From 1758 to 1911, Tuva was part of China'sQing dynasty and administered byOuter Mongolia.[13] During theXinhai Revolution in China,Tsarist Russia formed aseparatist movement among theTuvans while there were also pro-independence and pro-Mongol groups.[14]Tsar Nicholas II agreed to the third petition by Tuva's leadership in 1912, establishing aprotectorate over the then-independent state. Some Russians, such as merchants, travellers, and explorers, had already settled in Tuva at that time.[15] Tuva became nominally independent as theUryankhay Republic before being turned into a Russian protectorate asUryankhay Krai under Tsar Nicholas II, on 17 April 1914.[16]
A Tuvan capital was established, calledBelotsarsk (Белоца́рск; literally, "(Town) of theWhite Tsar").[17] Meanwhile, in 1911, with the collapse of the Qing, Mongoliaseceded from China, entering Russia's sphere of influence. Following theRussian Revolution of 1917 that ended the imperial autocracy, most of Tuva was occupied from 5 July 1918 to 15 July 1919 byAlexander Kolchak'sWhite Russian troops. Pyotr Ivanovich Turchaninov was named governor of the territory. In the autumn of 1918, the southwestern part was occupied by Chinese troops and the southern part by Mongol troops led byKhatanbaatar Magsarjav.[18]
In 1930, the pro-Soviet regime discarded the state'sMongol script in favor of a Latin alphabet designed for Tuva by Russian linguists. In 1943, Cyrillic script replaced Latin. Under the leadership of Party Secretary Salchak Toka, ethnic Russians were granted full citizenship rights and Buddhist and Mongol influences on the Tuvan state and society were systematically curtailed.[20]
In February 1990, theTuvan Democratic Movement was founded byKaadyr-ool Bicheldei, aphilologist at theKyzyl State Pedagogical Institute. The party aimed to provide jobs and housing (both in short supply), and improve the status of theTuvan language and culture. Later in the year, there was a wave of attacks against Tuva's sizeable Russian community, including sniper attacks on trucks, and attacks on outlying settlements, with 168 murdered.[23] Russian troops were eventually called in. Many Russians moved out of the republic during this period. Tuva has remained remote and difficult to access.[24]
Tuva was a signatory to the 31 March 1992 treaty that created the Russian Federation. On 22 October 1993, a new constitution was drawn up for the republic, creating a 32-member parliament (Supreme Khural) and aGrand Khural, which deals with local legislation.[25] The constitution was approved by 53.9% (62.2% according to another source) of Tuvans in a referendum on 12 December 1993.[26] At the same time, the official name was changed fromTuva (Тува) toTyva (Тыва).[27]
The Tyva Republic is situated in the far south ofSiberia. Itscapital city is Kyzyl, located near thegeographic "center of Asia". The eastern part of the republic is forested and elevated, while the western part is a drierlowland.
There are over 8,000 rivers in the Tuvan Republic, including the upper course of theYenisei River, the fifth longest river in the world. Most of the republic's rivers are Yeniseitributaries. There are also numerousmineral springs in the area.
The Tuva Republic is made up of a mountain basin, about 600 metres or 2,000 feet in altitude, encircled by theSayan andTannu-Ola mountain ranges. Mountains and hills cover over 80 percent of its territory. Mongun-Tayga ("Silver Mountain", 3,970 metres or 13,025 feet) is the highest point in the republic and is named after itsglacier.
According to the2021 census,[32] Tuvans make up 88.7% of the population. Other groups includeRussians (10.1%), and a host of smaller groups, each accounting for less than 0.5% of the total population.
121,093 people were registered from administrative databases, and could not declare an ethnicity. It is estimated that the proportion of ethnicities in this group is the same as that of the declared group.[33]
Ethnic map of the Republic of Tuva by settlement, 2010 census.
During the period from 1959 to 2010, there was more than a doubling of ethnic Tuvans. The Russian population growth slowed by the 1980s and decreased by 70% since 1989. The official languages areTuvan (Turkic) andRussian (Slavic).
