Tuxtla Gutiérrez, orTuxtla, (Spanish:[ˈtuɣstlaɣuˈtjeres]ⓘ,Nahuatl:[ˈtuʃt͡ɬa]) is the capital and the largest city of theMexican southeastern state ofChiapas. It is the seat of the municipality of the same name, which is the most developed and populous in the state. A busy government, commercial and services-oriented city, Tuxtla had one of the fastest-growing rates in Mexico over the last 40 years.[as of?] Unlike many other areas in Chiapas, it is not a major tourist attraction, but a transportation hub for tourists coming into the state, with a large airport and a bus terminal.
Remnants of frescos at the Saint Mark's CathedralOld City Hall, currently the City Museum
TheZoques made the first pre-Hispanic settlement at the site. They named the valley area nameCoyatoc, which means 'land or house of rabbits'. TheAztecs intruded into the area between 1486 and 1505 and named itTuchtlan, which means the same thing intheir language.[4]
After theSpanish conquest of the Aztec Empire, and the subjugation of the local Chiapan people in 1528, theDominicans constructed a monastery in nearbyTecpatán.[5] There is no official founding date for Tuxtla, but it is known that the Dominican monks gathered dispersed Zoques into communities organized around churches in the 16th century. A church dedicated to San Marcos (Saint Mark) was founded by the Dominicans for one of these communities in 1560.[4][6] While Tuxtla is less discussed in regional history as compared toComitán Domínguez andSan Cristóbal, it boasts a large number of adobe houses,[7] including Spanish colonial buildings in the downtown and western areas around the Señor del Cerrito Hermitage, from the 19th century within the downtown area and far southern and northern areas, and vestiges of Zoquean migration during the 19th century in the western and far southwestern areas.[7] Tuxtla is home to around 800 adobe houses,[7] many times much more than any officially declared historic site in Chiapas.
The existence of the town of San Marcos Tuxtla was first recorded in 1748, and by 1768 it became the seat of a mayoralty in Chiapas.[2]
The village was officially recognized as a villa byKing of Spain in 1813 with a population of about 5,000, three quarters of whom were Zoques.[6] In 1821, the authorities of the villa proclaimed independence from both Spain and the regional colonial government ofGuatemala, along with other areas in what would become Chiapas. However, this declaration was not accepted by either Guatemala or Mexico. Tuxtla, along with the state of Chiapas, became part of Mexico by popular vote onSeptember 14, 1824.
Tuxtla was officially renamed as Tuxtla Gutiérrez onMay 31, 1848 by governor Fernando Nicolás Maldonado to honorJoaquín Miguel Gutiérrez, a former governor of Chiapas that promoted the state's annexation to Mexico.[6] The municipality was first incorporated as adepartamento onMarch 31, 1849.[8] It replacedSan Cristóbal de las Casas as the capital of Chiapas onAugust 11, 1892. The first library in the state was founded in Tuxtla in 1910.[4]
During theMexican Revolution, a battalion called "The Sons of Tuxtla" was formed in 1911, and its member Captain Julio Miramontes was assassinated in 1912. Troops supportingVenustiano Carranza took over in 1914, led by Agustín Castro. Chiapas was reorganized into the municipality system in 1915, with Tuxtla Gutiérrez becoming the head of a municipality and Noé Vázquez the first municipal president. The city remained the state capital. The reaction against Carranza's policies was headed by the Mapaches ("Raccoons"), a group of landholders in the state who objected to the loss of their privileges and the redistribution of their lands. They burned the state government building, destroying its archives in 1915. GeneralSalvador Alvarado and 2500 troops fought the Mapaches commanded by GeneralTiburcio Fernández Ruiz [es].[4][6] Catholic churches were closed and images of saints were burned in the city in 1934.[4]
In 1941, the municipal government moved from the old building on El Triunfo Street in the Santo Domingo neighborhood to the corner of Avenida Central and Calle 2ª Poniente on lands that belonged to the city's first municipal president. A new municipal palace was built there in theNeoclassical style. However, the municipal palace was moved again to its current location in 1982, and the Neoclassical building was given to theFederación de Trabajadores del Estado de Chiapas.[6]
