Country in North America
United States of America
Motto: "In God We Trust "[ 1] Other traditional mottos:[ 2] Anthem: "The Star-Spangled Banner "[ 3] Capital Washington, D.C. 38°53′N 77°1′W / 38.883°N 77.017°W /38.883; -77.017 Largest city New York City 40°43′N 74°0′W / 40.717°N 74.000°W /40.717; -74.000 Official languages None at thefederal level [ a] [discuss National language English [ b] Ethnic groups Religion Demonym(s) American [ c] [ 8] Government Federal presidential republicDonald Trump JD Vance Mike Johnson John Roberts Legislature Congress Senate House of Representatives Independence July 4, 1776 (1776-7-4 ) March 1, 1781 (1781-3-1 ) September 3, 1783 (1783-9-3 ) June 21, 1788 (1788-6-21 ) Area • Total area
3,796,742 sq mi (9,833,520 km2 )[ 10] [ d] 3rd ) • Water (%)
7.0[ 9] • Land area
3,531,905 sq mi (9,147,590 km2 ) (3rd) Population • 2024 estimate
[ 11] • 2020 census
[ e] [ 12] 3rd )• Density
87/sq mi (33.6/km2 ) (185th ) GDP (PPP ) 2024 estimate • Total
[ f] [ 13] 2nd )• Per capita
[ 13] 8th )GDP (nominal) 2024 estimate • Total
[ 13] 1st )• Per capita
[ 13] 6th )Gini (2023) [ g] [ 14] medium inequality HDI (2022) [ 15] very high 20th )Currency U.S. dollar ($ ) (USD )Time zone UTC −4 to −12, +10, +11UTC −4 to −10[ h] Date format mm/dd/yyyy[ i] Calling code +1 ISO 3166 code US Internet TLD .us [ 16]
TheUnited States of America (USA ), commonly known as theUnited States (U.S. ) orAmerica , is a country primarily located inNorth America . It is afederal republic of 50states andthe federal capital district ofWashington, D.C. The 48contiguous states borderCanada to the north andMexico to the south, with thesemi-exclavic state ofAlaska in the northwest and thearchipelagic state ofHawaii in thePacific Ocean .Indian country includes 574 federally recognized tribes and 326Indian reservations withtribal sovereignty rights . The U.S. asserts sovereignty over fivemajor island territories andvarious uninhabited islands .[ k] megadiverse country , with the world'sthird-largest land area [ d] third-largest population , exceeding 340 million.[ l] largest metropolitan areas areNew York ,Los Angeles , andChicago , and its threemost populous states areCalifornia ,Texas , andFlorida .
Paleo-Indians migrated to North America across theBering land bridge more than 12,000 years ago, and formed civilizations and societies.Spanish exploration and colonization led to the establishment ofSpanish Florida in 1513, the first European colony in what is now the continental United States.French colonization began in 1562, but permanent settlements came later. SubsequentBritish colonization led to the first settlement of theThirteen Colonies inVirginia in 1607. Intensive agriculture in the rapidly expandingSouthern Colonies encouraged theforced migration ofenslaved Africans . Clashes with theBritish Crown over taxation andpolitical representation sparked theAmerican Revolution , with theSecond Continental Congress formallydeclaring independence on July 4, 1776.
The United States emerged victorious from the 1775–1783Revolutionary War andexpanded westward across North America , dispossessingNative Americans during theIndian Wars . Expansion began when the U.S. signed the 1803Louisiana Purchase withNapoleonic France . The end of theMexican–American War saw the acquisition of further territory. As more stateswere admitted , aNorth–South division over slavery led to the secession of theConfederate States of America , which foughtthe Union in the 1861–1865American Civil War . With the victory and preservation of the United States,slavery was abolished nationally . In the late 19th century the United States established itself as agreat power with victory in theSpanish-American War , a status solidified afterits involvement in World War I . AfterJapan 'sattack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941, the U.S.entered World War II ;its aftermath left the U.S. and theSoviet Union as the world'ssuperpowers . During theCold War , both countries struggled forideological dominance andinternational influence . TheSoviet Union's collapse and theend of the Cold War in 1991left the U.S. as the world's sole superpower , withsignificant geopolitical influence globally .
TheU.S. national government is aconstitutional presidential republic andliberal democracy withthree separate branches :legislative ,executive , andjudicial . It has abicameral national legislature composed of theHouse of Representatives , alower house based on population, and theSenate , anupper house based on equal representation for each state. The country'sDemocratic andRepublican parties have dominatedAmerican politics since the 1850s.Federalism provides substantial autonomy to the 50 states, whileAmerican values are based on a democratic political tradition that draws its inspiration from theEuropean Enlightenment movement . Amelting pot ofmany ethnicities and customs , theculture of the United States has been shaped bycenturies of immigration , andits soft power influence has a global reach.
One of the world'smost developed countries , the U.S.ranks among the highest ineconomic competitiveness ,productivity ,innovation , andhigher education . The United Statesaccounted for over a quarter of nominalglobal economic output in 2024, andits economy has been the world'slargest by nominal GDP since about 1890 . It possesses by far thelargest amount of wealth of any country and has thehighest disposable household income per capita amongOECD countries, thoughU.S. wealth inequality is higher than in most otherdeveloped countries . The U.S. is a member ofmultiple international organizations and plays a leading role in global political, cultural, economic, and military affairs.
Etymology Documented use of the phrase "United States of America" dates back to January 2, 1776. On that day,Stephen Moylan , aContinental Army aide to GeneralGeorge Washington , wrote a letter toJoseph Reed , Washington'saide-de-camp , seeking to go "with full and ample powers from the United States of America to Spain" to seek assistance in theRevolutionary War effort.[ 20] [ 21] anonymous essay published in theWilliamsburg newspaperThe Virginia Gazette [ 20] Thomas Jefferson wrote "United States of America" in a rough draft of theDeclaration of Independence ,[ 20] Second Continental Congress on July 4, 1776.[ 22]
The term "United States" and its initialism "U.S.", used as nouns or as adjectives in English, are common short names for the country. The initialism "USA", a noun, is also common.[ 23] U.S. federal government , with prescribed rules.[ m] [ 25] [ 26]
"America" is the feminine form of the first word ofAmericus Vesputius Amerigo Vespucci (1454–1512); it was first used as a place name by the German cartographersMartin Waldseemüller andMatthias Ringmann in 1507.[ 27] [ n] West Indies discovered byChristopher Columbus in 1492 were part of a previously unknown landmass and not among the Indies at the eastern limit of Asia.[ 28] [ 29] [ 30] the term "America" rarely refers to topics unrelated to the United States, despite the usage of "theAmericas " to describe the totality ofNorth andSouth America .[ 31]
History
Indigenous peoples Cliff Palace , a settlement ofancestors of theNative American Pueblo peoples in present-dayMontezuma County, Colorado , built betweenc. 1200 and 1275 [ 32] Thefirst inhabitants of North America migrated fromSiberia over 12,000 years ago, either across theBering land bridge or along thenow-submerged Ice Age coastline .[ 33] [ 34] Clovis culture , which appeared around 11,000 BC, is believed to be the first widespread culture in the Americas.[ 35] [ 36] Mississippian culture , developedagriculture ,architecture , andcomplex societies .[ 37] post-archaic period , the Mississippian cultures were located in themidwestern ,eastern , andsouthern regions, and theAlgonquian in theGreat Lakes region and along theEastern Seaboard , while theHohokam culture andAncestral Puebloans inhabited thesouthwest .[ 38] Native population estimates of what is now the United States before the arrival of European immigrants range from around 500,000[ 39] [ 40] [ 40] [ 41]
The1750 colonial possessions ofBritain (in pink and purple),France (in blue), andSpain (in orange) in present-dayCanada and the United States Christopher Columbus began exploring theCaribbean for Spain in 1492, leading toSpanish-speaking settlements and missions fromPuerto Rico andFlorida toNew Mexico andCalifornia . The first Spanish colony in what is now the continental United States wasSpanish Florida , chartered in 1513.[ 42] [ 43] [ 44] [ 45] Saint Augustine , was founded in 1565.[ 46] French Florida in 1562, but they were either abandoned (Charlesfort, 1578) or destroyed by Spanish raids (Fort Caroline , 1565);permanent French settlements would be founded much later along theGreat Lakes (Fort Detroit , 1701), theMississippi River (Saint Louis, 1764) and especially theGulf of Mexico (New Orleans , 1718).[ 47] New Nederland (settled 1626, present-day New York) and the small Swedish colony ofNew Sweden (settled 1638 in what is now Delaware).British colonization of theEast Coast began with theVirginia Colony (1607) and thePlymouth Colony (Massachusetts, 1620).[ 48] [ 49] Mayflower Compact in Massachusetts and theFundamental Orders of Connecticut established precedents for representativeself-governance andconstitutionalism that would develop throughout the American colonies.[ 50] [ 51] [ 52] [ o] [ 56] [ 57] trafficked African slaves through theAtlantic slave trade .[ 58]
The originalThirteen Colonies [ p] Great Britain ,[ 59] local governments with elections open to most white male property owners .[ 60] [ 61] [ 62] [ 63] [ 64] First Great Awakening , a series ofChristian revivals , fueled colonial interest inreligious liberty .[ 65]
