Tyumen was the first Russian settlement inSiberia. Founded in 1586 to support Russia's eastward expansion, the city has remained one of the most important industrial and economic centers east of theUral Mountains. Located at the junction of several important trade routes and with easy access to navigable waterways, Tyumen rapidly developed from a small military settlement to a large commercial and industrial city. The central part of Old Tyumen retains many historic buildings from throughout the city's history.
Today,[when?] Tyumen is an important business center. It is thetransport hub and industrial center of Tyumen Oblast – an oil-rich region borderingKazakhstan – as well as the home of many companies active in Russia'soil and gas industry.
In Turkic and Mongolic languages, "Tümen/Түмэн" (in Siberian Tatar Tömän/Төмән) means a myriad, or ten thousand. Etymologically connected to theTumen River that delineates sections of the borders between North Korea, Russia, and China.
TheCossackatamanYermak Timofeyevich conquered the Tyumen area, originally part of theSiberia Khanate, for theTsardom of Russia in 1585. The fighting completely destroyed both capitals of theSiberia Khanate, Sibir/Qashliq and Tyumen/Chimgi-Tura (the capital in the 15th century). Sibir was never rebuilt - though it gave its name to all concurrent and future lands in North Asia annexed by Russia - but Tyumen was later re-founded. On July 29, 1586,[2] TsarFeodor I ordered two regional commanders, Vasily Borisov-Sukin and Ivan Myasnoy, to construct a fortress on the site of the formerSiberian Tatar town ofChingi-Tura ("city ofChingis"), also known asTyumen, from the Turkic and Mongol word for "ten thousand"[15] –tumen.
Tyumen stood on the "Tyumen Portage", part of the historical trade-route between Central Asia and theVolga region. Various South Siberian nomads had continuously contested control of the portage in the preceding centuries, and Siberian Tatar andKalmyk raiders often attacked early Russian settlers. The military situation meant thatstreltsy and Cossack garrisons stationed in the town predominated in the population of Tyumen until the mid-17th century. As the area became less restive, the town began to take on a less military character.
By the beginning of the 18th century, Tyumen had developed into an important center of trade between Siberia and China to the east and Central Russia to the west. A influx of prisoners-of-war from the Swedish army which surrendered after theBattle of Poltava in 1709 arrived in Tyumen - some of them settled permanently.[16]Tyumen became an important industrial center, known for leatherworkers, blacksmiths, and other craftsmen. In 1763, 7,000 people were recorded[by whom?] as living in the town.
In the 19th century, the town's development continued. In 1836, the firststeam boat in Siberia was built in Tyumen. In 1862 atelegraph service reached the town, and in 1864 the first water mains were laid. Further prosperity came to Tyumen after the construction, in 1885, of theTrans-Siberian Railway. For some years, Tyumen served as theRussian Empire's easternmost railhead and as the site of transhipment of cargoes between the railway and the cargo boats plying theTura,Tobol,Irtysh, andOb Rivers.
By the end of the 19th century, Tyumen's population exceeded 30,000, surpassing that of its northern rivalTobolsk, and beginning a process whereby Tyumen gradually eclipsed the former regional capital. The rise of Tyumen culminated on August 14, 1944 when the city finally became the administrative center of the extensiveTyumen Oblast.
Monument to graduates of Tyumen schools killed in World War II
During the 1930s, Tyumen became a major industrial center of theSoviet Union. By the onset ofWorld War II, the city had several well-established industries, including shipbuilding, furniture manufacture, and the manufacture of fur- and leather-goods. World War II saw rapid growth and development in the city. In the winter of 1941, twenty-two major industrial enterprises evacuated to Tyumen from the European part of the Soviet Union.[20] These enterprises went into operation the following spring. Additionally, war-time Tyumen became a "hospital city", where thousands of wounded soldiers were treated. When it seemed that Moscow might fall to German forces duringOperation Barbarossa, in October 1941Vladimir Lenin's body was secretly moved fromhis mausoleum in Moscow to a hidden tomb in what is now the Tyumen State Agriculture Academy.[21] Between 1941 and 1945, more than 20,000 Tyumen natives fought at the front, and some 6,000 were killed.[citation needed]
Rich oil- andgas-fields were discovered in the Tyumen Oblast in the 1960s. While most of these lay hundreds of kilometers away, near the towns ofSurgut andNizhnevartovsk, Tyumen was the nearest railway junction and so the city became their supply base while the railway was extended northwards.[22] As the result of this economic and population boom, with tens of thousands of skilled workers arriving from across the Soviet Union between 1963 and 1985, the rapid growth of the city also brought a host of problems. Its social infrastructure was limited and the lack of city-planning has resulted in uneven development, with which Tyumen has continued to struggle.
