| USSArizona Memorial | |
|---|---|
.jpg) USSArizona Memorial in 2002 | |
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| Location | Pearl Harbor |
| Nearest city | Honolulu, Hawaii |
| Coordinates | 21°21′54″N157°57′0″W / 21.36500°N 157.95000°W /21.36500; -157.95000 |
| Area | 10.50 acres (4.25 ha) |
| Established | May 30, 1962 |
| Visitors | 1,556,808 (in 2005) |
| Governing body | U.S. Navy National Park Service |
| Website | Pearl Harbor National Memorial |
TheUSSArizona Memorial, atPearl Harbor inHonolulu,Hawaii, marks the resting place of 1,102 of the 1,177 sailors and Marines killed onUSS Arizona during theattack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, and commemorates the events of that day. The attack on Pearl Harbor led to the United States' involvement inWorld War II.
The memorial, built in 1962, is visited by more than two million people annually.[1] Accessible only by boat, it straddles the sunken hull of the battleship without touching it. Historical information about the attack, shuttle boats to and from the memorial, and general visitor services are available at the associated USSArizona Memorial Visitor Center, which opened in 1980 and is operated by theNational Park Service. The battleship's sunken remains were declared aNational Historic Landmark on May 5, 1989.[2]
The USSArizona Memorial is one of several sites in Hawaii that are part of thePearl Harbor National Memorial.
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During and following the end of World War II,Arizona's wreckedsuperstructure was removed and efforts began to erect a memorial at the remaining submerged hull.
Robert Ripley, ofRipley's Believe It or Not! fame, visited Pearl Harbor in 1942. Six years later, in 1948, he did a radio broadcast from Pearl Harbor. Following that broadcast, with the help of his longtime friend Doug Storer, he got in contact with theDepartment of the Navy. He wrote letters to Rear Admiral J.J. Manning of theBureau of Yards and Docks regarding his desire for a permanent memorial.
While Ripley's original idea for a memorial was disregarded due to the cost, the Navy continued with the idea of creating a memorial. The Pacific War Memorial Commission was created in 1949 to build a permanent memorial in Hawaii. AdmiralArthur W. Radford, commander of thePacific Fleet, attached a flag pole to the main mast of theArizona in 1950, and began a tradition of hoisting and lowering the flag. In that same year a temporary memorial was built above the remaining portion of the deckhouse.[3] Radford requested funds for a national memorial in 1951 and 1952, but was denied because of budget constraints during theKorean War.
The Navy placed the first permanent memorial, a 10-foot (3 m)-tall basalt stone and plaque, over the mid-ship deckhouse on December 7, 1955.[4] PresidentDwight D. Eisenhower approved the creation of a National Memorial in 1958. Enabling legislation required the memorial, budgeted at $500,000, be privately financed; however, $200,000 of the memorial cost was government subsidized.
Principal contributions[5] to the memorial included:
During planning stages, the memorial's purpose was the subject of competing visions. Some were eager to keep it a tribute to the sailors of theArizona, while others expected a dedication to all who died in the Pacific theater.[8] In the end, the legislation authorizing and funding the memorial (HR 44, 1961) declared that theArizona would "be maintained in honor and commemoration of the members of the Armed Forces of the United States who gave their lives to their country during the attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, on December 7, 1941."[9][8]
The national memorial was designed byHonolulu architectAlfred Preis, who was detained atSand Island at the start of the war as an enemy of the country, because of his Austrian birth.[10] TheUnited States Navy specified the memorial be in the form of a bridge floating above the ship and accommodating 200 people.[citation needed]
The 184-foot-long (56 m) structure has two peaks at each end connected by a sag in the center of the structure. Critics initially called the design a "squashed milk carton".[11]
The architecture of the USSArizona Memorial is explained by Preis as, "Wherein the structure sags in the center but stands strong and vigorous at the ends, expresses initial defeat and ultimate victory ... The overall effect is one of serenity. Overtones of sadness have been omitted, to permit the individual to contemplate his own personal responses ... his innermost feelings."[12]
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The national memorial has three main parts: entry, assembly room, and shrine. The central assembly room features seven large open windows on either wall and ceiling, to commemorate the date of the attack. There are rumors that the 21 windows symbolically represent a21-gun salute or 21 Marines standing at eternal parade rest over the tomb of the fallen, but guides at the site have confirmed that this was not the architect's intention. The memorial also has an opening in the floor overlooking the sunken decks. It is from this opening that visitors can pay their respects by tossing flowers in honor of the fallen sailors. In the past,leis were tossed in the water, but because string from leis poses a hazard to sea life, leis now are placed on guardrails in front of the names of the fallen.
One ofArizona's three 19,585-pound (8,884 kg) anchors is displayed at the visitor center's entrance. (One of the other two is at the Arizona State Capitol inPhoenix.) One of the twoship's bells is in the visitor center. (Its twin is in the clock tower of the Student Memorial Center at theUniversity of Arizona inTucson.)
The shrine at the far end is a marble wall that bears the names of all those killed onArizona, protected behind velvet ropes. To the left of the main wall is a small plaque which bears the names of thirty or so crew members who survived the 1941 sinking. Any surviving crew members ofArizona (or their families on their behalf) could have their ashes interred within the wreck by U.S. Navy divers.[13] (The last survivor ofArizona,Lou Conter, died in April 2024 at the age of 102.)[14]
The USSArizona Memorial was formally dedicated on May 30, 1962 (Memorial Day) byTexas Congressman and Chairman of Veteran AffairsOlin E. Teague and future-GovernorJohn A. Burns.
