Traditional areas of Turkish settlement

Turkish majorities

Turkish "communities"

Turkish minorities

Turkish minorities in the Balkans

Turkish minorities in the Caucasus

Turkish minorities in the Levant

Turkish minorities in North Africa

Other Arab countries

Turkish diasporas

Central Asia

Europe

North America

Oceania

Other regions

References and notes

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2. ^"Turkey". CIA. Archived fromthe original on 10 January 2021. Retrieved7 April 2016.
3. ^TRNC State Planning Organization (17 December 2012)."KKTC 2011 Nüfus ve Konut Sayımı" [TRNC 2011 Population and Housing Census](PDF) (in Turkish). National Statistical Institute of Bulgaria. p. 4. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 27 September 2013. Retrieved22 November 2015.
4. ^"CYPRUS: BRIDGING THE PROPERTY DIVIDE".International Crisis Group. 2010. p. 2. Archived fromthe original on 3 November 2011.
5. ^Cole 2011, p. 95.
6. ^"The Constitution of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus"(PDF). Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 8 September 2015. Retrieved26 April 2016.
7. ^"Population Enumerated with Cypriot Citizenship, By Ethnic/Religious Group, Age and Sex". Republic of Cyprus Statistics Service. 2001. Archived fromthe original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved26 April 2016.
8. ^Hatay, Mete (2007),"Is the Turkish Cypriot Population Shrinking?"(PDF),www.prio.no, International Peace Research Institute, p. 40,ISBN 978-82-7288-244-9, archived fromthe original(PDF) on 15 May 2011
9. ^"The Constitution of the Republic of Cyprus"(PDF). Presidency of the Republic of Cyprus. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 3 December 2013. Retrieved26 April 2016.
10. ^"Population grouped according to ethnicity, by censuses 1961–1991". Federal Office of Statistics. Archived fromthe original on 26 September 2011. Retrieved16 October 2011.
11. ^^abcdeCole, Jeffrey (2011),Ethnic Groups of Europe: An Encyclopedia, ABC-CLIO, pp. 367–368,ISBN 978-1-59884-302-6,Today Turkish/Muslim populations residing in the former European Turkey approximately amounts to 1.3 million, with roughly 50,000 in Bosnia- Herzegovina, 50,000 in Kosovo, 55,000 in Romania, 150,000 in Greece, 200,000 in the Republic of Macedonia, 750,000 in Bulgaria, and the rest living in various Balkan countries. This estimate does not included those citizens of Turkey who work and reside in the Balkans...
12. ^Minahan, James (1998),Miniature Empires: A Historical Dictionary of the Newly Independent States, Greenwood Publishing Group, p. 45,ISBN 978-0313306105
13. ^^ab"List of declarations made with respect to treaty No. 148". Council of Europe. Archived fromthe original on 22 May 2012. Retrieved21 December 2013.
14. ^"Население по местоживеене, възраст и етническа група" [Population by place of residence, age and ethnic group] (in Bulgarian). Национален статистически институт [National Statistical Institute]. Archived fromthe original on 15 August 2019. Retrieved22 November 2015.
15. ^Schwartz, Herman (2002),The Struggle for Constitutional Justice in Post-Communist Europe, University of Chicago Press, p. 184,ISBN 978-0226741963
16. ^"Stanovništvo prema narodnosti, popisi 1971. – 2011" (in Croatian). Retrieved22 November 2015.
17. ^"Altepe'den Hırvat Müslümanlara moral".Zaman. Archived fromthe original on 13 January 2013. Retrieved9 September 2011.
18. ^Anita Skelin Horvat."Language Policy in Istria, Croatia –Legislation Regarding Minority Language Use"(PDF) (in Bulgarian). p. 51. Retrieved22 November 2015.
19. ^Ortakovski, Vladimir (2000),Minorities in the Balkans, Transnational Publishers, p. 187,ISBN 978-1571051295
20. ^Clogg, Richard (2002),Minorities in Greece: Aspects of a Plural Society, C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, p. xi,ISBN 978-1850657057
21. ^Trudgill, Peter; Schreier, Daniel (2006), "Greece and Cyprus / Griechenland und Zypern", in Ulrich, Ammon (ed.),Sociolinguistics / Soziolinguistik, Walter de Gruyter, p. 1885,ISBN 978-3110199871
