TheTurks in Europe (sometimes calledEuro-Turks;Turkish:Avrupa'daki Türkler orAvrupa'da yaşayan Türkler orAvrupa Türkleri) refers toTurkish people living inEurope.
Generally, "Euro-Turks" refers to the largeTurkish diasporas living inCentral andWestern Europe as well as theTurkish communities in the former Ottoman Empire and those living inRussia and other EuropeanPost-Soviet states. When the term "Euro-Turks" is taken in its most literal sense, Turkish people living in theEuropean portion ofTurkey are also included in the term. Even more broadly, theTurkish Cypriot community for people living inCyprus, which is located inAsia, has also been defined under the term "Euro-Turks" since the island joined theEuropean Union.
It is less frequently applied to Turkic groups speaking a variety of Turkic languages that have lived in Europe before the Ottoman conquest, such as theGagauz,Crimean Karaites andUrum Greeks, theKrymchaks, and theDobrujan Tatars.
Turks have had a long history in Europe, dating back to when theOttoman Empire began to conquer and migrate during the establishment of Ottoman territories in Europe ("Rumelia"), which created significant Turkish communities inBulgaria (Bulgarian Turks),Bosnia and Herzegovina (Bosnian Turks),Cyprus (Meskhetian Turks),Greece (Cretan Turks,Dodecanese Turks, andWestern Thrace Turks),Kosovo (Kosovan Turks),Serbia (Turks in Serbia),North Macedonia (Turks in North Macedonia), andRomania (Romanian Turks).
In the first half of the 20th century, immigration of Turks to Western Europe began withTurkish Cypriots migrating to theUnited Kingdom in the early 1910s, when theBritish Empire annexed Cyprus in 1914 and the residents of Cyprus becameBritish subjects. However, Turkish Cypriot migration increased significantly in the 1940s and 1950s due to theCyprus conflict. Similarly,Turkish Algerians andTurkish Tunisians mainly emigrated to France afterAlgeria andTunisia came under French colonial rule. Conversely, in 1944, Turks who were forcefully deported fromMeskheti inGeorgia during theWorld War II settled in other parts of theSoviet Union, especially inAzerbaijan,Kazakhstan,Russia, andUkraine.
In the second half of the 20th century, Turkish migration fromTurkey to Western and Northern Europe increased significantly when in 1961 Turkish "Gastarbeiter" began to arrive under a "Labour Export Agreement" withWest Germany, followed in 1964 by similar agreements with theNetherlands,Belgium, andAustria;France in 1965; andSweden in 1967.[1][2][3] Furthermore, manyBalkan Turks also arrived in these countries under similar labour agreements, thus, since the 1960s there has also been a substantialTurkish Macedonian community in Sweden; Turkish Bulgarian andTurkish Western Thracian communities in Germany, etc.
More recently, in the 21st century, Turkish Bulgarians, Turkish Cypriots, Turkish Western Thracians, and Turkish Romanians have used theirright as EU nationals to migrate throughout Western Europe. Furthermore,Iraqi andSyrian Turkmen have come to Europe mostly as refugees since theIraq andSyrian civil war – especially since the2015 European migrant crisis.
As early as the 13th centuryTurkic slaves (Oghuz and KipchakMameluks), fromCentral Asia and thePontic Steppe, had been sold toNorthern Italian city states by Arab traders.[4] Some of the slaves were bought free and mixed in with the local Italian population.
During the rule of the Ottoman Empire (1299–1923), Turkish settlers began to move into territories in Europe as part of the Turkish expansion. Because these communities migrated to these countries during the Ottoman rule, they are not considered part of the modern Turkish diaspora. However, these populations, which have different nationalities, still share the same ethnic, linguistic, cultural and religious origins as today's Turkish nationals.
The conquest of theBalkans by the Ottomans set in motion important population movements of Turks brought over fromAnatolia to Rumelia, establishing a firm Turkish base for further conquests in Europe.[5] Thus, the Ottomans used colonization as a very effective method to consolidate their position and power in the Balkans.[citation needed] The colonizers that were brought to the Balkans consisted of soldiers, nomads, farmers, artisans andmerchants,dervishes,preachers and other religious functionaries, and administrative personnel. Densely populated Turkish colonies were established in the frontier regions ofThrace in the valleys of theMaritsa andTundzha.[5] In addition to voluntary migrations, throughout the fourteenth, fifteenth, and sixteenth centuries, the Ottoman authorities also used massdeportations (Ottoman Turkish:سوركون,romanized: sürgün,lit. 'banishment, exile') as a method of control over potentially rebellious individuals.[6]
One of the greatest impacts of the Ottoman colonization process of the Balkans was felt in the urban centres, many towns became major centres for Turkish control and administration, with mostChristians gradually withdrawing to the mountains. The Ottomans embarked on creating new towns and repopulating older towns that had suffered significant population decline and economic dislocation during the wars preceding the Ottoman conquests.[6] Major Balkan towns, especially those on or near transportation and communication routes, were the focal point of Ottoman colonization in the Balkans. Most urban centres in the Balkans, especially in Thrace,Macedonia,Thessaly, andMoesia, achieved Muslim/Turkish majorities or substantial minorities soon after the completion of the conquest and remained overwhelmingly Muslim in composition into the eighteenth century, and in some areas such as Macedonia andBulgaria well into the nineteenth century.[7]
However, in the course of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, many Turks were displaced and ethnically cleansed, most of them fleeing to Anatolia and East Thrace. At present, there are still significant Turkish minorities living inBulgaria, the province ofEast Macedonia and Thrace inNorthern Greece,Kosovo,North Macedonia, andRomania.[8]
The Meskhetian Turks, also known as Ahiska Turks, reside or used to reside in Meskheti, which is in the southwestern region of Georgia. The region came under Ottoman rule in the sixteenth century up until 1829. Today, approximately 600 to 1000 Meskhetian Turks are still living in Georgia.[9] The population drastically decreased in 1944, whenJoseph Stalin deported approximately 100,000 of these Turks toEastern Europe andCentral Asia.[10]
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The Ottoman Turks conquered Cyprus in 1571 when they began a campaign which led to the fall ofNicosia in September 1570 and ofFamagusta in August 1571.[11] By 1571, about 30,000 Turkish settlers, which included soldiers who were involved in the conquest and their families, or agricultural colonizers, particularly fromKonya, were given land on the island.[12][11] Additionally, many of the islanders converted toIslam during the early years of Ottoman rule due to significant advantages to being Muslim (i.e. taxation).[13] Thus, a strong Turkish element was formed in Cyprus' population, which was later reinforced by immigration from Asia Minor.[11]
With the expansion of the Ottoman Empire, Turkish-speakingMuslim Roma settled inRumelia (southeastern Europe) under Ottoman rule. The Ottoman Archives of the 18th century and 19th century told from so-calledTürkmen Kıpti (تركمن قِبْطِيّ, who spoke Turkish only with fewRomani words, as a separate group from otherRoma in Rumelia.[14]Turkish Roma have adopted theTurkish language to establish a Turkish identity and to be more recognized by their host population.[15] The majority Turkish-speakingMuslim Roma inBulgaria,Dobruja-Romania,Western Thrace-Greece,Northern Cyprus andTurkey declare themselves to be Turks, not Romani people.[16]Gene flow from the Ottoman Turks spilled over in the Balkan Roma and established a higher frequency of thehuman Y-chromosome DNA haplogroupsJ andE-M215[17] Horahane meansTurks (term for Muslims) in Romani language.[18]
Some Turkish citizens who came asGastarbeiter from Turkey to Europe have Roma backgrounds and are fully assimilated into Turkish European communities. The second wave of Turkish Roma to Western Europe began when Bulgaria and Romania became a member of the EU; many Turkish Roma from Bulgaria and Romania (Dobruja) went to Western Europe.[19]
At least from the 16th century onwards Ottoman traders settled in western European trading capitals such as Antwerp, Amsterdam[20] and London.[21] Turkish traders in the Netherlands had at least two mosques in Amsterdam in the early 17th century.[22]