Tyumen is located inWestern Siberia, 1,700 km (1,100 mi) east ofMoscow, 300 km (190 mi) east ofYekaterinburg, and 1,100 km (680 mi) west of Siberia's largest city,Novosibirsk. The city covers an area of 235 square kilometers (91 sq mi).[6] Its primary geographical feature is theTura River, which crosses the city from northwest to southeast. The river is navigable downstream of the city. The left bank of the Tura is afloodplain surrounded by gently rolling hills. The Tura is a shallow river with extensive marshlands.
The riverfloods during thesnow melting season in the spring. The spring flood usually peaks in the second half of May,[23] when the river becomes 8–10 times wider than during the late-summer low water season. The city is protected from flooding by a dike which can withstand floods up to 8 meters (26 ft) high.[24] The highest ever flood water level in Tyumen was 9.15 meters (30.0 ft), recorded in 1979. More recently, in 2007, a water level of 7.76 was recorded.[25] In spring 2005, a flood higher than the critical 8 meters (26 ft) mark was expected,[26] but did not appear.
Tyumen has a stronglyhumid continental climate (Köppen climate classificationDfb) with warm, somewhat humid summers and long, very cold (though average by Siberian standards) winters. The weather in the region is very changeable, and the temperature in town is always higher than in the surrounding area by a few degrees. The town area also attracts more precipitation. The average temperature in January is −16.7 °C (1.9 °F), with a record low of −50 °C (−58 °F) measured in February 1951. The average temperature in July is +18.6 °C (65.5 °F), with a record high of +38 °C (100 °F).
The average annual precipitation is 457 millimeters (18.0 in). The wettest year on record was 1943, with 581 millimeters (22.9 in), and the driest was 1917, with only 231 millimeters (9.1 in).[27]
Climate data for Tyumen (1991–2020, extremes 1885–present)
Historically, Tyumen occupied a small area on the high bank of theTura River around the foundation site of the city. The city consisted of one and two-storey wooden buildings, surrounded by a number of villages. With time, the territory of the city was developed and extended by including the surrounding villages.
When viewed from above, present-day Tyumen appears to be a collection of low-rise towns with occasional clusters of tall buildings. Two areas of the city, Yamskaya Sloboda and Republic Street are noted for their historic character. These areas are dominated by old brick and wooden merchant houses and buildings, with the occasional intrusion of mid-century Soviet low-rise buildings.
Bukharskaya Sloboda is a historic residential area on the low bank of the Tura river. This area is mostly made up of very old one and two-storey wooden buildings. The area is part of the Historical Centre on the city and has a mostly Muslim population. Low bank Dormitories is a cluster of standard 9-storey buildings was built on reclaimed land east of Bukharskaya Sloboda – Zareka and Vatutina.
Center Republic St.
The area to the east of the historical town centre built between 1948 and 1978 and is mostly 4 and 5-storey buildings. Earlier buildings in this area have individual designs, but the later buildings have a rectangular style. This area contains most of the political and business activities of the town.
Dzerzhinskogo StreetMelnikaitė Street
The Old Dormitories area features standard five-storey blocks of flats constructed in the 1960s and 1970s at the west and east extremities of the city. However, today this area is actually in the town centre. While there are almost no variety in the area's architecture, this area has the most greenery in the city and the best social infrastructure.
Aerial view of Tyumen
The New Dormitories area features clusters of standard tall buildings constructed after 1980 at the south and south-east edges of Tyumen. This area is considered[by whom?] to be the worst place to live in the city.[citation needed] The area is remote, badly planned, and has very poor social infrastructure.[citation needed]
In 2022, the Ministry of Construction published an updated rating of the new urban digitalization index. Tyumen entered the top three cities with a population of 250 thousand to a million people.[30]
Tyumen is not characterized by any particular architectural style. The town was built without planning for decades and because of that its architecture is an eclectic mix of buildings of different styles and eras.