Outside Kyzyl, settlements have few if any Russian inhabitants and, in general, Tuvans use their original language as their first language. However, there is a small population ofOld Believers in the Republic scattered in some of the most isolated areas. Before Soviet rule, there were a number of large ethnic Russian Old Believer villages, but as atheism spread, the believers moved deeper and deeper into thetaiga in order to avoid contact with outsiders. Major Old Believer villages are Erzhei, Uzhep, Unzhei, Zhivei and Bolee Malkiye (all in theKaa-Khemsky District). Smaller ultra-Orthodox settlements are found further upstream.[34]
Ethnic Russians make up 27.4% of the population (as of the 2021 census) in Kaa-Khemsky District, one of the most remote regions in Tuva. The population is mostlyOld Believers.[35] Russians account for 18.9% of the population inPiy-Khemsky and 16.4% in Kyzyl.[36]
Two religions are widespread among the Tuvan people:Tibetan Buddhism andshamanism. Tibetan Buddhism's present-day spiritual leader isTenzin Gyatso, the fourteenthDalai Lama. In September 1992, Tenzin Gyatso visited Tuva for three days.[39] On September 20, he blessed and consecrated the yellow-blue-white flag of Tuva, which had been officially adopted three days before.[40]
The Tuvan people – along with theYellow Uyghurs inChina – are one of the only two Turkic groups who are primarily adherents to Tibetan Buddhism, which coexists with native shamanistic traditions.[41]
Tuvans were first exposed to Buddhism during the 13th and 14th centuries, when Tuva entered into the composition of the Mongol Empire. The earliest Buddhist temples uncovered by archaeologists in the territory of Tuva date to the 13th and 14th centuries.[42] During the 16th and 17th centuries, Tibetan Buddhism gained popularity in Tuva. An increasing number of new and restored temples are coming into use, and there has been an upward trend in the number of novices being trained as monks and lamas in recent years. Religious practice declined under the restrictive policies of the Soviet period, but is now flourishing.[43][44]
According to a 2012 survey,[37] 61.8% of the population of Tuva adheres toBuddhism, 8% toTengrism or Tuvan shamanism, 1.5% to theRussian Orthodox Church, the Old Believers or other forms ofChristianity, 1% toProtestantism. In addition, 7.7% follow other religions or did not give an answer to the survey. 8% of the population declares to be "spiritual but not religious" and 12% to beatheist.[37]
President of the Republic of TuvaSholban Kara-ool (right) in 2016
The present flag of Tuva – yellow for prosperity, blue for courage and strength, white for purity – was adopted on 17 September 1992. The Republic's Constitution was adopted on 23 October 1993.
The head of Tuva is the chairman of the government and serves a five-year term which can be renewed. The first Chairman of the Government wasSherig-ool Oorzhak. On 3 April 2007, Russian presidentVladimir Putin nominatedSholban Kara-ool, 40, a former champion wrestler, as the Chairman of the Government of Tuva.[45] Kara-ool's candidacy was approved by the Khural on 9 April 2007.[46] Kara-ool served from 2007 until 2021. The third and current Tuvan head of government isVladislav Khovalyg.
Tuva's legislature, theGreat Khural, has 32 seats as of 2023; each deputy is elected to serve a five-year term.
In Tuva, there are a total of approximately 7,400 unemployed, which gives a 5.9% unemployment rate[49] and is above the overall Russian unemployment rate of 4.9%.[50]
Mining is a crucial element of the Tuvan economy. TheUlugh-Khem coal basin is located in Tuva.[51] It is estimated that in 2020, there were 40 million metric tonnes of coal produced in Tuva,[52] which accounts for approximately 9.4% of Russia's average annual coal production of 423 million metric tonnes.[53]
Tuva does not have a railway, althoughfamous postage stamps in the 1930s, designed in Moscow during the time of Tuvan independence, mistakenly depict locomotives as demonstrating Soviet-inspired progress there.[54] TheKuragino–Kyzyl railway line is scheduled to be completed in 2026.[55]
Traditionally, the Tuvan people are a Central Asianyurt-dwellingnomadic culture, with distinctive traditions in music, cuisine, and folk art. Tuvan music featuresTuvan throat singing (khoomei), in which the singer sings afundamental tone and anovertone simultaneously. This type of singing can be heard during performances by theTuvan National Orchestra, at events such as the 'International Khoomei Day' held at the National Tuvinian Theatre in Kyzyl.[56]
The Tuvan craft tradition includes carving the soft stone,agalmatolite. A frequent motif is hand-held-sized animals, such as horses.
