Turpan Khanate | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1487–1660? | |||||||||
 Yarkent and Turpan khanates in 1517 | |||||||||
| Capital | Turpan | ||||||||
| Common languages | Turki (Chagatai language) | ||||||||
| Religion | Sunni Islam | ||||||||
| Government | Monarchy | ||||||||
| Khan | |||||||||
• 1487-1504 (first) | Ahmad Alaq | ||||||||
• 1570 (last) | Muhammad Khan ibn Mansur Khan | ||||||||
| History | |||||||||
• Established | 1487 | ||||||||
• Disestablished | 1660? | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| Today part of | China | ||||||||
TheTurpan Khanate (Chinese:吐魯番汗國), also known as theEastern Moghulistan,[1]Kingdom of Uyghurstan[2] orTurfan Khanate,[3] was aSunni MuslimTurco-Mongolkhanate ruled by the descendants ofChagatai Khan. It was founded byAhmad Alaq in 1487 based inTurpan as the eastern division ofMoghulistan, itself an eastern offshoot of theChagatai Khanate.
Most territories of the Turpan Khanate were conquered by theYarkent Khanate, the western offshoot of Moghulistan, in 1570.
In 1487,Ahmad Alaq gained independence from his brotherMahmud,[4] and ruled the northern part of theTarim Basin fromTurpan in the east (nowGaochang, Turpan inXinjiang).[5] Under Ahmad Araq and his eldest sonMansur, Turpan became more Muslim.[6]
Ahmad Alaq made peace with theMing China, which had beenin conflict over the control of theKara Del inHami since the time of his fatherYunus Khan, and exchanged envoys.[4] In the early 1500s, Ahmad Alaq was defeated and killed in a battle againstMuhammad Shaybani of theKhanate of Bukhara.[4]
Mansur, who succeeded Ahmad Araq to the throne, occupied Turpan andAksu.[7][8] Mansur defeated his brotherSultan Said Khan who ruled the western Moghulistan and exiled him. Mansur fought again with the Ming dynasty over the Hami-based Kara Del kingdom, and Mansur conquered the kingdom and brought the region under his control in 1513.[9] With the conquestBuddhists from the Hami area migrated to Ming-controlled territory, and Buddhists from areas west of Hami disappeared.[10] HistorianMirza Muhammad Haidar Dughlat characterized Mansur's battle with the Ming dynasty over Hami as a "holy war".[10]
While Mansur was fighting against Ming China, Sultan Said Khan was under the protection of his cousin,Babur of theTimurid dynasty, inKabul.[5] In response to Babur's capture ofSamarkand, the Mir of Duglat captured theFerghana Valley and presented it to Sultan Said Khan.[5] Using this as a foothold, Sultan Said Khan returned to Moghulistan and defeatedMirza Abu Bakr Dughlat inDughlat, and in 1514 declared himself Khan.[4][12] There was also a faction in the Duglat division that opposed Abu Bakr, and Mirza Muhammad Haidar and others supported Sultan Said Khan.[8]
At first, the brothers Mansur Khan and Sultan Said Khan were at odds, but eventually they reconciled,[13] and the Khans of Moghulistan existed side by side in the east and west.[12] Sultan Said attempted to advance into the steppe region to the west, but was blocked by theUzbeks andKazakhs, and ended up taking possession of the western Tarim Basin, centered onKashgar andYarkand. As a result, the government of Sultan Said Khan and his descendants came to be known as theYarkent Khanate.[14]
From the 16th century onwards, the leaders of theKhojas came to have a strong influence, replacing the Dughlat faction, which had traditionally had a strong influence in Moghulistan.[4][15]
The Turpan Khanate declined rapidly after Mansur's death under the reign ofShah Khan, and in 1570, the Turpan Khanate was invaded by an army led by Abduraim Sultan (brother ofAbdul Karim Khan),[16] the governor ofKhotan in the Yarkand Khanate. The monarch,Muhammad Khan ibn Mansur Khan was captured and taken prisoner, and the Turpan Khanate faded from historical texts. Quraish, who had rebelled, was subdued by the army sent by Abdul Karim Khan, and Turpan came under the control of the Yarkand Khanate.[8][16] The last thing heard of the Turpan Khanate were embassies sent from Turpan toBeijing in 1647 and 1657. TheQing dynasty of China regarded them as embassies from a genuine Chagatayid.[17]
| # | Name | Reign |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Ahmad Alaq | 1487-1504 |
| 2 | Mansur Khan | 1503–1543 |
| 3 | Barberchak | 1543 |
| 4 | Shah Khan | 1545–1570 |
| 5 | Muhammad Khan ibn Mansur Khan | 1570 |
| History of theMongols |
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Nieuhof's report of a Mughul embassy to Peking was taken at face value by C. B. K. Roa Sahib, "Shah Jehan's Embassy to China, 1656 a.d.," Quarterly Journal of the Mythic Society, Silver Jubilee Number XXV (1934-35), 117-21. By examination of the Chinese sources, Luciano Petech concluded that Nieuhof was mistaken in this identification. He argues, quite convincingly, that these were probably emissaries from Turfan in central Asia. See Petech, "La pretesa ambascita di Shah Jahan alia Cina," Rivista degli studi orientali, XXVI (1951), 124-27.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: publisher location (link)Xinjiang topics | |||||||||||||||
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