Declaration of Independence John Trumbull depicting theCommittee of Five presenting the draft ofthe Declaration to theContinental Congress on June 28, 1776, inPhiladelphia Following their victory in the French and Indian War, Britain began to assert greater control over local colonial affairs, resulting incolonial political resistance ; one of the primary colonial grievances was a denial of theirrights as Englishmen , particularly the right torepresentation in the British government that taxed them . To demonstrate their dissatisfaction and resolve, theFirst Continental Congress met in 1774 and passed theContinental Association , a colonial boycott of British goods that proved effective. The British attempt to then disarm the colonists resulted in the 1775Battles of Lexington and Concord , igniting theAmerican Revolutionary War . At theSecond Continental Congress , the colonies appointedGeorge Washington commander-in-chief of theContinental Army , and createda committee that namedThomas Jefferson to draft theDeclaration of Independence . Two days after passing theLee Resolution to create an independent nation the Declaration was adopted on July 4, 1776.[ 66] political values of the American Revolution includedliberty , inalienable individual rights ; and thesovereignty of the people ;[ 67] republicanism and rejectingmonarchy ,aristocracy , and all hereditary political power;civic virtue ; and vilification ofpolitical corruption .[ 68] Founding Fathers of the United States , who included Washington, Jefferson,John Adams ,Benjamin Franklin ,Alexander Hamilton ,John Jay ,James Madison ,Thomas Paine , and many others, were inspired byGreco-Roman ,Renaissance , andEnlightenment philosophies and ideas.[ 69] [ 70]
TheArticles of Confederation and Perpetual Union were ratified in 1781 and established a decentralized government that operated until 1789.[ 66] siege of Yorktown in 1781, American sovereignty was internationally recognized by theTreaty of Paris (1783), through which the U.S. gained territory stretching west to the Mississippi River, north to present-day Canada, and south toSpanish Florida .[ 71] Northwest Ordinance (1787) established the precedent by which the country's territory would expand with theadmission of new states , rather than the expansion of existing states.[ 72] U.S. Constitution was drafted at the 1787Constitutional Convention to overcome the limitations of the Articles. It went into effect in 1789, creating afederal republic governed bythree separate branches that together ensured a system ofchecks and balances .[ 73] was elected the country's first president under the Constitution, and theBill of Rights was adopted in 1791 to allay skeptics' concerns about the power of the more centralized government.[ 74] [ 75] His resignation as commander-in-chief after the Revolutionary War and his later refusal to run for a third term as the country's first president established a precedent for the supremacy of civil authority in the United States and thepeaceful transfer of power .[ 76] [ 77]
Historicalterritorial expansion of the United States Division of the states during theAmerican Civil War : TheLouisiana Purchase of 1803 from France nearly doubled the territory of the United States.[ 78] [ 79] Lingering issues with Britain remained , leading to theWar of 1812 , which was fought to a draw.[ 80] [ 81] Spain ceded Florida and its Gulf Coast territory in 1819.[ 82] expand westward , many with a sense ofmanifest destiny .[ 83] [ 84] Missouri Compromise of 1820, which admittedMissouri as aslave state andMaine as a free state, attempted to balance the desire of northern states to prevent the expansion of slavery into new territories with that of southern states to extend it there. The compromise further prohibited slavery in all other lands of the Louisiana Purchase north of the36°30′ parallel .[ 85] policies ofIndian removal orassimilation .[ 86] [ 87] Indian Removal Act of 1830 . It culminated in theTrail of Tears (1830–1850), in which an estimated 60,000 Native Americans living east of theMississippi River were forcibly removed and displaced to lands far to the west, resulting in anywhere from 13,200 to 16,700 deaths.[ 88] American Indian Wars west of the Mississippi.[ 89] [ 90] Republic of Texas wasannexed in 1845,[ 91] Oregon Treaty led to U.S. control of the present-dayAmerican Northwest .[ 92] Mexican–American War resulted in the 1848Mexican Cession of California, Nevada, Utah, and much of present-day Colorado and theAmerican Southwest .[ 83] [ 93] California gold rush of 1848–1849 spurred a huge migration of white settlers to the Pacific coast, leading to even more confrontations with Native populations. One of the most violent, theCalifornia genocide of thousands of Native inhabitants, lasted into the early 1870s,[ 94] [ 95]
During the colonial period,slavery had been legal in the American colonies , especially in the agriculture-intensiveSouthern Colonies from Maryland to Georgia. The practice began to be significantly questioned during the American Revolution.[ 96] abolitionist movement that had reemerged in the 1830s, states inthe North enacted anti-slavery laws.[ 97] Southern states with inventions such as thecotton gin (1793), which had long made the institution profitable forSouthern elites .[ 98] [ 99] [ 100] sectional conflict regarding slavery was further inflamed by legislation in Congress and decisions of the Supreme Court: TheFugitive Slave Act of 1850 mandated the return of slaves taking refuge in non-slave states to their owners in the South. TheKansas–Nebraska Act of 1854 effectively gutted the anti-slavery requirements of the Missouri Compromise.[ 101] Dred Scott decision of 1857, the Supreme Court ruled against a slave brought into non-slave territory and declared the Missouri Compromise to be unconstitutional. These events exacerbated tensions between North and South that wouldculminate in theAmerican Civil War (1861–1865).[ 102] [ 103] seceded and formed theConfederate States of America , while the other states remained inthe Union .[ 104] [ 105] bombarded Fort Sumter .[ 106] [ 107] Emancipation Proclamation , many freed slaves joined theUnion army .[ 108] began to turn in the Union's favor following the 1863Siege of Vicksburg andBattle of Gettysburg , and the Confederacy surrendered in 1865 after the Union's victory in theBattle of Appomattox Court House .[ 109] Reconstruction era followed the war. Afterthe assassination of PresidentAbraham Lincoln ,Reconstruction Amendments were passed toprotect the rights of African Americans . National infrastructure, includingtranscontinental telegraph andrailroads , spurred growth in theAmerican frontier .[ 110]
AnEdison Studios film showing immigrants arriving atEllis Island inNew York Harbor , a major point of entry for Europeanimmigrants in the late 19th and early 20th centuries[ 111] [ 112] From 1865 through 1917, an unprecedented stream of immigrants arrived in the United States, including 24.4 million from Europe.[ 113] port of New York City , and New York City and other large cities on theEast Coast became home to largeJewish ,Irish , andItalian populations, while manyGermans and Central Europeans moved to theMidwest . At the same time, about one millionFrench Canadians migrated fromQuebec toNew England .[ 114] Great Migration , millions of African Americansleft the rural South for urban areas in the North.[ 115] Alaska was purchased fromRussia in 1867.[ 116]
TheCompromise of 1877 effectively ended Reconstruction andwhite supremacists took local control of Southern politics .[ 117] [ 118] nadir of American race relations .[ 119] [ 120] Plessy v. Ferguson Jim Crow laws in the South to remain unchecked,sundown towns in the Midwest, andsegregation in communities across the country , which would be reinforced by the policy ofredlining later adopted by the federalHome Owners' Loan Corporation .[ 121]
An explosion of technological advancement accompanied by the exploitation of cheap immigrant labor[ 122] rapid economic expansion during the late 19th and early 20th centuries , allowing the United States to outpace the economies of England, France, and Germany combined.[ 123] [ 124] a few prominent industrialists , largely by their formation oftrusts andmonopolies to prevent competition.[ 125] Tycoons led the nation's expansion in therailroad ,petroleum , andsteel industries. The United States emerged as a pioneer of theautomotive industry .[ 126] economic inequality ,slum conditions , andsocial unrest , creating the environment forlabor unions andsocialist movements to begin to flourish.[ 127] [ 128] [ 129] Progressive Era , which was characterized by significant reforms.[ 130] [ 131]
Pro-American elements in Hawaiioverthrew the Hawaiian monarchy ; the islandswere annexed in 1898. That same year,Puerto Rico ,the Philippines , andGuam were ceded to the U.S. by Spain after the latter's defeat in theSpanish–American War . (The Philippines was granted full independence from the U.S. on July 4, 1946, following World War II. Puerto Rico and Guam have remained U.S. territories.)[ 132] American Samoa was acquired by the United States in 1900 after theSecond Samoan Civil War .[ 133] U.S. Virgin Islands were purchased fromDenmark in 1917.[ 134]
The 1945Trinity test , during which the U.S. conducted the first-ever detonation of anuclear weapon The United Statesentered World War I alongside theAllies in 1917 helping to turn the tide against theCentral Powers .[ 135] a constitutional amendment granted nationwidewomen's suffrage .[ 136] mass communication and early television transformed communications nationwide.[ 137] Wall Street Crash of 1929 triggered theGreat Depression , which PresidentFranklin D. Roosevelt responded to with theNew Deal , a series ofsweeping programs andpublic works projects combined with financial reforms andregulations . All were intended to protect against future economic depressions.[ 138] [ 139]
Initially neutral duringWorld War II , the U.S. begansupplying war materiel to theAllies of World War II in March 1941 andentered the war in December after theEmpire of Japan 'sattack on Pearl Harbor .[ 140] [ 141] developed the first nuclear weapons andused them against the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945, ending the war.[ 142] [ 143] Four Policemen " who met to plan thepost-war world , alongside theUnited Kingdom ,Soviet Union , andChina .[ 144] [ 145] economic power andinternational political influence .[ 146]
Mikhail Gorbachev andRonald Reagan sign theIntermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty at theWhite House in 1987.After World War II, the United States entered the Cold War, where geopolitical tensions between the U.S. and the Soviet Union led the two countries todominate world affairs .[ 147] [ 148] [ 149] containment to limit the USSR's sphere of influence, engaged inregime change against governments perceived to be aligned with Moscow, and prevailed in theSpace Race , which culminated with thefirst crewed Moon landing in 1969.[ 150] [ 151] experienced economic growth ,urbanization , andpopulation growth following World War II .[ 152] civil rights movement emerged, withMartin Luther King Jr. becoming a prominent leader in the early 1960s.[ 153] Great Society plan of PresidentLyndon B. Johnson 's administration resulted in groundbreaking and broad-reaching laws, policies and a constitutional amendment to counteract some of the worst effects of lingeringinstitutional racism .[ 154] counterculture movement in the U.S. brought significant social changes, including the liberalization of attitudes towardrecreational drug use andsexuality .[ 155] [ 156] open defiance of the military draft (leading to theend of conscription in 1973) andwide opposition toU.S. intervention in Vietnam (with the U.S. totally withdrawing in 1975).[ 157] A societal shift in the roles of women was significantly responsible for the large increase in female paid labor participation during the 1970s, and by 1985 the majority of American women aged 16 and older were employed.[ 158] fall of communism and thecollapse of the Soviet Union , which marked the end of the Cold War andleft the United States as the world's sole superpower .[ 159] [ 160] [ 161] [ 162] American Century " as it dominated international politics, economics, and military affairs.[ 163] [ 164]
