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Ukrainian Baroque (Ukrainian:Українське бароко), also known asCossack Baroque (Ukrainian:Козацьке бароко) orMazepa Baroque,[1] is an architectural style that was widespread inUkraine in the 17th and 18th centuries. It was the result of a combination of local architectural traditions and EuropeanBaroque.
Thanks to influences fromWestern Europe, from the late 16th century the lands of modern Ukraine came under the influence of the secularized Baroque form of art and architecture, which was still unknown in the neighbouringTsardom of Russia.[2] According to the historianSerhii Plokhy,Petro Mohyla, theMetropolitan of Kyiv from 1633 to 1647, was crucial in developing the style as part of his drive to reform theUkrainian Orthodox Church and adapt the Church to the challenges of theReformation andCounter-Reformation.[3] Ukrainian Baroque reached its apogee in the time of the CossackHetmanIvan Mazepa, from 1687 to 1708. Mazepa Baroque is an original synthesis of Western European Baroque architectural forms and Ukrainian national Baroque architectural traditions.
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Ukrainian Baroque is distinct from the Western European Baroque in having more moderate ornamentation and simpler forms, and as such was considered moreconstructivist. Many Ukrainian Baroque buildings have been preserved, including several buildings inKyiv Pechersk Lavra and theVydubychi Monastery inKyiv. The historianAndrew Wilson has identified All Saints' Church, the Cathedral of the Assumption and the Trinity Gate within the Kyiv Pechersk Lavra as good examples of the style, along withSt. Michael's Golden-Domed Monastery in Kyiv andSt. Catherine's inChernihiv.[4] The exterior ofSt. Sophia Cathedral in Kyiv also underwent significant alterations in the Baroque style.[5] Another example of the style is the Church of St. Elias inSubotiv, whereBohdan Khmelnytsky buried his son Tymish in 1653 after his death in battle.[6] The church is also depicted on the₴5 note.
The best examples ofBaroque painting in Ukraine are the church paintings in theHoly Trinity Church of the Kyiv Pechersk Lavra. Rapid development in engraving techniques occurred during the Ukrainian Baroque period. Advances utilized a complex system ofsymbolism, allegories, heraldic signs, and sumptuous ornamentation. From the 17th century onwards, there was also a flowering of baroque literature in Ukraine, which in turn helped lay the foundations for Russian secular literature.[7]
The Ukrainian Baroque sculptorJohann Georg Pinsel, who was active during the mid-18th century inGalicia, was the subject of a special exhibition at theLouvre in Paris in 2012–2013. Pinsel, who demonstrated a unique, masterful expressiveness of form and a highly personal characterization of drapery is now recognized as a leading figure in European Baroque sculpture.[8] The Russian Baroque architectBartolomeo Rastrelli, who is best known for designing theWinter Palace inSaint Petersburg andCatherine Palace inTsarskoe Selo, also made contributions to the Ukrainian Baroque style, designingSt. Andrew's Church andMariinskyi Palace inKyiv.[9] The palace is now used as the official residence of thePresident of Ukraine. The Galician-Italian architect Bernard Merettini designed the ornateSt. George's Cathedral, Lviv, used as a mother church by theUkrainian Greek Catholic Church.[10]
Certain features of the Ukrainian Baroque influenced theNaryshkin Baroque movement in the 17th–18th century inMoscow.[11][12] Modern Ukrainian church buildings, such asTroieshchyna Cathedral, are also built in this style, but it is not typical for Ukrainian Baroque. Elements of the Ukrainian Baroque style were later adapted by theUkrainian-Canadian community when building their own churches, adapted for the wooden church architecture more typical in Canadian-Ukrainian churches.[13]
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