According to an estimate in theEuropean Union there are 3,7 million ethnic Turks.[23]
Turkish Cypriots started to immigrate from Cyprus to the United Kingdom in the early 1910s when the British Empire annexed Cyprus in 1914 and the residents of Cyprus became subjects of the Crown.[24] Many Turkish Cypriots went to the United Kingdom as students and tourists whilst others left the island due to the harsh economic and political life during theBritish Colony of Cyprus.[25] Emigration to the United Kingdom continued to increase when theGreat Depression of 1929 broughteconomic depression to Cyprus, with unemployment and low wages being a significant issue.[26][27] During theSecond World War, the number of Turkish run businesses increased which created a demand for more Turkish Cypriot workers.[28] Thus, throughout the 1950s, Turkish Cypriots emigrated to the United Kingdom for economic reasons and by 1958 the number of Turkish Cypriots was estimated to be 8,500.[29] Their numbers increased each year as rumours about immigration restrictions appeared in much of the Cypriot media.[27]
Furthermore, the 1950s saw the arrival of many more Turkish Cypriots to the United Kingdom who felt vulnerable as they had cause for concern about the political future of the island.[28] This was first evident when theGreek Cypriots held a referendum in 1950 in which 95.7% of eligible Greek Cypriot voters cast their ballots in supporting a fight aimed at uniting Cyprus with Greece.[32] Hence, Turkish Cypriots fled to the United Kingdom due to theEOKA terrorists and its aim ofEnosis.[25] By the 1960s, inter-ethnic fighting broke out and by 1964 some 25,000 Turkish Cypriots became internally displaced, accounting to about a fifth of their population;[33][34] furthermore, approximately 60,000 Turkish Cypriots were forcefully moved intoTurkish Cypriot enclaves within Cyprus.[35] This period in Cypriot history resulted in an exodus of more Turkish Cypriots to the United Kingdom.[25] Other reasons for the continued migration to the United Kingdom was because of the economic gap which was widening in Cyprus. The Greek Cypriots were increasingly taking control of the country's major institutions causing the Turkish Cypriots to become economically disadvantaged.[28] Thus, the political and economic unrest in Cyprus after 1964 sharply increased the number of Turkish Cypriot immigrants to the United Kingdom.[27] Many of these early migrants worked in the clothing industry in London, where both men and women could work together- sewing was a skill which the community had already acquired in Cyprus.[36] Turkish Cypriots were concentrated mainly in the north-east of London and specialised in the heavy-wear sector, such as coats and tailored garments.[37][38] This sector offered work opportunities where poor knowledge of the English language was not a problem and where self-employment was a possibility.[39]
Once theGreek military junta rose to power in 1967, Greece staged acoup d'état in 1974 against the Cypriot President, with the help ofEOKA B, to unite the island with Greece.[40] This led to a military offensive byTurkey whoinvaded the island.[34] By 1983, the Turkish Cypriots declared their own state, theTurkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC), which has since remained internationally unrecognised except by Turkey. The division of the island led to an economic embargo against the Turkish Cypriots by the Greek Cypriot controlled Government of Cyprus. This had the effect of depriving the Turkish Cypriots of foreign investment, aid and export markets; thus, it caused theTurkish Cypriot economy to remain stagnant and undeveloped.[41] Due to these economic and political issues, an estimated 130,000 Turkish Cypriots have emigrated from Northern Cyprus since its establishment to the United Kingdom.[42][43] In 2011, theHouse of Commons, Home Affairs Committee suggested that there are now about 300,000 Turkish Cypriots living in the UK.[30]
The Meskhetian Turks, originally living in Meskheti (now known asSamtskhe-Javakheti) which is a part of southern Georgia, are widely dispersed throughout the formerSoviet Union (150,000 live inKazakhstan, 90,000–110,000 inAzerbaijan, 70,000–90,000 in Russia, 50,000 inKyrgyzstan, 15,000 inUzbekistan and 10,000 inUkraine[44]) as a result of forced deportations and discrimination which began in 1944. DuringWorld War II, theSoviet Union was preparing to launch a pressure campaign against Turkey andVyacheslav Molotov, thenMinister of Foreign Affairs, formally presented a demand to the Turkish Ambassador inMoscow for the surrender of threeAnatolian provinces (Kars,Ardahan andArtvin); thus, war against Turkey seemed possible, andJoseph Stalin wanted to clear the strategic Turkish population (especially those situated in Meskheti) located near the Turkish-Georgian border which were likely to be hostile to Soviet intentions.[45]
In 1944, the Meskhetian Turks were forcefully deported from Meskheti in Georgia and accused of smuggling, banditry and espionage in collaboration with their kin across the Turkish border.[46] Nationalistic policies at the time encouraged the slogan: "Georgia for Georgians" and that the Meskhetian Turks should be sent to Turkey "where they belong".[47][48]Joseph Stalin deported the Meskhetian Turks toCentral Asia (especially to Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan), thousands dying en route in cattle-trucks,[49] and were not permitted by the Georgian government ofZviad Gamsakhurdia to return to their homeland.[47]
In the late 1970s, theStavropol andKrasnodar authorities in Russia visited various regions of Uzbekistan to invite and recruit Meskhetian Turks to work in agriculture enterprises in southern Russia.[50] By 1985,Moscow issued a proposal inviting more Meskhetian Turks to move to villages in southern Russia that had been abandoned by ethnic Russians who were moving to the cities. However, the Meskhetian Turks response was that they would only leave Uzbekistan if the move were to be to their homeland.[51] Then, in 1989, ethnicUzbeks began a series of actions against the Turks, they became the victims of riots in theFerghana valley which led to over a hundred deaths. Within days, Decision 503 was announced "inviting" the Turks to occupy the empty farms in southern Russia that they had resisted moving to for years and around 17,000 Meskhetian Turks were evacuated to Russia.[52][53] Meskhetian Turks maintain that Moscow had planned the Uzbek riots.[53] By the early 1990s, of the 70,000 Meskhetian Turks who were still resident in Uzbekistan, approximately 50,000 Turkish Meskhetian refugees went to Azerbaijan due to continued discrimination[54][55][56][57] whilst others went toRussia andUkraine due to fears of continued violence.[52]
The concept of the Gastarbeiter involved the agreements between the host country and Turkey which was bound up with policies of the governments involved, with state bureaucracies on both sides ultimately responsible for the dispatch and settlement of the workers.[58] Subsequently, labor agreements were signed with several European countries- withGermany in 1961; withAustria,Belgium, and theNetherlands in 1964; withFrance in 1965; and withSweden in 1967. The agreements were based on a principle of rotation, and a worker was expected to return home after a year of employment abroad.[58] However, employers wanted to retain workers who had become accustomed to the work; therefore, the rotation principle never became practice. Workers were not permitted to take their families abroad with them, and were housed in group living quarters or dormitories known as "Heim".[58]
| Labour recruitment and social security agreements between Turkey and European states[1] | |||||||
| Country | Labour recruitment agreement, date and place | Social security agreement, date and place | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Austria | 15 May 1964,Vienna | 12 October 1966, Vienna | |||||
 Belgium | 16 July 1964,Brussels | 4 July 1966, Brussels | |||||
 Denmark | 13 November 1970, Ankara | ||||||
 France | 8 May 1965,Ankara | 20 January 1972, Paris | |||||
 Germany | 30 October 1961,Bonn (was revised by 20 May protocol, Bonn) | 30 April 1964, Bonn | |||||
 Netherlands | 19 August 1964,The Hague | 5 April 1966, Ankara | |||||
 Sweden | 10 March 1967,Stockholm | 30 June 1978, Stockholm | |||||
 Switzerland | 1 May 1969, Ankara | ||||||
 United Kingdom | 9 September 1959, Ankara | ||||||
By the early 1970s, the majority of Turkish emigration to Western Europe was for the purpose offamily reunification. Furthermore, by the 1990s, migration mainly by way of marriage continued to be one of the principal reasons for settling in Western Europe.