TheTwin Towers in New York City during theSeptember 11 attacks in 2001 The 1990s saw thelongest recorded economic expansion in American history , a dramaticdecline in U.S. crime rates , andadvances in technology . Throughout this decade, technological innovations such as theWorld Wide Web , the evolution of thePentium microprocessor in accordance withMoore's law , rechargeablelithium-ion batteries , the firstgene therapy trial, andcloning either emerged in the U.S. or were improved upon there. TheHuman Genome Project was formally launched in 1990, whileNasdaq became the first stock market in the United States to trade online in 1998.[ 165]
In theGulf War of 1991, anAmerican-led international coalition of states expelled anIraqi invasion force that had occupied neighboringKuwait .[ 166] September 11 attacks on the United States in 2001 by thepan-Islamist militant organizational-Qaeda led to thewar on terror , and subsequentmilitary interventions in Afghanistan andIraq .[ 167] [ 168]
TheU.S. housing bubble culminated in 2007 with theGreat Recession , the largest economic contraction since the Great Depression.[ 169] political polarization in the country increased between liberal and conservative factions.[ 170] [ 171] [ 172] January 2021 Capitol attack ,[ 173] [ 174] U.S. Capitol and sought to prevent the peaceful transfer of power[ 175] attempted self-coup d'état .[ 176] 2021 Taliban offensive ended the War in Afghanistan one year after theUnited States–Taliban deal .[ 177]
Geography Atopographic map of the United States The United States is the world'sthird-largest country by total area behind Russia and Canada.[ d] [ 178] [ 179] contiguous states and the District of Columbia occupy a combined area of 3,119,885 square miles (8,080,470 km2 ).[ 10] [ 180] [ 181] The coastal plain of theAtlantic seaboard gives way to inland forests and rolling hills in thePiedmont plateau region.[ 182]
TheAppalachian Mountains and theAdirondack massif separate theEast Coast from theGreat Lakes and the grasslands ofthe Midwest .[ 183] Mississippi River System , the world'sfourth-longest river system , runs predominantly north–south through the heart of the country. The flat and fertileprairie of theGreat Plains stretches to the west, interrupted bya highland region in the southeast.[ 183]
TheGrand Canyon in Arizona TheRocky Mountains , west of the Great Plains, extend north to south across the country, peaking at over 14,000 feet (4,300 m) inColorado .[ 184] Great Basin andChihuahua ,Sonoran , andMojave deserts.[ 185] Arizona , carved by theColorado River over millions of years, is theGrand Canyon , a steep-sided canyon and popular tourist destination known for its overwhelming visual size and intricate, colorful landscape.
TheSierra Nevada andCascade mountain ranges run close to thePacific coast . Thelowest and highest points in the contiguous United States are in the State of California,[ 186] [ 187] Denali is the highest peak in the country and continent.[ 188] volcanoes are common throughout Alaska'sAlexander andAleutian Islands , and Hawaii consists of volcanic islands. Thesupervolcano underlyingYellowstone National Park in the Rocky Mountains, theYellowstone Caldera , is the continent's largest volcanic feature.[ 189] [ 190]
Climate TheKöppen climate types of the United States With its large size and geographic variety, the United States includes most climate types. East of the100th meridian , the climate ranges fromhumid continental in the north tohumid subtropical in the south.[ 191] semi-arid .[ 192] alpine climate . The climate isarid in the Southwest,Mediterranean incoastal California , andoceanic in coastalOregon ,Washington , and southernAlaska . Most of Alaska issubarctic orpolar .Hawaii , thesouthern tip of Florida and U.S. territories in theCaribbean andPacific aretropical .[ 193]
The United States receives more high-impactextreme weather incidents than any other country.[ 194] [ 195] Gulf of Mexico are prone to hurricanes, and most of the world's tornadoesoccur in the country , mainly inTornado Alley .[ 196] heat waves as in the 1960s. In theAmerican Southwest , droughts became more persistent and more severe.[ 197] [ 198]
Biodiversity and conservation
Thebald eagle , thenational emblem of the United States since 1782 and officially declared the national bird in 2024[ 199] The U.S. is one of 17megadiverse countries containing large numbers ofendemic species : about 17,000 species ofvascular plants occur in the contiguous United States and Alaska, and over 1,800 species offlowering plants are found in Hawaii, few of which occur on the mainland.[ 200] mammal species, 784 birds, 311 reptiles, 295amphibians ,[ 201] [ 202]
There are63 national parks , andhundreds of other federally managed parks, forests, andwilderness areas , managed by theNational Park Service and other agencies.[ 203] [ 204] Western States .[ 205] Most of this land is protected , though some is leased for commercial use, and less than one percent is used for military purposes.[ 206] [ 207]
Environmental issues in the United States include debates onnon-renewable resources andnuclear energy ,air and water pollution ,biodiversity , logging anddeforestation ,[ 208] [ 209] climate change .[ 210] [ 211] U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is the federal agency charged withaddressing most environmental-related issues .[ 212] idea of wilderness has shaped the management of public lands since 1964, with theWilderness Act .[ 213] Endangered Species Act of 1973 provides a way to protect threatened and endangered species and their habitats. TheUnited States Fish and Wildlife Service implements and enforces the Act.[ 214] Environmental Performance Index .[ 215]
Government and politics TheU.S. Capitol Building , the seat of legislative government, is home to both chambers of theU.S. Congress : theSenate (in left wing of building) and theHouse of Representatives (right wing). TheWhite House , the residence and workplace of the U.S. president and the offices ofthe presidential staff TheSupreme Court Building , which houses thenation's highest court The United States is afederal republic of 50states ,574 federally recognized tribes , and a federal capital district,Washington, D.C. Indian country is made up of 574 tribal governments and 326Indian reservations . The U.S. also asserts sovereignty over fiveunincorporated territories andseveral uninhabited island possessions .[ 17] [ 216] [ 217] presidential system of national government has been adopted, in whole or in part, by many newly independent states worldwide following theirdecolonization .[ 218] representative democracy "in whichmajority rule is tempered byminority rights protectedby law ".[ 219] Constitution of the United States serves asthe country's supreme legal document .[ 220]
National government Composed of three branches, all headquartered in Washington, D.C., the federal government is the national government of the United States. It is regulated by a strong system ofchecks and balances .[ 221]
TheU.S. Congress , abicameral legislature made up of theSenate and theHouse of Representatives , makesfederal law ,declares war , approves treaties, has thepower of the purse ,[ 222] the power of impeachment .[ 223] congressional district of equivalent population. Congressional districts are drawn by each state legislature and are contiguous within the state.[ 224] committees , each of which handles a specific task or duty. One of Congress's foremost non-legislative functions is the power toinvestigate and oversee the executive branch.[ 225] Congressional oversight is usually delegated to committees and is facilitated by Congress's subpoena power.[ 226] The U.S. president is thehead of state ,commander-in-chief of the military, chief executive of the federal government, and has the ability to vetolegislative bills from the U.S. Congress before they become law. However,presidential vetoes can be overridden by a two-thirdssupermajority vote in both chambers of Congress. The president appoints themembers of the Cabinet , subject to Senate approval, and names other officials who administer and enforce federal laws throughtheir respective agencies .[ 227] can issue pardons . Finally, the president has the right to issue expansive "executive orders ", subject tojudicial review , in a number of policy areas. Candidates for president campaign with a vice-presidentialrunning mate . Both candidates are elected together, or defeated together, in a presidential election. Unlike other votes in American politics, this is technically anindirect election in which the winner will be determined by theU.S. Electoral College . There, votes are officially cast by individual electors selected bytheir state legislature .[ 228] congressional district , which in effect combines to equal the number of elected officials that state sends to Congress. The District of Columbia, with no representatives or senators, is allocated three electoral votes. Both the president and the vice president serve a four-year term, and the president may bereelected to the office only once , for one additional four-year term.[ q] TheU.S. federal judiciary , whose judges are all appointed for life by the president with Senate approval, consists primarily of theU.S. Supreme Court , theU.S. courts of appeals , and theU.S. district courts . The U.S. Supreme Court interprets laws andoverturn those they find unconstitutional .[ 229] Chief Justice of the United States . The members are appointed by the sitting president when a vacancy becomes available.[ 230] federal district court for any case under "original jurisdiction ", such as federal statutes, the Constitution, ortreaties . There are twelvefederal circuits that divide the country into different regions for federal appeals courts. After a federal district court has decided a case, it can then beappealed to a United States court of appeal. The next and highest court in the system is the Supreme Court of the United States.[ 229] The three-branch system is known as thepresidential system , in contrast to theparliamentary system , where the executive is part of the legislative body. Many countries around the world imitated this aspect of the 1789Constitution of the United States , especially in the Americas.[ 231]