TheDiocese of Tuxtla was created in 1965, which elevated the parish of San Marcos (Saint Mark) to a cathedral. It was subsequently elevated to an archdiocese in 2010.[4] The city experienced high rates of population growth from the 1970s, resulting in the annexation of the municipality of Terán in 1973. The firstFeria Chiapas was held in 1980, and PopeJohn Paul II visited the city in 1990.[4]
During the 1990s, some areas of the state of Chiapas were affected by theEZLN or Zapatista uprising. While most of this group's activity was in rural areas of the state, Tuxtla was also affected by it. As many as 10,000 Zapatista sympathizers protested in the city in 1998 to push federal officials to honor the 1994San Andrés Accords and to push for new gubernatorial elections and other demands.[9] The political instability pushed many indigenous into the municipality from more rural areas in the latter half of the decade.[10] In 1998, PRD politician, EZLN activist and leader of theAsamblea Estatal Democrática del Pueblo Chiapaneco Rubicel Ruiz Gamboa was assassinated in the city. It is thought the act was in response to Ruiz Gamboa's work in land redistribution in the state'sLa Frailesca [es] region.[11]
In the 1990s,Mexicana Airlines stopped service to Tuxtla, and a major crash killing nineteen people led to protests and the reinstatement of service to the city by Mexicana in 2000.[12][clarification needed] In 2011, the government of Guatemala announced that it would open a consulate in the city to support its nationals who cross through Mexican territory or reside there. The government noted the problems that many Guatemalans, especially those who enter Mexico illegally, have had in the country.[13] A tractor trailer with 219 illegal immigrants was stopped in the municipality in early 2011. Most were Guatemalan and almost all from Central America, but there were also people fromSri Lanka andNepal. The migrants were detected by using portable X-ray on the passing truck.[14]
Tuxtla is the largest and most developed city in the state of Chiapas, and has an accelerated population growth rate.[5][15][16] It is clean and mainly business oriented.[17] The city has wide busy avenues, filled with cars, taxis, and buses. Shopping ranges from modern commercial plazas and malls topopular markets and open airtianguis.[17]
In 2011, the city was the first in Mexico to be certified as a "safe city" by the federal government and theKarolinska Institute in Stockholm due to its very low crime rate, crime prevention programs and other factors.[18] According to theFinancial Times andFDi magazine, Tuxtla is one of a number of cities worldwide considered to be "cities of the future." It was evaluated based on its economic potential, human resources, cost-benefit ratio, quality of life, infrastructure and business environment.[19]
Cristo de ChiapasTorre Mesoamericana, built in 2010 and standing at 341 feet, is the second tallest building in Chiapas[20]
The city is centered on a large square called the Plaza Cívica, which is surrounded by government buildings such as the municipal and state government offices (called "palaces") .[16] On one side of this plaza is the city's most important landmark, the Catedral de San Marcos (Saint Mark's Cathedral), named after the patron saint of the city,Mark the Evangelist .[4][5] The church was founded in the second half of the 16th century, as aDominican parish and has had significant changes to the structure since it was built. Itsapse is the only one conserved in Chiapas from the colonial era, on which remnants offrescos can be seen.[4][16] The current interior is Neoclassical. It has a single nave with a Latin cross layout with two side chapels.[5] Its current façade and tower is modeled somewhat along colonial lines, with Doric columns.[4][16] The structure's current appearance, mostly in plain white, is a result of its last remodeling which was done in the 1980s.[5][16] The best known feature of this church is the forty eight bells that ring out each hour, accompanied by a "parade" of statues of theApostles that appear on the bell tower.[5][17]