Important archaeological excavations in Tuva include Arzhaan-1 and Tunnug 1,[57] dating to the ninth century BC.[58] and Arzhaan-2, whereScythian animal art in great variety, and over 9,000 decorative gold pieces were unearthed.[59] A collection of gold jewelry from this site is on display at the National Museum Aldan-Maadyr in Kyzyl.[56]
Festivals celebrating Tuvan traditions include the ecological film festival "The Living Path of Dersu", the Interregional Festival of National Cultures "Heart of Asia". It has become a tradition to hold the international festival of live music "Ustuu-Khuree", the International Symposium "Khoomei – the Phenomenon of the Culture of the Peoples of Central Asia", the Regional Competition-Festival of Performers on National Instruments "Dingildai", the International Felt Festival "Patterns of Life on Felt" Pop songs "Melodies of the Sayan Mountains".[60]
Tuva is one of the few places in the world where the original form of shamanism is preserved as part of the traditional culture of Tuva. Shamanism presupposes the existence of good and evil spirits inhabiting mountains, forests and water, as well as the heavens and the underworld. The mediator between man and the spirits is the shaman. It is believed that with the help of spirits the shaman is able to cure patients and predict the future.[56]
In Tuva, shamanism peacefully coexists with Buddhism. Buddhism is associated with many folk rituals, calendar holidays, and folk medicines in Tuva. Centers of Buddhism in Tuva are Khuree – temples, temple complexes; the temple complex Tsechenling in Kyzyl is the residence ofKhambo Lama, head of Buddhism in Tuva. Treasures of the old Slavonic culture in the Asian Tuva saved along with the values of other peoples – children's folklore ensemble "Oktay" from the city of Kyzyl in the course several ethnographic expeditions in the old believers ' settlements were able to collect an extensive collection of samples of ancient singing art.[56]
In the 1920s and 1930s,postage stamps from Tuva were issued. Manyphilatelists have been fascinated with Tuva because of these stamps. The stamps were issued mainly during the brief period of Tuvan independence and were not accepted by serious collectors until recently as they were thought to be produced in Moscow and not to represent a genuine postal service.[64]
According to Ilya Zakharov ofMoscow's Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, genetic evidence suggests that the modern Tuvan people are the closest genetic relatives to thenative peoples of North and South America.[65]
PhysicistRichard Feynman details in his autobiographical works that he became fascinated with Tuva as a child and was able to make limited contact with the country despite the constraints of the Soviet period. His unsuccessful attempts to visit were detailed inRalph Leighton's bookTuva or Bust!
Rōga Tokiyoshi (born 1999, name Amartuvshin Amarsanaa), a professionalsumo wrestler, wrestling for theFutagoyama stable. He is the only wrestler from Russia currently competing in professional sumo.
^Shuldyakov, V.A. (2008).Сибирские казаки в Урянхайском крае (1918–1919): неизвестная страница Гражданской войны (in Russian). Vol. 3 (Современные научные исследования: теория, методология, практика: Сб. науч. тр. профессорско-препод. состава по итогам отчетов кафедры обществен-ных наук по НИР за 2007 г. Вып. 2. ed.). Omsk: ANO VPO "Omsk Economic Institute" Press. pp. 114–132.
^Caspari, Gino; Sadykov, Timur; Blochin, Jegor; Hajdas, Irka (1 September 2018). "Tunnug 1 (Arzhan 0) – an early Scythian kurgan in Tuva Republic, Russia".Archaeological Research in Asia.15:82–87.doi:10.1016/j.ara.2017.11.001.ISSN2352-2267.S2CID135231553.
6 мая 2001 г. «Конституция Республики Тыва», в ред. Конституционного закона №748 ВХ-2 от 7 июля 2008 г. (May 6, 2001Constitution of the Tyva Republic, as amended by the Constitutional Law #748 VKh-2 of July 7, 2008. ).
_-_Tuva.svg)