Subdivisions In theU.S. federal system , the sovereign powers are shared between three levels of government specified in the Constitution: the national government, the 50 states, and Indian tribes.[ 232] [ 233]
Residents of theU.S. states are also represented bylocal elected governments , which are administrative divisions of the states.[ 234] counties or county equivalents , andfurther divided into municipalities . The District of Columbia isa federal district containing the U.S. capital,Washington, D.C. [ 235] [ 236]
Indian country is made up of574 federally recognized tribes and 326Indian reservations . These are legally defined asdomestic dependent nations withinherent tribal sovereignty rights .[ 233] [ 232] [ 237] [ 238]
Political parties States and territories by partisan control, as of February 2025: Divided partisan control
The Constitution is silent onpolitical parties . However, they developed independently in the 18th century with theFederalist andAnti-Federalist parties.[ 239] de facto two-party system , though the parties in that system have been different at different times.[ 240] Democratic and theRepublican . The former is perceived asrelatively liberal in itspolitical platform while the latter is perceived asrelatively conservative .[ 241]
Foreign relations TheUnited Nations headquarters has been situated along theEast River inMidtown Manhattan since 1952; in 1945, the United States was afounding member of the UN . The United States has an established structure of foreign relations, and it has the world'ssecond-largest diplomatic corps as of 2024[update] permanent member of the United Nations Security Council ,[ 242] United Nations headquarters .[ 243] G7 ,[ 244] G20 ,[ 245] OECD intergovernmental organizations.[ 246] Almost all countries have embassies and many haveconsulates (official representatives) in the country. Likewise, nearly all countries host formaldiplomatic missions with the United States, exceptIran ,[ 247] North Korea ,[ 248] Bhutan .[ 249] Taiwan does not have formal diplomatic relations with the U.S., it maintains close unofficial relations.[ 250] supplies Taiwan with military equipment to deter potential Chinese aggression.[ 251] Indo-Pacific when the United States joined theQuadrilateral Security Dialogue with Australia, India, and Japan.[ 252]
The United States has a "Special Relationship "with the United Kingdom [ 253] with Canada ,[ 254] Australia ,[ 255] New Zealand ,[ 256] the Philippines ,[ 257] Japan ,[ 258] South Korea ,[ 259] Israel ,[ 260] European Union countries (France ,Italy ,Germany ,Spain , andPoland ).[ 261] NATO allies on military andnational security issues, and with countries in the Americas through theOrganization of American States and theUnited States–Mexico–Canada Free Trade Agreement . In South America,Colombia is traditionally considered to be the closest ally of the United States.[ 262] Micronesia , theMarshall Islands , andPalau through theCompact of Free Association .[ 229] with India ,[ 263] its ties with China have steadily deteriorated.[ 264] [ 265] become a key ally of Ukraine .[ 266] [ 267]
Military The Pentagon , the headquarters of theU.S. Department of Defense inArlington County, Virginia , is one of the world's largest office buildings with over 6.5 million square feet (600,000 m2 ) offloor space .The president is thecommander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces and appoints its leaders, thesecretary of defense and theJoint Chiefs of Staff . TheDepartment of Defense , which is headquartered atthe Pentagon near Washington, D.C., administers five of the six service branches, which are made up of theU.S. Army ,Marine Corps ,Navy ,Air Force , andSpace Force .[ 268] Coast Guard is administered by theDepartment of Homeland Security in peacetime and can be transferred to theDepartment of the Navy in wartime.[ 269]
The United Statesspent $916 billion on its military in 2023, which is by far thelargest amount of any country , making up 37% of global military spending and accounting for 3.4% of the country's GDP.[ 270] [ 271] possesses 42% of the world's nuclear weapons —the second-largest stockpile afterthat of Russia .[ 272]
The United States has thethird-largest combined armed forces in the world, behind theChinese People's Liberation Army andIndian Armed Forces .[ 273] [ 274] deployments greater than 100 active duty personnel in 25 foreign countries.[ 275]
State defense forces (SDFs) are military units that operate under the sole authority of a state government. SDFs are authorized by state and federal law but are under the command ofthe state's governor .[ 276] [ 277] [ 278] National Guard units in that they cannot become federalized entities. A state's National Guard personnel, however, may be federalized under theNational Defense Act Amendments of 1933 , which created the Guard and provides for the integration ofArmy National Guard units and personnel into the U.S. Army and (since 1947) the U.S. Air Force.[ 279]
Law enforcement and criminal justice J. Edgar Hoover Building , the headquarters of theFederal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), inWashington, D.C. There are about 18,000 U.S. police agencies from local to national level in the United States.[ 280] sheriff departments in their municipal or county jurisdictions.The state police departmentshave authority in their respective state , andfederal agencies such as theFederal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and theU.S. Marshals Service have national jurisdiction and specialized duties, such as protectingcivil rights ,national security and enforcingU.S. federal courts ' rulings and federal laws.[ 281] State courts conduct most civil and criminal trials,[ 282] appeals of state court decisions .[ 283]
There is no unified "criminal justice system" in the United States. TheAmerican prison system is largely heterogenous, with thousands of relatively independent systems operating across federal, state, local, and tribal levels. In 2024, "these systems hold over 1.9 million people in 1,566 state prisons, 98 federal prisons, 3,116 local jails, 1,323 juvenile correctional facilities, 142 immigration detention facilities, and 80 Indian country jails, as well as inmilitary prisons , civil commitment centers, state psychiatric hospitals, and prisons in the U.S. territories."[ 284] federal prisons ,state prisons , local jails, andjuvenile correctional facilities .[ 285] Federal Bureau of Prisons and hold people who have been convicted of federal crimes, including pretrial detainees.[ 285] [ 285] [ 285] [ 286]
In January 2023, the United States had thesixth-highest per capita incarceration rate in the world—531 people per 100,000 inhabitants—and the largest prison and jail population in the world, withmore than 1.9 million people incarcerated .[ 284] [ 287] [ 288] World Health Organization Mortality Database from 2010 showed U.S. homicide rates "were 7 times higher than in other high-income countries, driven bya gun homicide rate that was 25 times higher".[ 289]
Economy TheU.S. dollar is the most-used currencyin international transactions and the world's foremostreserve currency .[ 290] The U.S. economy has been the world'slargest nominally since about 1890 .[ 291] gross domestic product (GDP) of more than $29 trillion[ 292] [ f] global economic output or 15% atpurchasing power parity (PPP). From 1983 to 2008, U.S. real compounded annual GDP growth was 3.3%, compared to a 2.3% weighted average for the rest of theG7 .[ 293] first in the world by nominal GDP ,[ 294] second when adjusted for purchasing power parities (PPP),[ 13] ninth by PPP-adjusted GDP per capita .[ 13] highest disposable household income per capita amongOECD countries.[ 295] U.S. federal government debt was $34.4 trillion.[ 296]
Apple Inc. , one of the world'sbiggest companies by market capitalization ,[ 297] Cupertino, California .Of the world's500 largest companies by revenue ,136 were headquartered in the U.S. in 2023,[ 298] [ 299] U.S. dollar is the currency most usedin international transactions and is the world's foremostreserve currency , backed by the country's dominant economy,its military , thepetrodollar system, and its linkedeurodollar and largeU.S. treasuries market .[ 290] Several countries use it as their official currency , and in others it is thede facto currency[ 300] [ 301] free trade agreements withseveral countries , including theUSMCA .[ 302] Global Competitiveness Report in 2019, after Singapore.[ 303] post-industrial level of development [ 304] service economy ,[ 304] [ 305] [ 306] U.S. manufacturing sector was the world'ssecond-largest after China's.[ 307]
TheNew York Stock Exchange onWall Street , the world'slargest stock exchange by market capitalization [ 308] New York City is the world's principalfinancial center [ 309] [ 310] largest metropolitan economy .[ 311] New York Stock Exchange andNasdaq , both located in New York City, are the world's twolargest stock exchanges bymarket capitalization andtrade volume .[ 312] [ 313] technological advancement andinnovation [ 314] artificial intelligence ;electronics andcomputers ;pharmaceuticals ; and medical,aerospace andmilitary equipment .[ 178] natural resources , a well-developedinfrastructure , andhigh productivity .[ 315] largest trading partners of the United States are theEuropean Union , Mexico, Canada, China, Japan, South Korea, the United Kingdom, Vietnam, India, and Taiwan.[ 316] largest importer andsecond-largest exporter .[ r] largest exporter of services .[ 319]
Americans have the highest averagehousehold andemployee income among OECD member states,[ 320] median household income in 2023,[ 321] [ 322] consumption expenditures of over $18.5 trillion in 2023,[ 323] consumer-driven economy and is the world'slargest consumer market .[ 324] ranked first in the number of dollar billionaires andmillionaires in 2023, with 735 billionaires and nearly 22 million millionaires.[ 325]