About 25,000 to 40,000 Turks of Western Thrace, who are the ethnic Turks who live in the north-eastern part of Greece, have emigrated toWestern Europe.[59][60] Between 12,000 and 25,000 moved to Germany in the 1960s and 1970s, when the Thracian tobacco industry was affected by a severe crisis and many tobacco growers lost their income.[61][62] After Germany, the Netherlands is the most popular destination for Western Thrace Turks, especially in the region ofRandstad.[63] There is also an estimated 600–700 Western Thrace Turks living inLondon, although the total number living outside London is unknown.[63]
According to the National Statistical Institute of Bulgaria, Bulgarian Turks make up 12% of short term migrants, 13% of long term migrants, and 12% of the labour migrants.[64] However, it is unlikely that this generalisation shows a true indication of the ethnic make-up of Bulgarian citizens living abroad because Bulgarian citizens of Turkish origin make up entire majorities in some countries.[65] For example, out of the 10,000 to 30,000 people from Bulgaria living in the Netherlands, the majority, of about 80%, are ethnic Turks from Bulgaria who have come from the south-eastern Bulgarian district ofKurdzhali.[66] Moreover, the Bulgarian Turks are the fastest-growing group of immigrants in the Netherlands.[67] There is also about 30,000 Bulgarian Turks living in Sweden,[68] a growing community in the United Kingdom[30] and Germany,[69] and 1,000 inAustria.[70]
In the post-Ottoman countries,Turkish Cypriots (alongside recent Anatolian settlers) form a majority inNorthern Cyprus; furthermore, in theBalkans, the Turks are the second largest ethnic group inBulgaria, and the third largest ethnic group inNorth Macedonia. In the diaspora (i.e. outside the former territories of the Ottoman Empire), the Turkish people form the second largest ethnic group inAustria,Denmark,Germany and theNetherlands.[71]
As early as 1997 Professor Servet Bayram and Professor Barbara Seels said that there was 10 million Turks living in Western Europe and the Balkans (excluding Cyprus and Turkey).[72] By 2010, Boris Kharkovsky from the Center for Ethnic and Political Science Studies said that there was up to 15 million Turks living in theEuropean Union.[73] According to Dr Araks Pashayan 10 million "Euro-Turks" alone were living in Germany,France, the Netherlands andBelgium in 2012.[74] Yet, there are also significant Turkish communities living inAustria, theUK,Switzerland,Italy,Liechtenstein and theScandinavian countries. As forEastern Europe, Professor Oya Dursun-Özkanca said in 2019 that there was over 1 million Turks living in theBalkan countries (i.e.Bosnia and Herzegovina,Bulgaria,Croatia,Greece,Kosovo,Montenegro,North Macedonia,Romania andSerbia);[75] meanwhile, approximately 400,000Meskhetian Turks live in the European regions of thePost-Soviet states (i.e.Azerbaijan,Georgia,Kazakhstan,Russia andUkraine).[76] Also, the number of Turkish Cypriots and Turkish settlers living inNorth Cyprus is around 300,000 to 500,000.
In addition, in theRepublic of Turkey over 10.6 million people were living in theEuropean areas of the country (according to the 2012 census); furthermore, one-fifth of Turkey's entire population,[75] or around 15–20 million Turks,[77] descend from themuhacirs ("refugees") who were forced to leave the Balkans before and after theFirst World War. Also, the number of Turkish Cypriots in the country may exceed 600,000.[78]
TheRepublic of Turkey is atranscontinental country with territory in bothEurope andAsia. In its literal sense, the European region of the country is located inEastern Thrace and includes all the territories of the Turkish provinces ofEdirne,Tekirdağ andKırklareli, as well as those territories on theEuropean continent of the provinces ofÇanakkale andIstanbul. The land borders of East Thrace were defined by theTreaty of Constantinople (1913) and theBulgarian-Ottoman convention (1915), and were reaffirmed by theTreaty of Lausanne. According to the 2012 census, there was 10,620,739 people living in Eastern Thrace.
In addition, due to the formation of modern nation states the 19th and 20th centuries, millions of Turkish communities from the former Ottoman provinces fled persecution and arrived in Turkey asmuhacirs ("refugees"). Today, approximately one-fifth of the Turkish population, or around 15–20 million Turks,[77] is estimated to have Balkan origins.[75] Most arrived fromBulgaria,Greece,Romania andYugoslavia. In addition, there was significant migration waves from the island ofCyprus; today the Turkish Cypriot population in Turkey may exceed 600,000.[78]
The last Bosnian census taken in 2013 recorded 1,108 Turks.[79] TheTurkish language is officially recognized as a minority language, in accordance with theEuropean Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, under Article 2, paragraph 2, of the 2010 ratification.[80] Other estimates suggests that there are more than 50,000 Turks.
The last Bulgarian census taken in 2011 recorded 588,318 Turks (i.e. 8.8% of Bulgaria's total population), and showed that they formed a majority in theKardzhali Province and theRazgrad Province.[81] However, in 2010, an article published byNovinite reported findings from the Center for Demographic Policy and claimed that the Turks numbered 1 million.[82]
The Bulgarian constitution of 1991 does not mention any ethnic minorities and theBulgarian language is the sole official language of the State. However, in accordance with Article 36(2), the Turkish minority has the right to study their own language alongside the compulsory study of the Bulgarian language. Moreover, under Article 54(1), the Turkish minority have the right to "develop their culture in accordance with his ethnic identification".[83]
The last Croatian census taken in 2011 recorded 367 Turks.[84] Although a small community, the Turks are officially recognized as a minority ethnic group, in accordance with the 2010Constitution of Croatia.[85]
The last Greek census which allowed citizens to declare their ethnicity was taken in 1951; it recorded 85,945 Turks, which formed 1.2% of Greece's total population.[87] In 1990 Lois Whitman fromHuman Rights Watch said that the Turks living theWestern Thrace region numbered between 120,000 and 130,000 (i.e. between 33 and 36 percent of the population).[88] More recently, in 2011 Dr Hermann Kandler said that the Turkish minority numbered 150,000 (about 50 percent of the population ofGreek Thrace).[86] Due to economic reasons, some Western Thrace Turks have migrated toAthens andThessaloniki. In addition, there is around 5,000 Turks in theDodecanese islands ofRhodes andKos.[89]
TheTurks of Western Thrace have protected status to practice their religion and use the Turkish language, in accordance with the 1923Treaty of Lausanne.[90] Since the mid-1950s the Greek government referred to the ethnic rather than the religious character of the minority, until the governor general of Thrace instructed the local authorities to substitute the word "Turkish" for Muslim".[89] However, Dr Hermann Kandler points out that the minority is "essentially based on a Turkish rather than a Muslim historical consciousness" and that this "extends back to the founding of the first of four western Thracian republics in the summer of 1913" which existed for only 55 days.[86] The other sizable Turkish minorities living throughout Greece have no official recognition.
