi (earthware) manufacturing process is carried on here and is open to tourists, including Onggi workshops and kilns. The Ulsan Onggi museum offers a variety of information related to Onggi and displays a diversity of this earthware.
As the onlywhale museum in Korea, Jangsaengpo Whale Museum collects, maintains and displays whaling-related artifacts. They have become more rare since 1986, when whaling was internationally prohibited in order to protect the species. The museum provides a variety of information related to whales and marine ecosystems; it is a space for education, research and experience. Whale cruises depart fromJangsaengpo port.
Ulsan Grand Park is claimed as the best ecology park in a downtown area in Korea, boasting a vast area of 3,640,000 m2 (39,180,634 sq ft). "Natural, Clean and Comfortable" are the main themes, and it is a place for urbanites to seek nature. It sponsors a variety of events and festivals for families. It is a pleasant place for relaxation where you can breathe in nature during daily life[citation needed]. In particular, the Rose Festival every June presents a feast for the eyes and nose. Taehwagang (River) National Garden; Simnidaesup (10-ribamboo grove), one of the 12 scenic beauties of Ulsan, was restored; now the river and the bamboo grove are connected. This space expresses the related ecology of the area, showing the importance of nature and environment. It allows visitors the chance to observe and experience wildlife in its natural environment and to relax while being one of nature. Ulsan has beautiful beaches (Jinha, Ilsan).Daewangam Park features a lush, hundred-year-old pine forest.Ganjeolgot Cape is noted as the first place to see the sunrise from the Korean peninsula. A sunrise festival is held every New Year's Day.
Ulsan Industry Park has been leading the Pacific Rim industry in the 21st century. Ulsan hasHyundai Motor Company, with the world's largest single-purpose plant; Hyundai Heavy Industries, the biggest heavy industry leader in the world; Hyundai Mipo Shipbuilding, and Petrochemical Park, leaders in Korea's chemistry industry.
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