Wealth in the United States is highly concentrated; in 2011, the richest 10% of the adult population owned 72% of the country's household wealth, while the bottom 50% owned just 2%.[ 326] U.S. wealth inequality increased substantially since the late 1980s,[ 327] income inequality in the U.S. reached a record high in 2019.[ 328] [ 329] [ 330] [ 331] [ 329] homeless persons in the U.S. in 2024.[ 332] [ 333] Feeding America estimates that around one in five, or approximately 13 million,children experience hunger in the U.S. and do not know where they will get their next meal or when.[ 334] living in poverty .[ 335]
The United States has a smallerwelfare state and redistributes less income through government action than most otherhigh-income countries .[ 336] [ 337] advanced economy that does notguarantee its workers paid vacation nationally[ 338] paid family leave as a legal right.[ 339] workers than almost any other developed country, largely because of a weakcollective bargaining system and lack of government support for at-risk workers.[ 340]
Science and technology The United Stateshas been a leader in technological innovation since the late 19th century and scientific research since the mid-20th century.[ 341] interchangeable parts and the establishment of amachine tool industry enabledthe large-scale manufacturing of U.S. consumer products in the late 19th century.[ 342] electrification , the introduction of theassembly line , and otherlabor-saving techniques created the system ofmass production .[ 343]
In the 21st century, the United States continues to be one of the world's foremost scientific powers,[ 344] [ 345] highest total research and development expenditure of any country [ 346] [ 347] second-highest number of published scientific papers .[ 348] World Intellectual Property Indicators .[ 349] Global Innovation Index .[ 350] [ 351] artificial intelligence technology.[ 352] Global Finance [ 353]
Spaceflight U.S. astronautBuzz Aldrin saluting theAmerican flag on theMoon during the 1969Apollo 11 mission; the United States is the only country that haslanded crews on the lunar surface . The United States has maintained a space program since the late 1950s, beginning with the establishment of theNational Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) in 1958.[ 354] [ 355] Apollo program (1961–1972) achieved the first crewedMoon landing with the 1969Apollo 11 mission; it remains one of the agency's most significant milestones.[ 356] [ 357] Space Shuttle program (1981–2011),[ 358] Voyager program (1972–present), theHubble andJames Webb space telescopes (launched in 1990 and 2021, respectively),[ 359] [ 360] Mars Exploration Program (Spirit Opportunity Curiosity ,Perseverance [ 361] International Space Station (ISS);[ 362] Destiny Harmony Tranquility [ 363]
The United Statesprivate sector dominates the globalcommercial spaceflight industry .[ 364] Blue Origin ,Boeing ,Lockheed Martin ,Northrop Grumman , andSpaceX . NASA programs such as theCommercial Crew Program ,Commercial Resupply Services ,Commercial Lunar Payload Services , andNextSTEP have facilitated growing private-sector involvement in American spaceflight.[ 365]
Energy In 2023, the United States received approximately 84% of its energy from fossil fuel, and the largest source of the country's energy came frompetroleum (38%), followed bynatural gas (36%),renewable sources (9%),coal (9%), andnuclear power (9%).[ 366] [ 367] world's population , but consumed around 16% of theworld's energy .[ 368] second-highest emitter of greenhouse gases behind China.[ 369]
The U.S. is the world'slargest producer of nuclear power , generating around 30% of the world's nuclear electricity.[ 370] [ 371] [ 372]
Transportation Interchange betweenInterstate 10 andInterstate 45 inHouston , Texas Theautomotive industry in the United States is thesecond-largest by motor vehicle manufacturing output , having dominated the world market for much of the twentieth century.Detroit, Michigan , is still referred to as "Motor City" because of its historical significance as the center of the American automobile industry, having been home to America's "Big Three " car manufacturers for a long time. The U.S. is in the top ten countries forhighest vehicle ownership per capita , with 850 vehicles per 1000 people in 2022. The 4 million miles (6.4 million kilometers) road network, owned almost entirely by state and local governments, is thelongest in the world .[ 373] [ 374] Interstate Highway System connects all major cities and is funded mostly by the federal government but maintained bystate departments of transportation , supplemented by state expressways and some privatetoll roads .
A 2022 study found that 76% of U.S. commuters drive alone and 14% ride a bicycle, including bike owners and users ofbike-sharing networks. About 11% use some form of public transportation.[ 375] [ 376] Public transportation in the United States is well developed in the largest urban areas, notably New York City, Chicago, Boston, Philadelphia, and Portland, Oregon; otherwise, coverage is generally less extensive than in most developed countries. The U.S. also has many relativelycar-dependent localities.[ 377] Northeast Corridor , the onlyhigh-speed rail in the U.S. that meets international standards.Amtrak , the country's government-sponsored national passenger rail company, has a relatively sparse network compared to that of Western European countries. Service is concentrated in the Northeast, Illinois, and the West Coast.
Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport , serving theAtlanta metropolitan area , is the world'sbusiest airport by passenger traffic with over 75 million passengers as of 2021[ 378] [ 379] The United States has an extensive air transportation network, and the country accounted for just over half of the world'saerospace production in 2016.[ 380] U.S. civilian airlines are all privately owned. The three largest airlines in the world, by total number of passengers carried, are U.S.-based;American Airlines became the global leader after its 2013 merger withUS Airways .[ 381] [ 382] Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International inAtlanta, Georgia .[ 383] [ 382] 19,969 U.S. airports [ 384] general aviation . TheTransportation Security Administration has provided security at most major airports since 2001.
The country's rail transport network , thelongest in the world at 182,412.3 mi (293,564.2 km),[ 385] freight [ 386] [ 387] [ 388] [ 389] 50 busiest container ports , four are located in the United States, with the busiest in the U.S. being thePort of Los Angeles .[ 390]
The country's inland waterways are the world'sfifth-longest , totaling 41,009 km (25,482 mi).[ 391] Miami is a major international hub forcruise ship and airline passengers visiting theCaribbean .
Transportation in Alaska relies more on airplanes, ferries,all-terrain vehicles , andsnowmobiles because many settlements are not connected to the contiguous North American road network. Long distances and the requirements of theJones Act result in higher transportation costs forHawaii andinsular areas from the rest of the United States.
Demographics
Population TheU.S. Census Bureau reported 331,449,281 residents on April 1, 2020,[ t] [ 393] third-most-populous country in the world, after China and India.[ 178] [ 394] U.S. Population Clock , on July 1, 2024, the U.S. population had a net gain of one person every 16 seconds, or about 5400 people per day.[ 395] widowed , 10% were divorced, and 34% had never been married.[ 396] total fertility rate for the U.S. stood at 1.6 children per woman,[ 397] single-parent households in 2019.[ 398]
The United States has a diverse population; 37ancestry groups have more than one million members.[ 399] White Americans with ancestry from Europe, the Middle East, or North Africa form the largestracial andethnic group at 57.8% of the United States population.[ 400] [ 401] Hispanic and Latino Americans form the second-largest group and are 18.7% of the United States population.African Americans constitute the country's third-largest ancestry group and are 12.1% of the total U.S. population.[ 399] [ 399] [ 402] median age of the United States population was 38.9 years.[ 403]
Language Most spoken languages in the U.S. While many languages are spoken in the United States,English is by far the most commonly spoken and written.[ 404] official language at the federal level, some laws, such asU.S. naturalization requirements , standardize English, and most states have declared it the official language.[discuss [ 405] Hawaiian ),[ 406] twenty Native languages ),[ u] [ 407] Sioux ),[ 408] Samoan ), Puerto Rico (Spanish ), Guam (Chamorro ), and the Northern Mariana Islands (Carolinian and Chamorro). In total, 169 Native American languages are spoken in the United States.[ 409] [ 410]
According to theAmerican Community Survey (2020),[ 411] Chinese (3.40 million),Tagalog (1.71 million),Vietnamese (1.52 million),Arabic (1.39 million),French (1.18 million),Korean (1.07 million), andRussian (1.04 million).German , spoken by 1 million people at home in 2010, fell to 857,000 total speakers in 2020.[ 412]
Immigration TheMexico–United States border wall betweenSan Diego (left) andTijuana (right) America's immigrant population is by far the world'slargest in absolute terms .[ 413] [ 414] U.S.-born children of immigrants in the United States, accounting for nearly 27% of the overall U.S. population.[ 415] [ 416] [ 417] family reunification ) were grantedlegal residence .[ 418] Migration Policy Institute , the United States resettled 100,034 refugees, which "re-cements the United States' role as the top global resettlement destination, far surpassing other major resettlement countries in Europe and Canada".[ 419]
Religion TheFirst Amendment guarantees thefree exercise of religion in the country and forbids Congress from passing laws respectingits establishment .[ 420] [ 421] most diverse in the world,[ 422] [ 423] largest Christian population .[ 424] Judaism ,Buddhism ,Hinduism ,Islam , manyNew Age movements, andNative American religions .[ 425] [ 426] Ceremonial deism " is common in American culture.[ 427]
The overwhelming majority ofAmericans believe in ahigher power or spiritual force, engage inspiritual practices such as prayer, and consider themselves religious orspiritual .[ 428] [ 429] Bible Belt ", located within the Southern United States,evangelical Protestantism plays a significant role culturally, whereasNew England and the Western United Statestend to be more secular .[ 426] Mormonism —aRestorationist movement, whose members migrated westward from Missouri and Illinois under the leadership ofBrigham Young in 1847 after the assassination ofJoseph Smith [ 430]