Tyumen's nickname is the Capital of Villages because most of its territory is built up by lumber houses. Many of the wooden buildings located in the historical part of the city are considered culturally valuable.
The legislative authority of Tyumen is the CityDuma. In addition to legislative activities, the City Duma appoints the Head of the Tyumen City Administration, who is the chief executive officer of the city.
Since Tyumen is the administrative center of the oblast, all the governing bodies of the oblast are located in the city. They include the elected Legislative Assembly (Duma) of Tyumen Oblast, which also confirms the appointment of the Governor of Tyumen Oblast, who is nominated by thePresident of Russia.
Tyumen's population grew steadily from the 16th century through the 19th century. However, when the Trans-Siberian Railway arrived at the end of the 19th century, the town's rate of population growth was greatly boosted. Tyumen rapidly became the largest town in the region, with about 30,000 inhabitants by the beginning of the 20th century. Tyumen again experienced rapid population growth with the coming of World War II. The evacuation of workers from factories in central Russia in 1941 more than doubled Tyumen's population to 150,000.[citation needed]
In the 1960s, the discovery of the rich oil and gas fields in Western Siberia caused the city's population, which had not been forecast to exceed 250,000 inhabitants that decade, to swell to almost half a million. After the growth of the 1960s, a period of population stability lasted until 1988, when economic depression hit the Soviet Union. The city's population in 1989 was 476,869, according to the census of that year. However, within five or six years Tyumen was again a major economic center with a rising population. By 2002, Tyumen's population had risen to 510,719. Further population growth (mainly due to migration and the incorporation of surrounding settlements) meant that by 2021 Tyumen's population increased to 847,488 inhabitants.[13]
As of 2009[update], there are over ten operational Orthodox temples (both newly built and historical), two mosques (both newly built), one synagogue, and one Roman Catholic church in Tyumen (St. Joseph's Church).
While the state religion of the Russian Empire wasOrthodoxy, this religion historically prevailed in Tyumen.[clarification needed] In 1616, Trinity Monastery was established in Tyumen by Nifont of Kazan. In 1709–1711, this monastery was rebuilt in stone by the order of Filofey Leshchinsky, the first Metropolitan of Siberia. In 1761, the Tyumen Religious School was established. Overall, from 1708 to 1885, twelve stone Orthodox churches of different size, and two monasteries were constructed in Tyumen.
During Soviet times, two of the churches were completely destroyed, but the rest remained. As of 2008[update], most of them are accessible and operating.[32] Some operational churches are also under restoration. Tyumen Religious School was reopened in 1997.
Despite the predominance ofOrthodoxy,Catholic churches as well as mosques and synagogues were also built. However, only one Catholic church remains preserved. The Tyumen Mosque was completely destroyed, but its reconstruction on the same site caused controversy. The Tyumen synagogue collapsed in 2000, but was reconstructed on the same site.[citation needed] At the start of the 20th century, there was a strongOld Believers community in Tyumen.
All of the aforementioned religions operate cultural centers in Tyumen. There are also several other religious bodies with a few adherents in Tyumen.[clarification needed]
Tyumen Trinity Monastery was built with special permission ofPeter the Great. At the time, the construction of stone buildings outsideSaint Petersburg was prohibited.[citation needed] The Church of Savior Uncreated was visited byCrown prince Alexandr (laterAlexander II) during his Siberian tour.
Tyumen is an important service center for the gas and oil industries in Russia. Due to its advantageous location at the crossing of the motor, rail, water and air ways and its moderate climate Tyumen was an ideal base town for servicing the oil and gas industry of the West Siberia. As a result, today Tyumen is a center of industry, science, culture, education and medicine. Many large oil and gas companies such asGazprom,LUKoil,Gazpromneft andShell have their representative offices in Tyumen.
There are numerous factories, engineering companies, oil industry service companies (KCA DEUTAG andSchlumberger), design institutes, shipyard and other oil servicing companies located in Tyumen.
Tyumen railway station was built in 1885. Currently the station administratively belongs to the Tyumen Division of Sverdlovskaya Rail Road. The station is located in the center of the city. At the regional level, the station services three directions toYekaterinburg,Omsk, andTobolsk. The railroad to Yekaterinburg has been electrified since 1980.[citation needed] At the international level, the station services passage to (Trans-Siberian Railway):Poland, Germany, China,Mongolia, andAzerbaijan.