The last Kosovan census taken in 2011 recorded 18,738 Turks, which formed 1.1% of Kosovo's total population.[91] However, theOSCE in 2010 suggest that there was 30,000 Kosovo Turks.[92] The European Centre for Minority Issues Kosovo also said that the 2011 census figures is lower than other estimates.[93]
The Turkish language is recognized as an official language in the municipalities ofPrizren andMamusha and has minority status inGjilan,Pristina,Vushtrri, andMitrovica.[94]
The last Montenegrin census taken in 2011 recorded 104 Turks.[95]
The last Macedonian census taken in 2002 recorded 77,959 Turks, which formed 3.85% of North Macedonia's total population.[96] Yet, in 1996 Fred Abrahams fromHuman Rights Watch said that, like other ethnic minority groups in the country, leaders of the Turkish community claim higher numbers than the censuses show; for example, Erdogan Saraç of theDemocratic Party of Turks had estimated that between 170,000 and 200,000 ethnic Turks were living in the country.[97]
Initially the 1988 draft constitution spoke of the "state of the Macedonian people and the Albanian and Turkish minority". Once the 1991 constitution came into force the Turkish language was used officially where Turks formed a majority in theCentar Župa Municipality and thePlasnica Municipality. Since the 2001 amendment to the constitution, the Turkish language is officially used where Turks form at least 20% of the population and hence it is also an official language ofMavrovo and Rostuša.[98]
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The last Romanian census taken in 2011 recorded 28,226 recorded Turks, which formed 0.15% of Romania's total population.[99] However, in 2006, thePresident of Romania,Traian Băsescu, and Professor David Phinnemore had estimated that the Turkish minority numbered 55,000.[100] Furthermore, in 2008 Professor Daniela-Luminita Constantin, Professor Zizi Goschin and Professor Mariana Dragusin said that the total Turkish population was 80,000 - including the Turkish minority and recent Turkish immigrants.[101]
The Turkish language is officially recognized as a minority language, in accordance with theEuropean Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, under Part III of the 2007 ratification.[80]
Today, the only region left with a Turkish majority population isDobromir, a commune in theConstanța County. Historically, the Turks also formed a majority on the island ofAda Kaleh, which was submerged during the construction of theIron Gates hydroelectric plant in 1970.
The last Serbian census undertaken in 2011 recorded 647 Turks.[102]
With the establishment of theRepublic of Cyprus in 1960, the Cypriot constitution (Articles 2 and 3) recognized theTurkish Cypriots as one of the "Two Communities" of the republic (alongside theGreek Cypriots). Hence, legally, they were given equal power-sharing rights with the Greek Cypriots and were not defined as a "minority group"; furthermore, theTurkish language was also recognized as an official language of the republic, alongside theGreek language.[103][104] However, due to theCyprus crisis of 1963–64, followed by theGreek-led1974 Cypriot coup d'état (which sought to achieveEnosis and establish the "Hellenic Republic of Cyprus" by ethnically cleansing the Turkish Cypriots underthe Akritas plan also known as "the blueprint to genocide"),[105] and then the 1974Turkish invasion of Cyprus, theTurkish Cypriots declared their own state – theTurkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC) – in 1983.
TodayNorthern Cyprus is populated mostly byTurkish Cypriots and recent Anatolian Turkish settlers. According to the 2011 TRNC census, the population of Northern Cyprus was 286,257.[106] Other estimates suggests that there is between 300,000 and 500,000 Turkish Cypriots and Turkish settlers living in the north of the island.[107][108] In addition, there was 1,128 Turkish Cypriots living in the south of the island in the 2011 census.[109]
The Turkish people first began to migrate toHungary during theOttoman rule of Hungary (1541–1699). A second wave of Ottoman-Turkish migration occurred in the late 19th century when relations between theOttoman Empire and theAustro-Hungarian Empire improved; most of these immigrants settled inBudapest.[110] In the 2001 Hungarian census, 1,565 people declared their ethnicity as "Ottoman Turkish"; in addition, 12 individuals declared to be "Turk" and 91 "Bulgarian-Turkish".[111]
The Turks form substantial communities in "Western Europe" which includes countries with their borders strictly inWestern Europe (i.e.Belgium,France,Ireland, theNetherlands and theUnited Kingdom) as well as countries with territory in both Western andCentral Europe (i.e.Austria,Germany,Liechtenstein andSwitzerland).
TheTurkish community, including descendants, form the largest ethnic minority inAustria. In 2011 a report by theInitiative Minderheiten said that there was 360,000 people of Turkish origin living in Austria.[112] This figure has also been echoed by the formerAustrian Foreign Minister and currentChancellor of AustriaSebastian Kurz.[113] By 2010Ariel Muzicant said that the Turks in Austria already numbered 400,000.[114] Another estimate by the former AustrianMEP,Andreas Mölzer, has claimed that there are 500,000 Turks in the country.[115] Most of the Austrian-Turkish community descend from Turkey, however, there are also Turkish communities which have migrated to Austria fromBulgaria[70] andGreece.[116]
In 2012 ProfessorRaymond Taras said that theBelgian-Turkish community was over 200,000.[117] More recently, in 2019 Dr Altay Manço and Dr Ertugrul Taş said that there was 250,000 Belgian residents of Turkish origin.[118]
TheTurks living in France are one of the largest Turkish communities in Western Europe. Official data on the total number of French Turks is not available because the French census only records statistics on the country of birth rather than one's ethnic affiliation.
Although the majority of French Turks descend from theRepublic of Turkey, there has also been significant Turkish migration from other post-Ottoman countries including ethnicTurkish communities which have come to France fromNorth Africa (especiallyAlgeria andTunisia), theBalkans (e.g. fromBulgaria,Greece,Kosovo,North Macedonia andRomania), the island ofCyprus, and more recently fromIraq,Lebanon, andSyria.
In 2014 ProfessorPierre Vermeren reported inL'Express that the Turkish population was around 800,000.[124] However, an earlier academic publication in 2010 by Dr Jean-Gustave Hentz and Dr Michel Hasselmann said that there was already 1 million Turks living in France.[119] Professor İzzet Er,[121] as well as theFrench-Armenian politician Garo Yalic (who is an advisor toValerie Boyer),[122] also said that there was 1,000,000 Turks in France in 2011 and 2012 respectively. More recently, the Franco-Turkish population has been estimated to be more than one million according to French-published articles inLe Petit Journal (2019)[123] andMarianne (2020).[120]
TheTurkish-Germans are the largestethnic minority group inGermany and also the largest Turkish community in the Turkish diaspora.