The city has a number of notable parks and other green spaces. Madero Park is located on5a Norte Avenue where it crossesCalzada de Sumidero about six blocks from thePlaza Cívica. It is a green area which is cut by a street calledPaseo de los Hombres Ilustres. Along this corridor, there are various museums and cultural centers which include theDr. Faustino Miranda Botanical Garden, which occupies four hectares along theSabinal River. Across from the garden is the botanical museum which has a large exhibition of the various wood trees of the state. There is also a natural history museum with a number of preserved species of animals and plants as well as artifacts and maps of the historical indigenous peoples of the state.[16][21]Parque Jardín de la Marimba (Marimba Park) is located is eight blocks from the First Square on Central West Avenue (Avenida Central Poniente inSpanish) and Octave North West Street (8° Calle Poniente Norte) and named after themost characteristic musical instrument of the state. The park was established in 1993 to be a meeting place for families with numerous trees, colonial style benches, lighting at night and a central kiosk. Here, marimba bands play, which often attracts older couples who come to dance. It also hosts larger musical and other events, usually related to the marimba.[4][16][21]
Waterfall below bridge at Miguel Álvarez del Toro Zoo
On the edge of the city is the El Zapotal Ecological Reserve, best known as the home of theZoológico Miguel Alvarez del Toro Zoo, often referred to as the ZooMAT. The zoo covers 100 hectares and was founded byMiguel Alvarez del Toro in 1942. He was also the director for over fifty years.[15] ZooMAT is considered to be one of the best zoos of its kind in Latin America.[5][15][16] It exhibits, studies, protects and preserves the native species of Chiapas, which have suffered severe stress due to human activities. The zoo has programs for research, environmental education and wildlife conservation. The zoo is especially known for its work in preserving the quetzal, being the first to breed the bird in captivity in the 1970s. The design of the zoo respects the topography of the zone and only exhibits regional wildlife. It contains 1,400 animals from 220 species includingjaguars,tapirs,macaws,spider monkeys,howler monkeys andquetzals. Over 150 of the species freely roam in natural enclosures and in some areas, animals such asdeer,iguanas, small reptiles and birds come very close to the areas where humans pass. Sixty of the species exhibited here are in danger of extinction, including the jaguar, theocelot, the macaw, the quetzal, and howler monkey.[15]
Regional Museum Courtyard
The largest museum in the city is theMuseo Regional de Antropología e Historia (Regional Museum of Anthropology and History), which one of the most important of its kind in Mexico.[5] The building was constructed in modern style between 1979 and 1982, designed by architect Juan Miramontes Nájera. This design received first prize at the Third Biennial Architecture Contest inBulgaria in 1985. Its permanent collection covers the history of the state and is divided into two halls: one for archeology and the other for history starting from theSpanish conquest.[4][5] Next to it, there is theMuseo de Paleontología "Eliseo Palacios Aguilera" which was inaugurated in 2002 and is the only museum of its type in the state. It contains exhibits of over 200fossils, all from Chiapas, with range in age from 300 million to 10,000 years old. The main hall is centered on a reconstruction of aMegatherium. There is also a display dedicated to the amber of the state with pieces containing insects and spiders.[5]
The Chiapas Museum of Science and Technology is an interactive museum for children and adults demonstrating advances in modern times in three halls: Earth and Universe, Life and Humans, and Communications and Tools.[5]
TheMercado de los Ancianos is a large traditional market southeast of the center of the city near the zoo. It offers fresh flowers, meat, seafood, clothes, household goods and more. It has an outdoor café under a big red tent, and serves its dishes prepared from the items available in the market. These include shrimp dishes, chicken, fried whole fish,carne asada (grilled beef) andtacos.[21] TheInstituto de las Artesanias y Productos de Chiapas (Institute of Handcrafts and Products of Chiapas), also called theCasa de Artesanías, opened in 1980,[22] is a large purple building on the main boulevard of the city, run by the government to promote the state's traditional products. These include the best of Chiapas handcrafts including textiles, clothing, toys, ceramics and wood sculptures as well as genuineamber jewelry. It also contains an Ethnographic Museum which shows scenes representing the lifestyles of the various indigenous groups of Chiapas with dioramas of rural villages and how crafts are made. There are also mannequins displaying indigenous dress. It also sells coffee and regional candies from the state.[4][5][21] In his time, was a great museum that stored the largest collection of photos, crafts and recreations of life of native villages in the depths of the state, but was almost entirely consumed by fire in 2001.[23]