Additional stations within the city territory include: Tyumen North, Tyumen yard, Voynovka yard.
Public transportation in Tyumen is dominated by both municipal bus services and by numerous private operators (marshrutkas), which account for nearly a third of all transport capacity. The city's bus fleet is in process of modernization and expansion, with newly acquired Russian buses replacing the severely aged Soviet models.
Tyumen is a major hub for intercity bus service, centered on the bus terminal, which was constructed in 1972, and greatly expanded between 2006 and 2008.[citation needed]
The city has a regular service to a large number of Russian towns, including, Moscow (9 flights a day),St. Petersburg, andSamara. There are also weekly or biweekly flights to the following international locations:Baku,Erevan,Khujand, andTashkent.
Tyumen is divided by theTura River, the Tyumenka River, and theTrans-Siberian Railroad, creating several isolated zones. Ten bridges, one footbridge, seven flyovers, and five foot crossings connect these zones.[citation needed]
In addition, the road network was planned before the fall of the Soviet Union, and in its current state, it can operate normally only in the scheme which includes public transportation only. Compact planning of the city center prevents expansion of main roads; congestion coming from the city periphery moves slower and slower as it approaches the town center. To date, the road network serves about 200% above planned capacity, which leads to numerous traffic jams and high accident rates.
Since 2002, city and regional authorities have undertaken numerous initiatives to improve Tyumen's road network, but due to the continued growth of private automobile ownership rates, these efforts have only had short term positive effects. To date, a complex transport infrastructure reconstruction project is being directed by Regional Administration.[33] In January 2015, a paid parking program and prohibition of vehicle access for non-residents began.[citation needed]
Total length of the city roads: 925 kilometres (575 miles) (Jan 2009).[34]
Total number of cars: 380,000 of 1,176,441[35] total in Tyumen Oblast (as of March 2015[update][36]), previous count 151,000 (Jan. 2008).
Museums and art galleries in Tyumen include the Tyumen Museum of Local Lore, the Tyumen Museum of the Fine Arts, Museum of Kolokolnikov estate and the Medical History Museum.
In 1964, Tyumen Industrial Institute was founded to supply the oil industry with a qualified local workforce.[citation needed] Most students are not counted in the city population since they are non-residents of the Tyumen city according to Russian law.
^"Уровень воды в реке Тобол уже начал подниматься" [Water level in the Tobol has started to rise]. March 25, 2005. Archived fromthe original on May 14, 2013. RetrievedMarch 4, 2009.Ожидается, что уровень воды в Туре превысит критический и достигнет восьми метров. (The water level in the Tura is expected to exceed the critical level and to reach 8 meters (26 ft)
Тюменская областная Дума. Закон №53 от 4 ноября 1996 г. «Об административно-территориальном устройстве Тюменской области», в ред. Закона №47 от 7 мая 2015 г. «О внесении изменений в статьи 14 и 15 Закона Тюменской области "Об административно-территориальном устройстве Тюменской области"». Вступил в силу с момента официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Тюменские известия", №220, 12 ноября 1996 г. (Tyumen Oblast Duma. Law #53 of November 4, 1996On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Tyumen Oblast, as amended by the Law #47 of May 7, 2015On Amending Articles 14 and 15 of the Law of Tyumen Oblast "On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Tyumen Oblast". Effective as of the moment of official publication.).
Тюменская областная Дума. Закон №263 от 5 ноября 2004 г. «Об установлении границ муниципальных образований Тюменской области и наделении их статусом муниципального района, городского округа и сельского поселения», в ред. Закона №39 от 7 мая 2015 г. «Об упразднении деревни Бурмистрова Балаганского сельского поселения Викуловского муниципального района Тюменской области и внесении изменений в отдельные Законы Тюменской области». Вступил в силу 1 января 2005 г. Опубликован: "Тюменская область сегодня", №213 (без приложений), 12 ноября 2004 г. (Tyumen Oblast Duma. Law #263 of November 5, 2004On Establishing the Borders of the Municipal Formations of Tyumen Oblast and on Granting Them the Status of a Municipal District, Urban Okrug, and Rural Settlement, as amended by the Law #39 of May 7, 2015On Abolishing the Village of Burmistrova in Balaganskoye Rural Settlement of Vikulovsky Municipal District of Tyumen Oblast and on Amending Various Laws of Tyumen Oblast. Effective as of January 1, 2005.).
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