The German census only collects data on country of birth, rather than ethnicity, consequently, official figures do not provide a true representation of the total population (i.e. including German-born descendants of full or partial Turkish origin regardless of country of birth). The majority of ethnic Turks living in Germany have either arrived from or originate fromTurkey; however, there are also significant ethnicTurkish communities which have come from (or descend from) post-Ottoman nation-states in theBalkans (especially fromBulgaria andGreece), as well as from theisland of Cyprus, andLebanon. More recently, since theEuropean migrant crisis (2014–19), there has also been a significant increase in the number of ethnic Turks fromSyria,Iraq andKosovo who have come to Germany.
In 1997 theChancellor of Germany,Helmut Kohl, said that there was 3 million Turks in Germany.[125] However, since the early 2000s, numerous academics have said that there is "at least" or "more than" 4 million people of Turkish origin living in Germany (forming approximately 5% of the country's population).[126][127][128][129][130][131][132][133][134] Numerous sources have suggested significantly higher estimates. As early as 2005Austrian scholar Dr.Tessa Szyszkowitz quoted a senior European official who said:
It is a little late to start the debate about being an immigrant country now, when already seven million Turks live in Germany".[135]
By 2013 Dr James Lacey and ProfessorWilliamson Murray noted that the German chancellor,Angela Merkel, said that Germany'sLeitkultur "needs to be accepted by Germany's seven million Turkish immigrants".[136]
As of 2020, numerous sources have said that there are 7 million, or more than 7 million, Turks in Germany, including Professor George K. Zestos and Rachel Cooke in their report published by theLevy Economics Institute,[137] ProfessorGraham E. Fuller's article in theQuincy Institute for Responsible Statecraft,[138] Professor James G. Lacey's article in theNational Security Innovation Network.[139] and Louise Callaghan's article inThe Times.[140]
Liechtenstein does not record data on the ethnicity of its citizens; however, in 2009, the Turkish community was estimated to number approximately 1,000 out of a total population of 35,000.[141] Hence, estimates suggest that the Turks form around 3% of Liechtenstein's total population and that they are the fifth largest ethnic group in the country.[142]
TheTurkish-Dutch community form the largest ethnic minority group in theNetherlands. The majority of Dutch Turks descend from theRepublic of Turkey; however there has also been significant Turkish migration waves from other post-Ottoman countries including ethnicTurkish communities which have come to the Netherlands from theBalkans (e.g. especially fromBulgaria,Greece, andNorth Macedonia),[143] the island ofCyprus,[143] and more recently during theEuropean migrant crisis fromSyria,Iraq andKosovo. In addition, there has been migration to the Netherlands from the Turkish diaspora; manyTurkish-Belgians andTurkish-Germans have arrived in the country asBelgian andGerman citizens.[143]
The Dutch official census only collects data on country of birth, rather than ethnically; consequently, the total number of ethnic Turkish migrants (regardless of country of birth) nor the third, fourth or fifth generation of the Turkish-Dutch community have been collectively counted.[143] Assistant Professor Suzanne Aalberse, Professor Ad Backus and ProfessorPieter Muysken have said that "over the years" the Dutch-Turkish community "must have numbered half a million".[144] However, there are significantly higher estimates. As early as 2003, the political scientist and international relations expertNathalie Tocci said that there was already "two million Turks in Holland".[145] Rita van Veen also reported inTrouw that there was 2 million Turks in the Netherlands in 2007.[146]
In 2009The Sophia Echo reported thatBulgarian Turks were now the fastest-growing group of immigrants in the Netherlands.[67]
TheCBS gives a total number of 444.300 Turks in 2022, up from 271.500 in 1996. About half were born in the Netherlands (second generation) and the other half outside the Netherlands (first generation)[147] The third generation, those who are born in the Netherlands including their parents but at least one grandparent not, was 36.200 in 2022. This only accounts for people being between the age of 0 and 55. In 2022 there were about 430.000 Turks in the Netherlands. The third generation is counted as autochthonous. Thus, the total number of people in the Netherlands with at least one grandparent born in Turkey in 2022 was at least 466.200.[148]
In 2013 data from theInstitute of Public Affairs showed that there were 5,000 Turks living inPoland.[149] In 2023 Turkish Ministry of Foreign Affairs estimated that around 25,000 Turkish citizens are living in Poland, including students under Erasmus+ program.[150]
The last Slovenian census taken in 2002 recorded 359 Turks.[151]
In 2017 there was over 120,000Turks living in Switzerland. They mostly live in German-speaking regions, especially in the cantons of Zurich, Aargau and Basel. Figures on naturalization and migration from Turkey has been declining, however, the Swiss population with a Turkishmigration background continues to grow.[152]
In 2011 theHome Affairs Committee stated here was 500,000British Turks made up of 300,000Turkish Cypriots, 150,000 Turkish nationals (i.e. people from Turkey), and smaller groups ofBulgarian Turks andRomanian Turks.[153][154] In addition, there are growing Turkish communities in the UK which have arrived fromAlgeria,[155]Bulgaria,Greece (i.e.Western Thrace region),[116]Iraq[156] andSyria.
TheTurkish community form the largest ethnic minority inDenmark. In 2008 theDanish Broadcasting Corporation estimated that Danes of Turkish origin numbered 70,000.[157][158] Whilst the majority of Danish Turks originate from Turkey, there is also a Turkish community fromIraq living in the country.[159]
In 2010 Professor Zeki Kütük said that there was approximately 10,000 people of Turkish origin living inFinland.[160]
In 2013 there was roughly 16,500 Norwegians of Turkish descent living inNorway.[161]
In 2009 the Swedish Ministry for Foreign Affairs said that there was almost 100,000 people with a Turkish background living inSweden.[162] More recently, in 2018 the Swedish Consul General, Therese Hyden, said that the population was now around 150,000.[163]
Although the majority of Swedish Turks originate from the modern borders of Turkey, there has also been substantial Turkish migration waves fromBulgaria (which numbered approximately 30,000 in 2002);[164] furthermore, there is a substantial number ofMacedonian Turks with approximately 4,5000 fromPrespa region living inMalmö.[165] Turks have also arrived fromIraq[159] andSyria, especially since theEuropean migrant crisis.
In 2020 there was 50,000 Turkish citizens living in Italy;[166] however, this figure does not include naturalized Italian citizens of Turkish origin or their descendants. In addition to the diaspora, some of the population inMoena has identified as Turkish since the 17th century.[167]
The Turkish community inSpain has been increasing significantly since the 2000s. In 2015 there was approximately 10,000 Turkish citizens living in the country, especially inMadrid andBarcelona;[168] however, this figure does not include naturalized Spain citizens of Turkish origin or their descendants.