TheCasa de la Cultura of the city is located atAvenida 1a Ponente Norte.[24] Two other important churches are the Santo Domingo Parish and the Santo Niño de Atocha Temple.[16]
According to Mexico's National Council on Population (CONAPO), the metropolitan area of Tuxtla Gutiérrez is formed by five municipalities, two core and three peripheral. It is anchored by the contiguous urban area of the cities of Tuxtla Gutiérrez and Chiapa de Corzo. Berriozábal was added in 2010, and San Fernando and Suchiapa in 2015.[25]
With a population of 848,274 in 2020, it is the25th most populated area in the country.[25] Gross domestic product is 97,100,000,000Mexican pesos, 0.5% of the national GDP,[27] and its economy has a low level of competitiveness.[28]
According to the 2020 Census, the municipality had a total population of 604,147. The city of Tuxtla Gutiérrez, with 578,830 residents, is the 31stmost populated city in the country.[30] The municipality had 125 localities, the largest of which were Copoya (9,868) and El Jobo (5,798), classified as urban.[30]
Over half of the population of the Central Valley region of Chiapas lives in the city. Most are young, with 66% under the age of thirty and the average age of twenty three. The rate of population growth is about four percent, with the population expected to double in less than twenty years. 99.56% of the municipality's population lives in three urban areas with the rest scattered among 81 other rural communities. The population density is 1,053/km2 well above the regional average of 75/km2 and state 52/km2. The average woman has 2.27 children, below the regional average of 2.87 and the state average of 3.47. There is some immigration into the city, mostly fromVeracruz,State of Mexico andMexico City.[4]
The population growth of the municipality has exceeded that of the state for the last five decades. From 1990 to 2000, the municipality has a growth rate of 3.95%, almost double the state average. However, the greatest rate of growth was between 1970 and 1980 when it was 8.6%. This population growth has led to high demands for lands, housing, infrastructure and services, with many not able to keep up, especially in low income areas, which is about 40% of the city.[10] There are an estimated 15,000 cases of illegally tapping into the city's water distribution system, with an estimated loss of millions of pesos. This is done by industries, small business and homes. The evasion of payment has made it difficult for the city to finance expansion of the system into new neighborhoods.[31]
Just under eighty percent are Catholic with just over thirteen percent belonging to Protestant or other Christian groups.[4]
Most of the population ismestizo with a significant population of ethnicZoques.[5] Although about 25% of the state's population speaks an indigenous language, the percentage is much lower in the municipality of Tuxtla. As of 2005, there were 8,256 people who spoke an indigenous language out of a total population of 434,143.[4][10] The percentage of indigenous language speakers rose somewhat from 1995 to 2000 as many rural people moved into the area as a consequence of the Zapatista rebellion. This has added languages such asTzotzil,Tzeltal,Zapotec andCh'ol to the nativeZoque.[10]
The two most important local celebrations are Saint Mark's Day and theFeria Chiapas. TheFeria de San Marcos (Saint Mark's Fair) occurs each April in the center of the city, honoring the patron saint ofMark the Evangelist. It includes offerings, fireworks in frames calledcastillos (castles), and pilgrimages for four days starting on the 25th.[5][16] The Feria Chiapas includesbullfights, horse racing,cockfights and exhibitions of the many products of the state, including crafts, manufactured goods and agricultural products. It is held on the next to last Sunday of November through the first Sunday of December.