Urbanization About 82% of Americans live inurban areas , including suburbs;[ 178] [ 431] incorporated municipalities had populations over 100,000, nine cities had more than one million residents, and four cities—New York City ,Los Angeles ,Chicago , andHouston —had populations exceeding two million.[ 432] [ 433]
Largest metropolitan areas in the United States Rank Name Region Pop. Rank Name Region Pop. New York Los Angeles 1 New York Northeast 19,940,274 11 Boston Northeast 5,025,517 Chicago Dallas–Fort Worth 2 Los Angeles West 12,927,614 12 Riverside–San Bernardino West 4,744,214 3 Chicago Midwest 9,408,576 13 San Francisco West 4,648,486 4 Dallas–Fort Worth South 8,344,032 14 Detroit Midwest 4,400,578 5 Houston South 7,796,182 15 Seattle West 4,145,494 6 Miami South 6,457,988 16 Minneapolis–Saint Paul Midwest 3,757,952 7 Washington, D.C. South 6,436,489 17 Tampa–St. Petersburg South 3,424,560 8 Atlanta South 6,411,149 18 San Diego West 3,298,799 9 Philadelphia Northeast 6,330,422 19 Denver West 3,052,498 10 Phoenix West 5,186,958 20 Orlando South 2,940,513
Health TheTexas Medical Center inHouston is the largest medical complex in the world.[ 435] [ 436] [ 437] According to theCenters for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), average American life expectancy at birth was 78.4 years in 2023 (75.8 years for men and 81.1 years for women). This was a gain of 0.9 year from 77.5 years in 2022, and the CDC noted that the new average was largely driven by "decreases in mortality due to COVID-19, heart disease, unintentional injuries, cancer and diabetes".[ 438] behind that of other wealthy industrialized countries , and Americans' "health disadvantage" gap has been increasing ever since.[ 439]
The Commonwealth Fund reported in 2020 that the U.S. had thehighest suicide rate amonghigh-income countries .[ 440] Approximately one-third of the U.S. adult population is obese and another third is overweight.[ 441] outspends that of any other country , measured both in per capita spending and as a percentage of GDP, but attains worse healthcare outcomes when compared to peer countries for reasons that are debated.[ 442] without a system of universal healthcare , anda significant proportion of the population that does not carry health insurance .[ 443] Medicaid ) and for those age 65 and older (Medicare ) is available to Americans who meet the programs' income or age qualifications. In 2010, former President Obama passed thePatient Protection and Affordable Care Act .[ v] [ 444] Abortion in the United States is not federally protected, and is illegal or restricted in 17 states.[ 445]
Education Some 77% of American college students attend public institutions[ 446] University of Virginia , founded byThomas Jefferson in 1819. American primary and secondary education (known in the U.S. asK-12 , "kindergarten through 12th grade") is decentralized. School systems are operated by state, territorial, and sometimes municipal governments and regulated by theU.S. Department of Education . In general, children are required to attend school oran approved homeschool from the age of five or six (kindergarten orfirst grade ) until they are 18 years old. This often brings students through the12th grade , the final year of a U.S. high school, but some states and territories allow them to leave school earlier, at age 16 or 17.[ 447] [ 448] [ 449] bachelor's degree , and 14.2% earned a graduate degree.[ 450] U.S. literacy rate is near-universal.[ 178] [ 451] most Nobel Prize winners of any country , with411 (having won 413 awards).[ 452] [ 453]
U.S. tertiary or higher education has earned a global reputation. Many of the world's top universities, as listed by various ranking organizations, are in the United States, including 19 of the top 25.[ 454] [ 455] state university systems , althoughthe country's many private universities and colleges enroll about 20% of all American students. Localcommunity colleges generally offer coursework and degree programs covering the first two years of college study. They often have more open admission policies, shorter academic programs, and lower tuition.[ 456]
As forpublic expenditures on higher education, the U.S. spends more per student than theOECD average, and Americans spend more than all nations in combined public and private spending.[ 457] U.S. service academies , theNaval Postgraduate School , andmilitary staff colleges . Despite some studentloan forgiveness programs in place,[ 458] student loan debt increased by 102% between 2010 and 2020,[ 459] [ 460]
Culture and society TheStatue of Liberty (Liberty Enlightening the World ) onLiberty Island inNew York Harbor was an 1866 gift from France that has become an iconic symbol of theAmerican Dream .[ 461] Americans have traditionallybeen characterized by a unifying political belief in an "American Creed " emphasizingconsent of the governed ,liberty ,equality under the law ,democracy ,social equality ,property rights , and a preference forlimited government .[ 462] [ 463] the values ofindividualism andpersonal autonomy ,[ 464] [ 465] work ethic ,[ 466] competitiveness ,[ 467] altruism towards others.[ 468] [ 469] [ 470] Charities Aid Foundation , Americans donated 1.44% of total GDP to charity—thehighest rate in the world by a large margin.[ 471] wide variety of ethnic groups, traditions, and values .[ 472] [ 473] hard andsoft power throughits diplomatic influence ,economic power ,military alliances , andcultural exports such asAmerican movies ,music ,video games ,sports , andfood .[ 474] [ 475] Americanization .[ 476]
Nearly all present Americans or their ancestors came fromEurope, Africa, or Asia (the "Old World ") within the past five centuries.[ 477] Mainstream American culture is aWestern culture largely derived from thetraditions of European immigrants with influences from many other sources, such astraditions brought by slaves from Africa .[ 478] Asia and especiallyLatin America has added to a cultural mix that has been described as a homogenizingmelting pot , and a heterogeneoussalad bowl , with immigrants contributing to, and oftenassimilating into, mainstream American culture. TheAmerican Dream , or the perception that Americans enjoy highsocial mobility , plays a key role in attracting immigrants.[ 479] [ 480] [ 481] [ 482] [ 483] classless society ,[ 484] the country's social classes , affectingsocialization , language, and values.[ 485] [ 486] socioeconomic achievement, butbeing ordinary or average is promoted by some as a noble condition as well.[ 487]
TheNational Foundation on the Arts and the Humanities is an agency of the United States federal government that was established in 1965 with the purpose to "develop and promote a broadly conceived national policy of support for the humanities and the arts in the United States, and for institutions which preserve the cultural heritage of the United States."[ 488]
The United States is considered to have thestrongest protections of free speech of any country under theFirst Amendment ,[ 489] flag desecration ,hate speech ,blasphemy , andlese-majesty as forms of protected expression.[ 490] [ 491] [ 492] Pew Research Center poll found that Americans were the most supportive of free expression of any polity measured.[ 493] freedom of the press and theright to use the Internet without government censorship".[ 494] socially progressive country[ 495] permissive attitudes surroundinghuman sexuality .[ 496] LGBT rights in the United States are advanced by global standards.[ 496] [ 497] [ 498]
Literature Mark Twain , whomWilliam Faulkner called "the father of American literature"[ 499] Colonial American authors were influenced byJohn Locke and various otherEnlightenment philosophers.[ 500] [ 501] American Revolutionary Period (1765–1783) is notable for the political writings ofBenjamin Franklin ,Alexander Hamilton ,Thomas Paine , andThomas Jefferson . Shortly before and after theRevolutionary War , the newspaper rose to prominence, filling a demand for anti-British national literature.[ 502] [ 503] William Hill Brown 'sThe Power of Sympathy John Neal in the early- to mid-nineteenth century helped advance America toward a unique literature and culture by criticizing predecessors such asWashington Irving for imitating their British counterparts, and by influencing writers such asEdgar Allan Poe ,[ 504] Ralph Waldo Emerson andMargaret Fuller pioneered the influentialTranscendentalism movement;[ 505] [ 506] Henry David Thoreau , author ofWalden
The conflict surroundingabolitionism inspired writers, likeHarriet Beecher Stowe , and authors of slave narratives, such asFrederick Douglass .Nathaniel Hawthorne 'sThe Scarlet Letter Herman Melville 'sMoby-Dick American Renaissance includeWalt Whitman , Melville, andEmily Dickinson .[ 507] [ 508] Mark Twain was the first major American writer to be born in the West.Henry James achieved international recognition with novels likeThe Portrait of a Lady [ 509] [ 510] Naturalism ,regionalism , andrealism were the major literary movements of the period.[ 511] [ 512]
Whilemodernism generally took on an international character, modernist authors working within the United States more often rooted their work in specific regions, peoples, and cultures.[ 513] West Indian authors of theHarlem Renaissance developed an independent tradition of literature that rebuked a history of inequality and celebrated black culture. An important cultural export during theJazz Age , these writings were a key influence onNégritude African diaspora .[ 514] [ 515] Great American Novel ,[ 516] Beat Generation rejected this conformity, using styles that elevated the impact of thespoken word over mechanics to describe drug use, sexuality, and the failings of society.[ 517] [ 518] experiments with language .[ 519] Nobel Prize in Literature .[ 520]
Mass media Comcast Center inPhiladelphia , headquarters ofComcast , one of the world'slargest telecommunications companies and media conglomeratesMedia isbroadly uncensored , with theFirst Amendment providing significant protections, as reiterated inNew York Times Co. v. United States [ 489] National Broadcasting Company (NBC),Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS),American Broadcasting Company (ABC), andFox Broadcasting Company (FOX). The four major broadcast television networks are all commercial entities.Cable television offers hundreds of channels catering to a variety of niches.[ 521] broadcast radio , while about 40% listened topodcasts .[ 522] Federal Communications Commission (FCC).[ 523] NPR , incorporated in February 1970 under thePublic Broadcasting Act of 1967 .[ 524]
