62°46′N123°32′W / 62.76°N 123.53°W /62.76; -123.53 (Tvashtar Paterae)
Tvashtar Paterae compose an activevolcanic region ofJupiter's moonIo located near its north pole. It is a series ofpaterae, orvolcanic craters. It is named afterTvashtar, theHindu god ofblacksmiths.[1] Tvashtar was discovered in IRTF images on November 26, 1999, several hours after a Galileo flyby. Images taken with the ESO 3.6m telescope and its adaptive optics in September 1999 revealed the presence of faint hot spot (labeled 990930D). The outburst was studied by theGalileo spacecraft over several years. During this time, a 25-kilometre (16 mi) long, 1-to-2-kilometre (0.62 to 1.24 mi) high curtain of lava was seen to erupt from onepatera, a lake of superheatedsilicate lava erupted in the largest patera, and finally a plume of gas burst out, rising 385 kilometres (239 mi) above Io and blanketing areas as far away as 700 kilometres (430 mi).[2]
The hot spot awakening of Tvashtar was observed on 2 June 2006 with the Keck Adaptive Optics system and followed up for 530 days making it the longest outburst eruption ever observed on Io. On February 26, 2007, the eruption was photographed by theNew Horizons probe as it went past Jupiteren route toPluto. The probe observed an enormous 330-kilometre (210 mi) high plume from the volcano, with an as-yet unexplained filamentary structure made clearly visible by the background light from the sun.[3]
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