The Zoque Carnival reflects the area'sZoque heritage. It includes a ritual called the "Virgin Mary's Descent" in Copoya: on January 30, local statues of the Virgin Mary are carried by foot from the Copoya church down to the Valley of Tuxtla. After staying in the city for two months, the statues are carried back up to the Copoya plateau.[5]
Other important religious festivities in the municipality include San Roque, San Jacinto, San Pascualito, San Francisco, Santo Domingo and theVirgin of Guadalupe.[4]
Much of the cuisine of the municipality reflects that of the rest of the state and includespictes (a sweet corntamale),chispota (beef with chickpeas and cabbage),niguijuti (pork withmole sauce),sopa de pan (bread with broth and vegetables),cochito (pork inadobo sauce),chanfaina (lamb innards with rice), a legume calledpatashete, and traditional Chiapas tamales made withchipilín. Local drinks includepozol,taxcalate,agua de chía tashiagual andpinole.[5][16]
Other local specialties includenucú, an edible ant that comes out at night during the rainy season, rich in proteins;[32]carnes parrilladas, grilled meat platters; andcarne molida tártara, spicy ground meat cooked in lime juice with onions, tomatoes and cilantro, usually eaten intostadas.[33]
Tuxtla features atropical wet and dry climate under theKöppen climate classification. With its relatively low altitude, the area has a hot and relatively humid climate with most rain falling in the summer.[5] Except for a rainy and dry season (summer-fall and winter-spring respectively) there is little variation in the climate during the year. Even the distinction between the rainy and dry season is one of quantity of rain. Air conditioning is rare as most homes and offices use fans and most rooms and offices open into streets or courtyards. Most businesses close in the late afternoon from between 2:00 until 4:30 or 5:00 when it can get hot.[33] Although it is not on the coast, it is close enough that hurricanes and tropical storms can affect it at time. In 2003,Tropical Storm Larry caused flooding in the city, forcing the evacuation of 7,000 people.[34]
Tuxtla's airborne pollution have become moderate problems due to the city's fast growth rate and an increasing number of vehicles, as the high number of mountainsCentral Valley of Chiapas.
The city has an altitude of 600 meters above sea level and sits in the long narrow Tuxtla Valley, which is part of the larger Central Valley region of the state. On the north and south sides of the municipality, the land rises into mountainous terrain as one heads out of the valley.[4][33]
There are three main rivers in the municipality, theGrijalva or Grande de Chiapa, theSuchiapa and theSabinal. The last is severely polluted.[4]
The natural vegetation of the area is lowland rainforest; however much has been cut down by logging and clearing for farmland and pasture. Most of the municipality's forest and wildlife is found in a number of reserves including the Centro Ecological Recreativo El Zapotal, the Cerro Mactumatzá State Reserve, the Vedada Villa Allende Protected Forest Zone, and theSumidero Canyon National Park. The largest of these is Sumidero Canyon, established in 1980, which spreads out over 21,789.41 hectares in three other municipalities besides Tuxtla.
El Zapotal was created in 1990 and extends over 192.57 hectares completely within the municipality. It contains lowland rainforest, subtropical forest and some highland rainforest. All of these contain deciduous and perennial species. Cerro Mactumatzá was established in 1997 and with an area of 613.70 hectares within the municipality. It contains oak,holm oak and tropical forests and with some areas still containing old growth.[4] Because of the rapid growth of the city, these green areas are under pressure. In 2011, over 200 illegal squatters were evicted from an area calledEl paraíso, inside an ecological reserve in the municipality. This settlement covered an area of ten hectares.[36]
According to the 2010 Census, the rate of illiteracy was 5.4%,[37] down from 7.66% in 2000 and 10.68% in 1990. This is lower than the state average of 17.8%. Of those over the age of fifteen, just under fourteen percent have not finished primary school, just over fifteen percent have only completed primary school and the rest have gone beyond this level.[4]