U.S. newspapers with a global reach and reputation includeThe Wall Street Journal The New York Times The Washington Post USA Today [ 525] About 800 publications are produced in Spanish.[ 526] [ 527] Gannett orMcClatchy , which own dozens or even hundreds of newspapers; by small chains that own a handful of papers; or, in an increasingly rare situation, by individuals or families. Major cities often havealternative newspapers to complement the mainstream daily papers, such asThe Village Voice LA Weekly Google ,YouTube ,Amazon ,Yahoo , andFacebook —all of them American-owned.[ 528]
In 2022, the video game market of the United States was the world'slargest by revenue .[ 529] [ 530]
Theater Broadway theaters inTheater District, Manhattan The United States is well known for its theater. Mainstream theater in the United States derives from the old European theatrical tradition and has been heavily influenced by theBritish theater .[ 531] Tom Shows , theshowboat theater and theminstrel show .[ 532] Theater District in Manhattan , with its divisions ofBroadway ,off-Broadway , andoff-off-Broadway .[ 533]
Many movie and televisioncelebrities have gotten their big break working in New York productions. Outside New York City, many cities have professionalregional or resident theater companies that produce their own seasons. The biggest-budget theatrical productions are musicals. U.S. theater has an activecommunity theater culture.[ 534]
TheTony Awards recognizes excellence in live Broadway theater and are presented at an annual ceremony inManhattan . The awards are given for Broadway productions and performances. One is also given forregional theater . Several discretionary non-competitive awards are given as well, including aSpecial Tony Award , theTony Honors for Excellence in Theatre , and theIsabelle Stevenson Award .[ 535]
Visual arts American Gothic Grant Wood is one of the most famousAmerican paintings and is widelyparodied .[ 536] Folk art incolonial America grew out of artisanalcraftsmanship in communities that allowed commonly trained people to individually express themselves. It was distinct from Europe's tradition ofhigh art , which was less accessible and generally less relevant to early American settlers.[ 537] woodworking and primitivesculpture became integral to early American folk art, despite the emergence ofRenaissance styles in England in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. The new English styles would have been early enough to make a considerable impact on American folk art, but American styles and forms had already been firmly adopted. Not only did styles change slowly in early America, but there was a tendency for rural artisans there to continue their traditional forms longer than their urban counterparts did—and far longer than those in Western Europe.[ 489]
TheHudson River School was a mid-19th-century movement in the visual arts tradition of Europeannaturalism . The 1913Armory Show in New York City, an exhibition of Europeanmodernist art , shocked the public and transformed the U.S. art scene.[ 538]
American Realism andAmerican Regionalism sought to reflect and give America new ways of looking at itself.Georgia O'Keeffe ,Marsden Hartley , and others experimented with new and individualistic styles, which would become known asAmerican modernism . Major artistic movements such as theabstract expressionism ofJackson Pollock andWillem de Kooning and thepop art ofAndy Warhol andRoy Lichtenstein developed largely in the United States. Major photographers includeAlfred Stieglitz ,Edward Steichen ,Dorothea Lange ,Edward Weston ,James Van Der Zee ,Ansel Adams , andGordon Parks .[ 539]
The tide ofmodernism and thenpostmodernism has brought global fame to American architects, includingFrank Lloyd Wright ,Philip Johnson , andFrank Gehry .[ 540] Metropolitan Museum of Art inManhattan is the largestart museum in the United States[ 541] fourth-largest in the world.[ 542]
Music TheCountry Music Hall of Fame and Museum inNashville, Tennessee American folk music encompasses numerous music genres, variously known as traditional music, traditionalfolk music , contemporary folk music, or roots music. Many traditional songs have been sung within the same family or folk group for generations, and sometimes trace back to such origins as theBritish Isles ,mainland Europe , orAfrica .[ 543] [ 544] Banjos were brought to America through the slave trade.Minstrel shows incorporating the instrument into their acts led to its increased popularity and widespread production in the 19th century.[ 545] [ 546] electric guitar , first invented in the 1930s, and mass-produced by the 1940s, had an enormous influence on popular music, in particular due to the development ofrock and roll .[ 547] synthesizer ,turntablism , andelectronic music were also largely developed in the U.S.
Elements from folk idioms such as theblues andold-time music were adopted and transformed intopopular genres with global audiences.Jazz grew from blues andragtime in the early 20th century, developing from the innovations and recordings of composers such asW.C. Handy andJelly Roll Morton .Louis Armstrong andDuke Ellington increased its popularity early in the 20th century.[ 548] Country music developed in the 1920s,[ 549] [ 547] bluegrass [ 550] rhythm and blues in the 1940s.[ 551] Bob Dylan emerged from thefolk revival to become one of the country's most celebrated songwriters.[ 552] punk andhip hop both originated in the United States in the 1970s.[ 553]
The United States has the world'slargest music market , with a total retail value of $15.9 billion in 2022.[ 554] major record companies are based in the U.S.; they are represented by theRecording Industry Association of America (RIAA).[ 555] Frank Sinatra [ 556] Elvis Presley ,[ 557] global celebrities andbest-selling music artists ,[ 548] Michael Jackson ,[ 558] Madonna ,[ 559] Whitney Houston ,[ 560] Mariah Carey ,[ 561] Eminem ,[ 562] Britney Spears ,[ 563] Lady Gaga ,[ 563] Katy Perry ,[ 563] Taylor Swift andBeyoncé .[ 564]
Fashion Haute couture fashion models on thecatwalk duringNew York Fashion Week The United States is the world's largestapparel market by revenue.[ 565] business attire , American fashion is eclectic and predominantly informal. Americans' diverse cultural roots are reflected in their clothing; however,sneakers ,jeans ,T-shirts , andbaseball caps are emblematic of American styles.[ 566] its fashion week , is considered to be one of the "Big Four" globalfashion capitals , along withParis ,Milan , andLondon . A study demonstrated that general proximity toManhattan's Garment District has been synonymous with American fashion since its inception in the early 20th century.[ 567]
The headquarters of manydesigner labels reside inManhattan . Labels cater toniche markets , such as preteens. New York Fashion Week is one of the most influential fashion weeks in the world, and occurs twice a year;[ 568] Met Gala in Manhattan is commonly known as the fashion world's "biggest night".[ 569] [ 570]
Cinema The iconicHollywood Sign in theHollywood Hills , often regarded as the symbol of theAmerican film industry The U.S. film industry hasa worldwide influence and following .Hollywood , a district in northern Los Angeles, the nation's second-most populous city, is also metonymous for the American filmmaking industry.[ 571] [ 572] [ 573] major film studios of the United States are the primary source of themost commercially successful and most ticket-selling movies in the world.[ 574] [ 575] [ 576] Academy Awards , popularly known as the Oscars, have been held annually by theAcademy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences since 1929,[ 577] Golden Globe Awards have been held annually since January 1944.[ 578]
The industry peaked in what is commonly referred to as the "Golden Age of Hollywood ", from the early sound period until the early 1960s,[ 579] John Wayne andMarilyn Monroe becoming iconic figures.[ 580] [ 581] New Hollywood ", or the "Hollywood Renaissance",[ 582] post-war period .[ 583] [ 584] [ 585]
Cuisine AThanksgiving dinner withroast turkey ,mashed potatoes ,pickles ,corn ,candied yams ,cranberry jelly ,shrimps ,stuffing ,green peas ,deviled eggs ,green salad , andapple sauce Early settlers were introduced by Native Americans to foods such asturkey ,sweet potatoes ,corn ,squash , andmaple syrup . Of the most enduring and pervasive examples are variations of the native dish calledsuccotash . Early settlers and later immigrants combined these with foods they were familiar with, such aswheat flour ,[ 586] [ 587] [ 588] New World crops , especiallypumpkin , corn,potatoes , and turkey as the main course are part of a shared national menu onThanksgiving , when many Americans prepare or purchase traditional dishes to celebrate the occasion.[ 589]
Characteristic American dishes such asapple pie ,fried chicken ,doughnuts ,french fries ,macaroni and cheese ,ice cream ,hamburgers ,hot dogs , andAmerican pizza derive from the recipes of various immigrant groups.[ 590] [ 591] [ 592] [ 593] Mexican dishes such asburritos andtacos preexisted the United States in areas later annexed from Mexico, andadaptations of Chinese cuisine as well aspasta dishes freely adapted from Italian sources are all widely consumed.[ 594] chefs have had a significant impact on society both domestically and internationally. In 1946, theCulinary Institute of America was founded byKatharine Angell andFrances Roth . This would become the United States' most prestigious culinary school, where many of the most talented American chefs would study prior to successful careers.[ 595] [ 596]
TheUnited States restaurant industry was projected at $899 billion in sales for 2020,[ 597] [ 598] [ 597] [ 599] [ 600] Michelin star -rated restaurants, 70 of which are in New York City alone.[ 601] Wine has been produced in what is now the United States since the 1500s, with thefirst widespread production beginning in what is now New Mexico in 1628.[ 602] [ 603] [ 604] California producing 84 percent of all U.S. wine . With more than 1,100,000 acres (4,500 km2 ) under vine, the United States is thefourth-largest wine-producing country in the world, afterItaly ,Spain , andFrance .[ 605] [ 606]
The Americanfast-food industry developed alongside the nation'scar culture .[ 607] drive-in format in the 1920s, which they began to replace with thedrive-through format by the 1940s.[ 608] [ 609] fast-food restaurant chains, such asMcDonald's ,Kentucky Fried Chicken ,Dunkin' Donuts andmany others , have numerous outlets around the world.[ 610]