The majority of Turks living in Eastern Europe are from theTurkish Meskhetian minority with were deported fromMeskhetia inGeorgia in 1944.
| Country | Official censuses | Dr Aydıngün (2006 estimate)[169] | Al Jazeera (2014 estimate)[76] | Further information |
|---|---|---|---|---|
 Azerbaijan | 38,000 (2009 Azeri census)[170] | 90,000–110,000 | 87,000 | Turks in Azerbaijan |
 Russia | 105,058 Turks and 4,825 Meskhetian Turks Total: 109,883 (2010 Russian census)[171] | 70,000–90,000 | 95,000 | Turks in Russia |
 Kazakhstan | 97,015 (2009 Kazakh census)[172] | 150,000 | 180,000 | Turks in Kazakhstan |
 Ukraine | 8,844 (2001 Ukrainian census)[173] | 10,000 | 8,000 | Turks in Ukraine |
 Georgia | *Pre-World War II: 137,921 (1926 USSR census)[174] 1,375 (1989 USSR census)[175] Not recorded in modern Georgian census | 600–1,000 | 1,500 | Turks in Georgia |
| Name | Images | City | Year | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Šarena Mosque |  | Tetovo | 1438 later rebuilt in 1833 | |
| Alaca Imaret Mosque |  | Thessaloniki | 1484 or 1487 | |
| Mustafa Pasha Mosque |  | Skopje | 1492 | |
| Ibrahim Pasha Mosque | .jpg) | Razgrad | 1516 | |
| Gazi Husrev-beg Mosque | .jpg) | Sarajevo | 1530 | |
| Ali Pasha Mosque (Sarajevo) |  | Sarajevo | 1560 | |
| Banya Bashi Mosque |  | Sofia | 1566 | |
| Bajrakli Mosque |  | Belgrad | 1575 | |
| Esmahan Sultan Mosque |  | Constanța County | 1575 | |
| Yakovalı Hasan Paşa Mosque |  | Pécs | late 16th-century | |
| Sinan Pasha Mosque (Prizren) |  | Prizren | 1615 | |
| Tombul Mosque |  | Shumen | 1740-1744 | |
| Et'hem Bey Mosque |  | Tirana | 1819 or 1821 | |
| Azizyie Mosque |  | Tulcea | 1863 |
| Name | Images | City | Year | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Agha Cafer Pasha Mosque |  | Kyrenia | 1580s | |
| Arabahmet Mosque |  | Nicosia (North) | 1571 | |
| Araplar Mosque |  | Nicosia (South) | ? | |
| Bayraktar Mosque |  | Nicosia (South) | 1571 | The first mosque built by the Ottomans after the conquest of Nicosia |
| Hala Sultan Tekke |  | Larnaca | 1816/17 | |
| Iplik Pazari Mosque |  | Nicosia (North) | 18th century | |
| Kebir Mosque |  | Limassol | ? | "The Grand Mosque" |
| Lala Mustafa Pasha Mosque |  | Famagusta | ? | Originally known as the 'Saint Nicolas Cathedral', the French Lusignan dynasty constructed it between 1298 and 1312. |
| Ömeriye Mosque |  | Nicosia (South) | 1571–1572 | First site of prayer by Turks on island of Cyprus following its conquest in 1571. |
| Osman Fazil Polat Pasha Mosque |  | Famagusta | ? | |
| Selimiye Mosque |  | Nicosia (North) | ? | Originally known as the 'Saint Sophia Cathedral', the French Lusignan dynasty constructed it between 1209 and 1228. |
| Turunçlu Mosque |  | Nicosia (North) | ·1825 | |
| Ziya Pasha Mosque |  | Dali | 1837 |
| Name | Images | Country | Construction Year |
|---|---|---|---|
| Eyüp-Sultan Mosque |  | Austria (Telfs) | 1998 |
| Islamic Cultural Centre and Mosque |  | Austria (Bad Vöslau) | 2008 |
| Yunus Emre Mosque |  | Belgium (Genk) | |
| Osmanli Mosque |  | France (Nantes) | 2007–10 |
| Alperenler Mosque | _2_retouched.jpg) | Germany (Rheinfelden) | 1996 |
| Cologne Central Mosque |  | Germany (Cologne) | 2017 |
| Centrum Mosque Hamburg |  | Germany (Hamburg) | 1977 |
| Centrum Mosque Rendsburg |  | Germany (Rendsburg) | 2008 |
| DITIB Merkez Mosque |  | Germany (Duisburg) | 2004–08 |
| Emir Sultan Mosque |  | Germany (Darmstadt) | 1996 |
| Emir Sultan Mosque |  | Germany (Hilden) | 1999 |
| Eyüp Sultan Mosque |  | Germany (Gersthofen) | 2008 |
| Fatih Mosque |  | Germany (Bremen) | 1973 |
| Fatih-Moschee |  | Germany (Essen) | |
| Fatih Mosque |  | Germany (Heilbronn) | |
| Fatih Mosque) |  | Germany (Meschede) | 2001–08 |
| Fatih Mosque |  | Germany (Pforzheim) | 1990–92 |
| Fatih Mosque |  | Germany (Werl) | 1990 |
| Göttingen Mosque |  | Germany (Göttingen) | 2008 |
| Great Mosque |  | Germany (Buggingen) | 1995–2002 |
| Kocatepe Mosque |  | Germany (Ingolstadt) | 2008 |
| Königswinter Mosque |  | Germany (Königswinter) | 2001 |
| Mehmet Akif Mosque |  | Germany (Friedrichshafen) | |
| Mevlana Mosque |  | Germany (Ravensburg) | 2002–08 |
| Mevlana Mosque |  | Germany (Eppingen) | 1996–2003 |
| Mevlana Moschee | .jpg) | Germany (Kassel) | 2008–14 |
| Mimar Sinan Mosque |  | Germany (Mosbach) | 1993 |
| Mimar Sinan Mosque |  | Germany (Sachsenheim) | 2007 |
| Mimar Sinan Mosque |  | Germany (Wesseling) | 1987 |
| Şehitler Merkez Mosque |  | Germany (Schwäbisch Gmünd) | 2011–14 |
| Şehitlik Mosque |  | Germany (Berlin) | 2004 |
| Ulu Mosque |  | Germany (Sindelfingen) | 2000 |
| Vatan Mosque |  | Germany (Brackwede) | 2004 |
| Yavuz Sultan Selim Mosque |  | Germany (Mannheim) | 1995 |
| Aksa Mosque |  | Netherlands (The Hague) | Former synagogue converted into a mosque in 1981 |
| Fatih-moskee |  | Netherlands (Amsterdam) | Former church converted to a mosque in 1981 |
| Mevlana Mosque |  | Netherlands (Rotterdam) | 2001 |
| Süleymaniye Mosque |  | Netherlands (Tilburg) | 2001 |
| Sultan Ahmet Mosque |  | Netherlands (Delft) | 1995–2007 |
| Ulu Mosque |  | Netherlands (Bergen op Zoom) | 1984 |
| Ulu Camii Mosque | _01.jpg) | Netherlands (Utrecht) | 2008–15 |
| Westermoskee (Ayasofya Mosque) | .jpg) | Netherlands (Amsterdam) | 2013–15 |
| Fittja Mosque |  | Sweden (Fittja) | 1998–2007 |
| Mosque of the Olten Turkish Cultural Association |  | Switzerland (Wangen bei Olten) | |
| Aziziye Mosque |  | UK (London) | 1983 |
| Suleymaniye Mosque |  | UK (London) | 1999 |
| Shacklewell Lane Mosque |  | UK (London) | Former synagogue converted to a mosque in 1977 |
In March 2017, Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan stated to the Turks in Europe, "Make not three, but five children. Because you are the future of Europe. That will be the best response to the injustices against you." This has been interpreted as an imperialist call for demographic warfare.[176]
According toThe Economist, Erdoğan is the first Turkish leader to take theTurkish diaspora seriously, which has created friction within these diaspora communities and between the Turkish government and several of its European counterparts.[177]
Various political parties have been formed by Turkish communities in the Balkans and Cyprus as well as in the Turkish diaspora.