There are numerous universities and colleges as well as business and language schools.[17] Higher education institutions include the Chiapas Campus of theMonterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education and the Universidad Valle del Grijalva. TheTuxtla Gutierrez Institute of Technology (ITTG) was founded in the 1970s as theInstituto Tecnológico Regional, offering programs in Internal Combustion Engines, Electricity, Laboratory Chemistry, and Machinery and Tools. Today, the school offers various university-level majors such as Industrial Engineering, Computer Systems, and Biochemistry. Since 1998, it has offered Masters in Biotechnology, Administration and Biochemical Engineering.[38]
The municipality is the only one in the state with a very low rate of economic marginalization. As of 2005, there were 121,312 residences, with 111,567 owned by their occupants. On average, there are 4.25 occupants per household, slightly lower than the regional and state averages of 4.52 and 4.85. Most homes have some kind of flooring, with less than ten percent having packed earth. Over 84% of homes have block sides. Over 70% have concrete slab roofs, with less than 15% having asbestos roofs. Over 98% have electricity, over 78% have running water, and about 94% have sewerage service.[4]
Over 75% of the city's population is employed in commerce and services, which includes government. This is above the regional level of 53.36% and state level of 37.31%. Government at the state, federal and local levels has been one of the main sources of employment in the city since the 1970s.[4][10] Although the city has 68 hotels with 2,874 rooms, it is not a major tourist attraction. Most visitors to the city are there on business or Mexican nationals.[4][17] However, it is a main transportation hub for those going to other parts of the state, with its first class bus station andnew airport. Tourism duringHoly Week adds over 150 million pesos to the state's economy, much of which passes through the city, with occupancy rates that rise fifty percent. Most foreign visitors through the city are young, especially from European countries such as France, Spain, Italy,Switzerland and England, who pass through the bus station.[39] However, most of them do not explore the city itself, because tour guides often state there is nothing here to see.[17]
Just over 19% of the population is dedicated to industry, manufacturing, construction and transportation.[4] Just over two percent of the municipality's population is dedicated to agriculture, livestock and forestry compared to 26.14 of the region and 47.25% of the state.[10] Economic activities include commerce and the agricultural production of corn, beans, fruit, dairy cattle and domestic fowl.[5]
The most affluent parts of the city are usually located to the west, along with shopping centers and suburban neighborhoods. Downtown is mostly a business location, while the poorest areas are spread throughout the north and east.[40]
The city is a transportation hub for the whole short infrastructured state of Chiapas. Tuxtla is connected by road, bus and air to the rest of the country and Central America; there is no railroad access.
Area of junction between Libramiento Norte and Calzada al Sumidero
The municipality has 54.25 km of highways, over half are rural roads (28.75 km). ThePanamerican Highway is the main access way, crossing the city asFederal Highway 190 from west to east; the stretch from Ocozocoautla to Chiapa de Corzo has been upgraded to a 4-lane highway. A new bypass to the south of the city (Nuevo Libramiento Sur) was completed in 2018 to alleviate the heavy traffic.[41]
A-road, two-lane toll motorways connect the Tuxtla area with San Cristóbal (45 minutes), Arriaga (1 hour) and Minatitlán (2.5 hours). Other paved state highways link the city with Suchiapa/Villaflores (Hwy 133), the airport/La Angostura (Hwy 157) to the south, and San Fernando/Chicoasén (Hwy 102) to the north.
A new First Class bus station was opened in the northwest of the city, serving many Mexican travelers as well as backpackers especially from Europe. The bus station is served by the Cristobal Colon, Maya de Oro, ADO and Rapidos del Sur lines. Main destinations are Mexico, Puebla, Veracruz, Oaxaca, Tapachula, San Cristóbal, Villahermosa, Mérida and Cancún.