Sports American football is the most popular sport in the United States; in this September 2022National Football League game, theJacksonville Jaguars play theWashington Commanders atFedExField .The most popular spectator sports in the U.S. areAmerican football ,basketball ,baseball ,soccer , andice hockey .[ 611] volleyball ,skateboarding , andsnowboarding are American inventions, many of which have become popular worldwide.[ 612] Lacrosse andsurfing arose from Native American and Native Hawaiian activities that predate European contact.[ 613] market for professional sports in the United States was approximately $69 billion in July 2013, roughly 50% larger than that of Europe, the Middle East, and Africa combined.[ 614]
American football is by several measures the most popular spectator sport in the United States;[ 615] National Football League has the highest average attendance of any sports league in the world, and theSuper Bowl is watched by tens of millions globally.[ 616] national sport " since the late 19th century. After American football, the next four most popular professional team sports are basketball, baseball, soccer, and ice hockey. Their premier leagues are, respectively, theNational Basketball Association ,Major League Baseball ,Major League Soccer , and theNational Hockey League . The most-watchedindividual sports in the U.S. aregolf andauto racing , particularlyNASCAR andIndyCar .[ 617] [ 618]
On thecollegiate level , earnings for the member institutions exceed $1 billion annually,[ 619] college football andbasketball attract large audiences, as theNCAA March Madness tournament and theCollege Football Playoff are some of the most watched national sporting events.[ 620] [ 621]
EightOlympic Games have taken place in the United States. The1904 Summer Olympics inSt. Louis, Missouri , were the first-ever Olympic Games held outside of Europe.[ 622] 2028 Summer Olympics .U.S. athletes have won a total of 2,968 medals (1,179 gold) at the Olympic Games, the most of any country.[ 623] [ 624] [ 625]
In international professional competition, theU.S. men's national soccer team has qualified foreleven World Cups , while thewomen's national team haswon theFIFA Women's World Cup andOlympic soccer tournament four times each.[ 626] 1994 FIFA World Cup and will co-host, along with Canada and Mexico, the2026 FIFA World Cup .[ 627] 1999 FIFA Women's World Cup was also hosted by the United States.Its final match was watched by 90,185, setting the world record for most-attended women's sporting event at the time.[ 628]
See also
Notes ^ Twenty-eight of the 50 states recognize only English as an official language. TheState of Hawaii recognizes bothHawaiian and English as official languages, theState of Alaska officially recognizes 20Alaska Native languages alongside English, and theState of South Dakota recognizes English andall Sioux dialects as official languages. Nineteen states and the District of Columbia have no official language. ^ English is thede facto Languages of the United States . ^ The historical and informal demonymYankee has been applied to Americans, New Englanders, or northeasterners since the 18th century. ^a b c At 3,531,900 sq mi (9,147,590 km2 ), the United States is the third-largest country in the world by land area, behindRussia andChina . By total area (land and water), it is the third-largest, behind Russia andCanada , if its coastal and territorial water areas are included. However, if only its internal waters are included (bays, sounds, rivers, lakes, and theGreat Lakes ), the U.S. is the fourth-largest, after Russia, Canada, and China.2 )[ 18] 2 )[ 19] ^ ExcludesPuerto Rico and the otherunincorporated islands because they are counted separately inU.S. census statistics ^a b U.S. nominal and PPP-adjusted GDP are the same as the U.S. is the reference country for PPP calculations. ^ After adjustment for taxes and transfers ^ SeeTime in the United States for details about laws governing time zones in the United States. ^ SeeDate and time notation in the United States . ^ TheU.S. Virgin Islands use left-hand traffic. ^ The five major territories, part of the U.S. but outside the union of states, areAmerican Samoa ,Guam , theNorthern Mariana Islands ,Puerto Rico , and theU.S. Virgin Islands . The seven undisputed islands without permanent populations areBaker Island ,Howland Island ,Jarvis Island ,Johnston Atoll ,Kingman Reef ,Midway Atoll , andPalmyra Atoll . U.S. sovereignty over the unpopulatedBajo Nuevo Bank ,Navassa Island ,Serranilla Bank , andWake Island is disputed.[ 17] ^ TheU.S. Census Bureau 's latest official population estimate of 340,110,988 residents (2024) is for the 50 states and the District of Columbia; it excludes the 3.6 million residents of the five majorU.S. territories and outlying islands. The Census Bureau also provides a continuously updated but unofficial population clock:www.census.gov/popclock ^ The officialU.S. Government Publishing Office Style Manual has prescribed specific usages for "U.S." and "United States" as part of official names. In "formal writing (treaties, Executive orders, proclamations, etc.); congressional bills; legal citations and courtwork; and covers and title pages",[ 24] United States Steel Corporation ).[ 24] ^ Americus comes from theMedieval Latin nameEmericus Saint Emeric of Hungary ), itself derived from the Old High German nameEmmerich .^ From the late 15th century, theColumbian exchange had been catastrophic for native populations throughout the Americas. It is estimatedthat up to 95 percent of the indigenous populations , especially in the Caribbean,perished from infectious diseases during the years following European colonization ;[ 53] [ 54] [ 55] ^ New Hampshire ,Massachusetts ,Connecticut ,Rhode Island ,New York ,New Jersey ,Pennsylvania ,Delaware ,Maryland ,Virginia ,North Carolina ,South Carolina , andGeorgia ^ Per theU.S. Constitution, Amendment Twenty-three , proposed by the U.S. Congress on June 16, 1960, and ratified by the States on March 29, 1961 ^ A country's total exports are usually understood to be goods and services. Based on this, the U.S. is the world's second-largest exporter, after China.[ 317] [ 318] ^ These population figures are official 2024 annual estimates (rounded off) from theU.S. Census Bureau .[ 392] ^ This figure, like most official data for the United States as a whole, excludes the five unincorporated territories (Puerto Rico ,Guam , theU.S. Virgin Islands ,American Samoa , and theNorthern Mariana Islands ) and minor island possessions. ^ Inupiaq ,Siberian Yupik ,Central Alaskan Yup'ik ,Alutiiq ,Unanga (Aleut),Denaʼina ,Deg Xinag ,Holikachuk ,Koyukon ,Upper Kuskokwim ,Gwichʼin ,Tanana ,Upper Tanana ,Tanacross ,Hän ,Ahtna ,Eyak ,Tlingit ,Haida , andTsimshian ^ Also known less formally as Obamacare
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In Harvey, Michael (ed.).Donald Trump in Historical Perspective doi :10.4324/9781003110361-1 .ISBN 978-1-003-11036-1 As with the Beer Hall Putsch, a would-be leader tried to take advantage of an already scheduled event (in Hitler's case, Kahr's speech; in Trump's, Congress's tallying of the electoral votes) to create a dramatic moment with himself at the center of attention, calling for bold action to upend the political order. Unlike Hitler's coup attempt, Trump already held top of office, so he was attempting to hold onto power, not seize it (the precise term for Trump's intended action is a 'self-coup' or 'autogolpe'). Thus, Trump was able to plan for the event well in advance, and with much greater control, including developing the legal arguments that could be used to justify rejecting the election's results. Pion-Berlin, David; Bruneau, Thomas; Goetze, Richard B. Jr. (April 7, 2022)."The Trump self-coup attempt: comparisons and civil–military relations" .Government and Opposition .58 (4):789– 806.doi :10.1017/gov.2022.13 S2CID 248033246 . Castañeda, Ernesto; Jenks, Daniel (April 17, 2023). Costa, Bruno Ferreira; Parton, Nigel (eds.)."January 6th and De-Democratization in the United States" .Social Sciences .12 (4).MDPI : 238.doi :10.3390/socsci12040238 ISSN 2076-0760 .What the United States went through on January 6th was an attempt at a self-coup, where Trump would use force to stay as head of state even if abandoning democratic practices in the U.S. Some advised Trump to declare martial law to create a state of emergency and use that as an excuse to stay in power. Eisen, Norman; Ayer, Donald; Perry, Joshua; Bookbinder, Noah; Perry, E. Danya (June 6, 2022).Trump on Trial: A Guide to the January 6 Hearings and the Question of Criminality (Report). Brookings Institution. RetrievedDecember 16, 2023 .[Trump] tried to delegitimize the election results by disseminating a series of far fetched and evidence-free claims of fraud. Meanwhile, with a ring of close confidants, Trump conceived and implemented unprecedented schemes to – in his own words – "overturn" the election outcome. Among the results of this "Big Lie" campaign were the terrible events of January 6, 2021 – an inflection point in what we now understand was nothing less than an attempted coup. Eastman v Thompson, et al. 8:22-cv-00099-DOC-DFM Document 260 , 44 (S.D. Cal. May 28, 2022) ("Dr. Eastman and President Trump launched a campaign to overturn a democratic election, an action unprecedented in American history. Their campaign was not confined to the ivory tower – it was a coup in search of a legal theory. The plan spurred violent attacks on the seat of our nation's government, led to the deaths of several law enforcement officers, and deepened public distrust in our political process... If Dr. Eastman and President Trump's plan had worked, it would have permanently ended the peaceful transition of power, undermining American democracy and the Constitution. If the country does not commit to investigating and pursuing accountability for those responsible, the Court fears January 6 will repeat itself.").Graham, David A. (January 6, 2021)."This Is a Coup" .The Atlantic Archived from the original on January 6, 2021. RetrievedDecember 16, 2023 . Musgrave, Paul (January 6, 2021)."This Is a Coup. Why Were Experts So Reluctant to See It Coming?" .Foreign Policy .Archived from the original on January 6, 2021. RetrievedDecember 16, 2023 . Solnit, Rebecca (January 6, 2021)."Call it what it was: a coup attempt" .The Guardian .Archived from the original on January 7, 2021. RetrievedDecember 16, 2023 . Coleman, Justine (January 6, 2021)."GOP lawmaker on violence at Capitol: 'This is a coup attempt' .The Hill Archived from the original on January 6, 2021. 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