It was listed on theNational Register of Historic Places on October 15, 1966. While the wreck of theArizona was declared aNational Historic Landmark in 1989, the memorial does not share this status. Rather, it is listed separately from the wreck on the National Register of Historic Places. The joint administration of the memorial by the United States Navy and the National Park Service was established on September 9, 1980.
Oil leaking from the sunken battleship can still be seen rising from the wreckage to the water's surface. This oil is sometimes referred to as "the tears of theArizona"[15][16] or "black tears."[17] In aNational Geographic feature published in 2001, concerns were expressed that the continued deterioration of theArizona'sbulkheads and oil tanks from saltwater corrosion could pose a significant environmental threat from a rupture, resulting in a significant release of oil.[18] The National Park Service states it has an ongoing program that closely monitors the submerged vessel's condition.
The Park Service, as part of its Centennial Initiative celebrating its 100th anniversary in 2016, developed a "mobile park" to tour the continental United States to increase exposure of the park. The mobile park also collected oral histories of the attack on Pearl Harbor.[19][20]
The marble wall is vulnerable to the presence of salt water vapor which causes stains and erosion damage to gradually appear. The original wall was replaced in 1984 and the first replacement wall was replaced in 2014.
Upon the deck of thebattleshipUSS Missouri inTokyo Bay, the Japanesesurrendered to United States GeneralDouglas MacArthur and AdmiralChester W. Nimitz, ending World War II. In 1999,Missouri was moved to Pearl Harbor from the United States west coast and docked behind, and in line, with USSArizona, placing it perpendicular to the USSArizona Memorial. The pairing of the two ships became an evocative symbol of the beginning and end of the United States' participation in the war.
USSArizona Memorial staff initially criticized the placement ofMissouri, saying the large battleship would "overshadow" theArizona Memorial. To guard against this perception,Missouri was placed well back of theArizona Memorial, and positioned in Pearl Harbor to prevent those participating in military ceremonies onMissouri's aft decks from seeing theArizona Memorial. The decision to haveMissouri'sbow face the Memorial was intended to convey thatMissouri now watches over the remains ofArizona so that those interred withinArizona's hull may rest in peace. These measures have helped preserve the identities of theArizona Memorial and the USSMissouri, thereby improving the public's perception of havingArizona andMissouri in the same harbor.[21]
The visitor center operated by theNational Park Service is free to the public and has a museum with exhibits about the Pearl Harbor attack, such as the ship's bell fromArizona.
More than one million people visit the memorial each year.[1] Access to the USSArizona Memorial is by U.S. Navy boat, for which an online reservation is required (in-person reservations were discontinued in February 2021, due to theCOVID-19 pandemic).[22] Because of the large number of visitors and the limited number of boat departures, most of the reservations available each day are often fully allocated weeks in advance, although a limited number are held back for release the day before.[23] Before boarding the boat for the short trip to the Memorial, visitors view a 23-minute documentary film depicting the attack on Pearl Harbor. Touring of the Memorial is self-guided. The National Park Service Web site provides visitor information, including hours of operation and ticketing advisories.
A one-hour audio tour of the Memorial and Center exhibits, narrated by actressJamie Lee Curtis, whose father,Tony Curtis was aWorld War II and Navy veteran, is available for rent at the visitor center. On the center's grounds along the shoreline are more exhibits and a "Remembrance Circle". Nearby isUSS Bowfin, a World War II dieselsubmarine, which may be toured with separate, paid admission. The battleship USSMissouri and thePacific Aviation Museum Pearl Harbor may also be visited, but require a bus ride toFord Island.
On May 6, 2018, boat transportation to the memorial was suspended after one of the vessel operators noticed a crack on its outside. Although repairs were made, the cracks reappeared. The memorial was closed on May 26, 2018, and remained closed until September 1, 2019, but boat tours around the memorial and the other ships on Battleship Row continued to be made.[24][25] The memorial briefly closed again in September and December of 2021 due to safety issues with the dock.[26]
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Since it was formally dedicated in 1962, every U.S. President has made a pilgrimage to the memorial, presenting a wreath and scattering flowers overArizona in honor of the Americans who perished there.[27] On December 27, 2016,Japanese Prime MinisterShinzō Abe visited the memorial with PresidentBarack Obama and paid respects to fallen service members there. Abe is the first Prime Minister of Japan to visit the USSArizona Memorial, 75 years after the Japanese attack. It was a reciprocal visit to Obama's visit ofHiroshima Peace Memorial on May 27, 2016 as the first visit by a sitting U.S. President.[28] When Abe planned the visit, he mistakenly thought he would be the first sitting prime minister to visit Honolulu, not knowing three of his predecessors paid quiet but official visits in 1951, 1956 and 1957, includinghis grandfather in 1957. To ensure Abe's visit would be unprecedented, the USSArizona Memorial was chosen.[29][30]
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Every United States Navy,Coast Guard, andMerchant Marine vessel entering Pearl Harbor participates in the tradition of "manning the rails." Personnel serving on these ships stand at attention at the ship's guard rails and salute the USSArizona Memorial in solemn fashion as their ship slowly glides into port.
Arizona is no longer in commission, but is an activeU.S. military cemetery. As survivors of the attack onArizona passed away, many chose either to have their ashes scattered in the water over the ship, or to have their urns placed within the well of thebarbette of Turret No. 4.[31] As a special tribute to the ship and her lost crew, the United States flag flies from the flagpole, which is attached to the severed mainmast of the sunken battleship.[32]The USSArizona National Memorial was one of the nine major historical sites incorporated into the wide-rangingWorld War II Valor in the Pacific National Monument, established by Congress in 2008 and dedicated on December 7, 2010.[10] TheJohn D. Dingell Jr. Conservation, Management, and Recreation Act divided the monument by the three states in which it was located, naming the Hawaii site asPearl Harbor National Memorial.
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