In the past, the city had two airports but none of them were fully functional due to weather and location issues. Today,Ángel Albino Corzo International Airport,IATA code TGZ, serves the city and the central region of the state, 35 km from the center of the city. Since opening in 2006, it has become one of the top airports in the country and the busiest in Southwestern Mexico, with 1,590,178 passengers traveling in 2022.[42] It is also one of the most modern facilities in the country, covering 740 hectares. It cost about one billionpesos to build and was funded by government and private investors. There is taxi service from the airport to Chiapa de Corzo and the city and bus service to the First Class station and to San Cristóbal de las Casas. The new facility can receive direct flights from the United States and Central/South America. As of November 2023, there are direct flights to Mexico City, Guadalajara, Monterrey, Cancún, Tijuana, Mérida, Mexicali, León/El Bajío, Villahermosa, and Guatemala City.Interjet former service to Mexico City included an "Ecojet" modified to be more fuel efficient.[43]
Each major event held in the city is estimated to bring in about 40 million pesos of business.[44] The fourth event of theNASCAR Corona Series in 2011 was held in Tuxtla.[44] TheCarrera Panamericana begins in Tuxtla and ends inZacatecas six days later for a distance of 3,261 km. The race has featured historic cars such as theVolvo 257 and theStudebaker, as the competition is divided into categories such as Tourist, Sport, Historical and Original Panamericana. The race has a long history but its current incarnation began in 1988 as a rally. The original ran fromCiudad Juárez to Tuxtla in the 1950s.[45]
Tuxtla was home toassociation football clubChiapas F.C., nicknamedJaguares (Jaguars), who played in Mexico's top professional league,Liga MX. Chiapas played their home matches atEstadio Víctor Manuel Reyna, which has a capacity of 28,900. The team was relegated to the second tierAscenso MX however the Chiapas FC franchise dissolved shortly thereafter. A new club named Tuxtla FC playing in the 3rd division will be Jaguares' replacement.[46]
^abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"Tuxtla Gutiérrez".Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México Estado de Chiapas (in Spanish). Mexico: Instituto Nacional para el Federalismo y el Desarrollo Municipal and Gobierno del Estado de Chiapas. 2005. RetrievedJanuary 2, 2021.
^Daniel Pensamiento (March 23, 1998). "Marchan miles en Tuxtla" [Thousands march in Tuxtla].Reforma (in Spanish). Mexico City. p. 17.
^abcdefJorge Luis Cruz Burguete; Patricia Elizabeth Almazán Esquivel; Guadalupe Albores Castro (2010).El comercio sexual en Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas(PDF) (Report). Centro Centroamericano de Población San José, Costa Rica. RetrievedMay 29, 2011.
^Daniel Pensamiento (January 29, 1998). "Asesinan a lider opositor en Tuxtla Gutierrez" [Opposition leader assassinated in Tuxtla Gutierrez].Reforma (in Spanish). Mexico City. p. 13.
^Daniel Pensamiento (July 25, 2000). "Amplian lineas aereas para Tuxtla" [More airlines for Tuxtla].Mural (in Spanish). Guadalajara, Mexico. p. 10.
^Martin Morita (January 28, 2011). "Rescatan a 219 indocumentados" [Rescue 219 undocumented persons].El Norte (in Spanish). Monterrey, Mexico. p. 4.
^abcdMaria Teresa del Riego (July 11, 2004). "Tuxtla Gutierrez: Es una puerta a la riqueza chiapaneca" [Tuxtla Gutierrez: it is a door to the riches of Chiapas].El Norte (in Spanish). Monterrey, Mexico. p. 24.
^Alberto López (April 20, 2011). "Tuxtla Gutiérrez, entre las ocho ciudades futuras del mundo y entre las tres primeras en México" [Tuxtla Gutiérrez, among the eight cities of the future and among the first three in Mexico].Economista (in Spanish). Mexico City.
^Maria Teresa del Riego (October 7, 2003). "Anega 'Larry' a 7 mil en Tuxtla Gutierrez" [Larry dislodges 7,000 in Tuxtla Gutierrez].Reforma (in Spanish). Mexico City. p. 30.
^Martín Morita (February 15, 2011). "Desalojan reserva en Tuxtla Gutiérrez" [Evicted from a reserve in Tuxtla Gutiérrez].Reforma (in Spanish). Mexico City. p. 22.
^Alberto Lopez (April 4, 2011). "Interjet y Chiapas escriben historia en la aviación" [Interjet and Chiapas write aviation history].Economista (in Spanish). Mexico City. p. 3.
^ab"Se presentó la AC DELCO 240" [Presenting the AC Delco 240].ESPNdeportes.com (in Spanish). ESPN. May 13, 2011. RetrievedMay 29, 2011.
^Roberto Ramirez (October 23, 2010). "Arranca Carrera Panamericana" [The Carrera Panamericans starts up].Reforma (in Spanish). Mexico City. p. 11.
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