| Turned g | |
|---|---|
| ᵷ ⅁ | |
 | |
| Usage | |
| Writing system | Latin script |
| Type | alphabetic |
| Language of origin | Tabasaran language,Karaim language,Kwakʼwala, multiple phonetic trascriptions |
| Sound values | [ɣ] |
| In Unicode | U+1D77 |
| History | |
| Development | |
| Time period | 1844, 1880, 1892-1921, 1900, 1929, 1959, 1965 |
| This article containsphonetic transcriptions in theInternational Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, seeHelp:IPA. For the distinction between[ ],/ / and ⟨ ⟩, seeIPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters. | |
Turned g (lowercase:ᵷ, mathematical symbol:⅁) is a letter of theLatin alphabet, formed by rotatingg 180°. It is used totransliterate theGeorgian letterჹ. ჹ itself is the Georgian letterგ "g" rotated.
In 1844,Bartłomiej Beniowski [pl] created his Anti-absurd or Phenotypic alphabet, featuring turned g for the diphthong[aʊ].
In 1880,John Wesley Powell created a phonetic transcription for transcribing Native American languages in publications of theSmithsonian Institution. In the transcriptions, turned letters were used as supplementary characters.[1]
In 1900, turned g was a proposed phonetic symbol in the International Phonetic Association’sExposé des principes to represent a voiceless laminal closed postalveolar sibilant, as found inAdyghe, and otherNorthwest Caucasian languages.[2]
Franz Boas used turned g to represent thevoiced velar fricative[ɣ] in his transcription of theKwakʼwala language, published inAmerican Anthropologist in 1900.[3]
In 1921,Ivar Adolf Lyttkens [sv] andFredrik Amadeus Wulff [sv] used turned g in their phonetic transcription, notably inMetodiska ljudöfningar published in 1892[4] or the dictionarySvensk ordlista published in 1921.[5]
In 1929,Tadeusz Jan Kowalski used the turned g andturned k inKaraim language texts to represent an alveolar plosive pronounced as a velar plosive before the vowel[i].Omeljan Pritsak reused this in a 1959 Karaim work.[6]
Turned g represents a[ɢ] in the transcription of theTabasaran language byAlexander Amarovich Magometov [ru] in his bookТабасаранский язык: Исследование и тексты (Tabasaranskij jazyk: Issledovanie i teksty, “The Tabasaran language: analysis and texts”) published in 1965.[7]
A rotatedcapital G has sometimes been used as a substitute for the similar-lookingeng[ŋ]. The capital has not been encoded inUnicode, but the character Turned sans serif capital G (⅁) U+2141 may look similar to it in sans serif fonts (when it is turned, not reversed[8]).
ᵷ was added to Unicode 4.1 in 2005, as U+1D77.Fonts that can display the character includeCode2000,Doulos SIL andCharis SIL. Lowercase "b with hook" (ɓ), anIPA letter that resembles a turned one-story g, is more widely available as a substitute, at U+0253. The Turned sans serif capital G (⅁) U+2141 is not its uppercase, as it is intended to only be a mathematical sans serif symbol (like ∃ or ∀) for the game quantifier used by some authors.
| Preview | ⅁ | ᵷ | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unicode name | TURNED SANS-SERIF CAPITAL G | LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED G | ||
| Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex |
| Unicode | 8513 | U+2141 | 7543 | U+1D77 |
| UTF-8 | 226 133 129 | E2 85 81 | 225 181 183 | E1 B5 B7 |
| Numeric character reference | ⅁ | ⅁ | ᵷ | ᵷ |
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