| Political party | Country | Year established | Founders | Current Leader | Position | Ideologies |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| New Movement for the Future (German:Neue Bewegung für die Zukunft,NBZ;Turkish:Gelecek İçin Yeni Hareket) | Austria | 2017 | Adnan Dinçer | Turkish and Muslim minority interests | ||
| Be.One | Belgium | 2018 | Meryem Kaçar,Dyab Abou Jahjah and Karim Hassoun | Left-wing | Multiculturalism,Feminism, Anti-racism | |
| Multicultural Justice Party (Dutch:Multiculturele Recht Partij,MRP;Turkish:Çok Kültürlü Adalet Partisi) | Belgium | 2017 | Murat Köylü | Murat Köylü | Turkish minority interests | |
| Flemish Multicultural Collective (Dutch:Vlaamse Multicultureel Collectief,VMC;Turkish:Flaman Çok Kültürlü Kültürel Kollektifi) | Belgium | 2018 | Ahmet Koç | Ahmet Koç | Turkish minority interests | |
| Democrats for Responsibility, Solidarity and Tolerance (Bulgarian:Демократи за отговорност, свобода и толерантност,ДОСТ/DOST;Turkish:Sorumluluk, Özgürlük ve Hoşgörü için Demokratlar) | Bulgaria | 2016 | Lyutvi Mestan | Centre | Liberalism,Europeanism,Anti-fascism,Anti-nationalism | |
| Freedom and Dignity People's Party (Bulgarian:Народна партия „Свобода и достойнство“,НПСД/NPSD;Turkish:Hürriyet ve Şeref Halk Partisi) | Bulgaria | 2012 | Orhan Ismailov | Liberalism | ||
| Movement for Rights and Freedoms (Bulgarian:Движение за права и свободи,ДПС/DPS;Turkish:Hak ve Özgürlükler Hareketi) | Bulgaria | 1990 | Ahmed Dogan | Mustafa Karadaya | Centre | Liberalism,Social liberalism, Turkish minority interests |
| Jasmine Movement (Greek:Κίνημα Γιασεμί;Turkish:Yasemin Hareketi) | Cyprus (south) | 2019 | Şener Levent | Left-wing | Left-wing nationalism,Unitarism,Cypriotism,Social democracy | |
| Equality and Justice Party (French:Parti égalité et justice,PEJ;Turkish:Eşitlik ve Adalet Partisi) | France | 2015 | Şakir Çolak | Şakir Çolak | Turkish minority interests, Muslim minority interests, Conservatism | |
| Alternative for Migrants (German:Alternative für Migranten,AfM;Turkish:Göçmenler için Alternatif) | Germany | 2019 | Turkish and Muslim minority interests | |||
| Alliance for Innovation and Justice (German:Bündnis für Innovation und Gerechtigkeit,BIG;Turkish:Yenilik ve Adalet Birliği Partisi) | Germany | 2010 | Haluk Yıldız | Haluk Yıldız | Turkish and Muslim minority interests | |
| Alliance of German Democrats (German:Allianz Deutscher Demokraten,ADD;Turkish:Alman Demokratlar İttifakı) | Germany | 2016 | Remzi Aru | Ramazan Akbaş | Turkish and Muslim minority interests, Conservatism | |
| Bremen Integration Party of Germany (German:Bremische Integrations-Partei Deutschlands,BIP;Turkish:Almanya Bremen Entegrasyon Partisi) | Germany | 2010 | Levet Albayrak | Turkish and Muslim minority interests | ||
| Party of Friendship, Equality and Peace (Greek:Κόμμα Ισότητας, Ειρήνης και Φιλίας,Κ.Ι.Ε.Φ/KIEF;Turkish:Dostluk-Eşitlik-Barış Partisi) | Greece | 1991 | Sâdık Ahmet | Cigdem Asafoglou | Centre | Turkish and Muslim minority interests, Social liberalism |
| Turkish Democratic Party of Kosovo (Turkish:Kosova Demokratik Türk Partisi,KDTP) | Kosovo | 1990 | Fikrim Damka | Centre-right | Turkish nationalism,Social conservatism,Economic liberalism | |
| Denk,DENK | Netherlands | 2015 | Tunahan Kuzu andSelçuk Öztürk | Farid Azarkan | Left-wing | Turkish and Muslim minority interests,Multiculturalism, Social democracy |
| Communal Democracy Party (Turkish:Toplumcu Demokrasi Partisi,TDP) | North Cyprus | 2007 | Mehmet Çakıcı | Cemal Özyiğit | Centre-left | Social democracy,United Cyprus,Cypriotism |
| Communal Liberation Party New Forces (Turkish:Toplumcu Kurtuluş Partisi Yeni Güçler,TKP-YG) | North Cyprus | 2016 | Mehmet Çakıcı | Mehmet Çakıcı | Centre-left | Social democracy |
| Democratic Party (Turkish:Demokrat Parti,DP) | North Cyprus | 1992 | Serdar Denktaş | Fikri Ataoğlu | Centre-right | Turkish Cypriot nationalism,Secularism, Conservatism,Two-state solution |
| National Unity Party (Turkish:Ulusal Birlik Partisi,UBP) | North Cyprus | 1975 | Rauf Denktaş | Ersin Tatar | Centre-right | Turkish nationalism, Secularism, Two-state solution, Liberal conservatism, National conservatism |
| New Cyprus Party (Turkish:Yeni Kıbrıs Partisi,YKP) | North Cyprus | 2004 | Murat Kanatlı | Left-wing | Democratic socialism,Eco-socialism,United Cyprus | |
| People's Party (Turkish:Halkın Partisi,HP) | North Cyprus | 2016 | Kudret Özersay | Kudret Özersay | Centre | Anti-corruption,Third Way,Populism |
| Rebirth Party (Turkish:Yeniden Doğuş Partisi,YDP) | North Cyprus | 2016 | Erhan Arıklı | Erhan Arıklı | Right-wing | Turkish nationalism, Conservatism, Two-state solution |
| Republican Turkish Party (Turkish:Cumhuriyetçi Türk Partisi,CTP) | North Cyprus | 1970 | Ahmet Mithat Berberoğlu | Tufan Erhürman | Centre-left | Social democracy, United Cyprus, Cypriotism |
| United Cyprus Party (Turkish:Birleşik Kıbrıs Partisi,BKP) | North Cyprus | 2003 | İzzet İzcan | İzzet İzcan | Left-wing | Socialism, United Cyprus |
| Democratic Party of Turks (Macedonian:Демократска партија на Турците,DPT;Turkish:Türk Demokratik Partisi) | North Macedonia | 1990/92 | Beycan İlyas | Centre | Turkish minority interests | |
| Democratic Turkish Union of Romania (Romanian:Uniunea Democrată Turcă din România,UDTR;Turkish:Romanya Demokrat Türk Birliği) | Romania | 1990 | Osman Fedbi | Turkish minority interests |
There are about 10 million Turks living in the Balkan area of southeastern Europe and in western Europe at present.
This is not all of a sudden, says expert at the Center for Ethnic and Political Science Studies, Boris Kharkovsky. "These days, up to 15 million Turks live in the EU countries...
There are around 10 million Euro-Turks living in the European Union countries of Germany, France, the Netherlands and Belgium.
One-fifth of the Turkish population is estimated to have Balkan origins. Additionally, more than one million Turks live in Balkan countries, constituting a bridge between these countries and Turkey.
Given the strong demographic growth in Turkey, today 15-20 million Turks could be descendants of immigrants from South East Europe.
It is often said that if the descendants of those who migrated from Cyprus to Turkey back in 1931 are included, the number of Turkish Cypriots living in the "motherland" might exceed 600,000.
At present the ethnic Bulgarians in Bulgaria are estimated at 5 million, the ethnic Turks at around 1 million, and the Roma at 1 million, according to the center.
The identity of the 150,000 members of the Turkish minority (50 percent of the population in Greek Thrace) is essentially based on a Turkish rather than a Muslim historical consciousness. This consciousness extends back to the founding of the first of four western Thracian republics in the summer of 1913. Although this state existed for only fifty-five days, it was also the first Turkish republic.
Approximately 30,000 Kosovo Turks live in Kosovo today, while up to 250,000 people from different Kosovo communities speak or at least understand the Turkish language.
Article 1...the Greek and the Turkish Communities of Cyprus respectively...
The Cyprus Constitution (Articles 2 and 3) recognizes two communities (Greek and Turkish) and three minority religious groups: the Maronites, who belong to the Eastern Catholic Church; the Armenian Cypriots; and the Latins, who are Roman Catholics of European or Levantine descent.
Was sind die Gründe für dieses massive Unbehagen angesichts von rund 360.000 Menschen türkischer Herkunft?
Austrian Foreign Minister Sebastian Kurz said Erdogan is "not welcome" to hold campaign events, adding that it would "increase friction" in Austria and prevent the integration of a 360,000-strong minority of Turkish origin.
Muzicant wandte sich am Donnerstag in einem Brief an alle Gemeindemitglieder. Er sichert darin Hilfe der IKG zu und ruft alle, die Opfer solcher Übergriffe werden, auf, sich bei der Kultusgemeinde zu melden und Anzeige bei der Polizei zu erstatten. »Wir dürfen nicht zulassen, dass der Antisemitismus jetzt auf die 400.000 in Österreich lebenden Türken übergreift.«
It follows that large Muslim minorities like the Turks – who total over 200,000 in Belgium
La France d'aujourd'hui est une société multiculturelle et multiethnique riche de 4,9 millions de migrants représentant environ 8 % de la population du pays. L'immigration massive de populations du sud de l'Europe de culture catholique après la deuxième guerre mondiale a été suivie par l'arrivée de trois millions d'Africains du Nord, d'un million de Turcs et de contingents importants d'Afrique Noire et d'Asie qui ont implanté en France un islam majoritairement sunnite (Maghrébins et Africains de l'Ouest) mais aussi chiite (Pakistanais et Africains de l'Est).
... et ce grâce à la nombreuse diaspora turque, en particulier en France et en Allemagne. Ils seraient environ un million dans l'Hexagone, si ce n'est plus...es raisons derrière ne sont pas difficiles à deviner : l'immense population turque en Allemagne, estimée par Merkel elle-même aux alentours de sept millions et qui ne manquerait pas de se faire entendre si l'Allemagne prenait des mesures allant à l'encontre de la Turquie.
İzzet ER Hocamız konuşmasında katılımcıları selamladıktan sonra, Fransa'da resmi verilere göre, 550 bin Türk nüfusunun bulunduğunu, bu sayının gayrı resmi olarak 1 milyon civarında tahmin edildiğini söyledi.
there are also about a million French people of Turkish origin that will show their weight in the electoral balance.
En France, la population franco-turque a dépassé le million.
Depuis dix ans, ce chiffre est régulièrement ben brèche: les estimations hautes décrivent une France qui compterait 4 à 5 millions d'Algériens et descendants, autour de 3 millions de Marocains, 1 million de Tunisiens, 2 millions d'Africains du Sahel, 800 000 Turcs, etc.
Chancellor Helmut Kohl warned [in 1997]: "If we today give in to demands for dual citizenship, we would soon have four, five, or six million Turks in Germany instead of three million".
Today, more than 4 million people of Turkish origin are living in Germany.
Approximately four million people with Turkish roots are living in Germany at this time [2013].
In Germany today about three to four million Turks, about 5 percent of the total population, reside.
By the end of the first decade of the twenty-first century there were around four million people of Turkish descent living in Germany...
...at least 4 million people of Turkish descent living in Germany.
Today, for example, it is estimated that more than four million Turks and German citizens with part of full Turkish ancestry live in Germany alone.
...about four million Turks are thought to live in Germany.
Nearly fifty years later, close to four million Turks and their children continue to reside in the margins of German society
By 2010 the number of Turkish descent living in Germany had increased to four million.
"A Senior European official in Brussels...remarking..."It is a little late to start the debate about being an immigrant country now, when already seven million Turks live in Germany.
The current German chancellor, Angela Merkel, recently made world news when she said Germany's Leitkultur (defining culture) needs to be accepted by Germany's seven million Turkish immigrants.
Presently (2020) more than seven million Turks live in Germany.
Europe has always been reluctant to accept Turkey into the EU–partly due to a cultural bias against Muslims–despite the some seven million Turks living in Germany today.
An extra dimension in the row is that the warship was from Germany, which, as home to seven million people of Turkish descent, has always paid considerable attention to its relations with Ankara.
Bu küçücük ülkede yaşayan 1000 Türk'ten...
Bu sayı toplam nüfusun yüzde 3'üne denk geliyor.
Officieel zijn ze met bijna 500.000 mensen aanwezig in Nederland, meer omdat Turken uit Bulgarije..., Griekenland..., Cyprus..., Macedonie... en bijvoorbeeld Turken die geen Turkse ntionaliteit meer habben of Turken uit Belgie en Duitsland die zich nu gevestigd hebben in Nederland. Hiermee zouden er bijna driekwart miljon tot een miljoen Turken in Nederland wonen.
the Dutch Turkish community... out of a population that over the years must have numbered half a million.
The Dutch government was concerned about Turkey's reaction to the European Council's conclusions on Cyprus, keeping in mind the presence of two million Turks in Holland and the strong business links with Turkey.
Erol kan niet voor alle twee miljoen Turken in Nederland spreken, maar hij denkt dat Beatrix wel goed ligt bij veel van zijn landgenoten.
Turków jest w Polsce ok. 5 tys. – wynika z danych opracowanych przez Instytut Spraw Publicznych.
The Home Office says that there are about 150,000 Turkish nationals living in Britain at present, with about 500,000 people of Turkish origin living in the country altogether. But Germany, Austria, the Netherlands and France all have larger Turkish communities which are more likely to attract a new wave of legal migration.
Ud af cirka 200.000 muslimer i Danmark har 70.000 tyrkiske rødder, og de udgør dermed langt den største muslimske indvandrergruppe.
Der er omkring 200.000 muslimer i Danmark. Heraf har 70.000 tyrkiske rødder og udgør dermed den største muslimske indvandrergruppe.
Toplam sayılarının 10 000 civarında olduğu tahmin edilen Türklerin...
Having said that, a few thousand Swedish citizens currently live in Turkey and the number went up 60 percent in 2017. According to Hyden, Turkish hospitality played an important part behind this increase. She said around 150,000 Turkish citizens live in Sweden, which has a total population of 10 million.
İtalya'da yaşayan 50 bin kadar Türk vatandaşının