22. ^"Demographics of Greece".European Union National Languages. Retrieved19 December 2010.
23. ^"Western Thrace Turkish Minority"(PDF),www.pekem.org, Western Thrace Minority University Graduates Association, p. 2, July 2009, archived fromthe original(PDF) on 27 July 2011
24. ^Ergener, Rashid; Ergener, Resit (2002),About Turkey: Geography, Economy, Politics, Religion, and Culture, Pilgrims Process, p. 106,ISBN 978-0-9710609-6-8
25. ^Madianou, Mirca (2005),Mediating the nation: news, audiences and the politics of identity, Routledge Cavendish, pp. 36–37,ISBN 978-1-84472-028-6
26. ^^abPettifer, James; Nazarko, Mentor (2007),Strengthening Religious Tolerance for a Secure Civil Society in Albania and the Southern Balkans, IOS Press, p. 68,ISBN 978-1-58603-779-6
27. ^Clogg, Richard (2002),Minorities in Greece, Hurst & Co. Publishers, p. 84,ISBN 978-1-85065-706-4
28. ^Trudgill & Schreier 2006, p. 1886.
29. ^"Minority Communities in the 2011 Kosovo Census Results: Analysis and Recommendations"(PDF). European Centre for Minority Issues Kosovo. p. 4. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 3 January 2014. Retrieved22 November 2015.
30. ^"Community Profile: Kosovo Turks",Kosovo Communities Profile 2010, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, 8 February 2011, p. 3.
31. ^"Community Profile: Turkish Community"(PDF). European Centre for Minority Issues Kosovo. p. 2. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 27 April 2016. Retrieved7 April 2016.
32. ^Census of Population, Households and Dwellings in the Republic of Macedonia, 2002(PDF), Republic of Macedonia – State Statistical Office, 2005, p. 34
33. ^Knowlton, MaryLee (2005),Macedonia, Marshall Cavendish, p. 66,ISBN 978-0-7614-1854-2
34. ^Abrahams, Fred (1996),A Threat to "Stability": Human Rights Violations in Macedonia, Human Rights Watch, p. 53,ISBN 978-1-56432-170-1
35. ^Dzankic, Jelena (2016),Citizenship in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia and Montenegro: Effects of Statehood and Identity Challenges, Routledge, p. 81,ISBN 978-1317165798
36. ^"Population of Montenegro by sex, type of settlement, etnicity, religion and mother tongue, per municipalities"(PDF). Statistical Office of Montenegro. p. 7. Retrieved21 September 2011.
37. ^"Privind rezultatele provizorii ale Recensământului Populaţiei şi Locuinţelor – 2011" [Regarding the provisional results of Population and Housing Census - 2011](PDF) (Press release) (in Romanian). Romania: National Institute of Statistics. 2 February 2012. p. 10. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 2 August 2019. Retrieved28 May 2016.
38. ^Phinnemore, David (2006),The EU and Romania: accession and beyond, The Federal Trust for Education & Research, p. 157,ISBN 978-1-903403-78-5
39. ^Constantin, Daniela L.; Goschin, Zizi; Dragusin, Mariana (2008), "Ethnic entrepreneurship as an integration factor in civil society and a gate to religious tolerance. A spotlight on Turkish entrepreneurs in Romania",Journal for the Study of Religions and Ideologies,7 (20): 59
40. ^"Попис становништва, домаћинстава и станова 2011. у Републици Србији: Становништво према националној припадности" [Census of Population, Households and Dwellings 2011 in the Republic of Serbia: Population by National Affiliation](PDF) (in Serbian). Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 1 August 2013.
41. ^"Abkhazia Population Censuses (1886–2011)". Retrieved22 November 2015.
42. ^Bul Turk."Abhazya'da Yaşayan Osmanlı Türkleri ilgi bekliyor". Archived fromthe original on 23 November 2015. Retrieved12 May 2010.
43. ^^ab"Всесоюзная перепись населения 1970 года. Национальный состав населения по республикам СССР" [The 1970 All-Union Census. National composition of the population in the republics of the USSR].Демоскоп Weekly (in Russian). Retrieved10 November 2009.
44. ^^ab"Всесоюзная перепись населения 1979 года. Национальный состав населения по республикам СССР" [The 1979 All-Union Census. National composition of the population in the republics of the USSR].Демоскоп Weekly (in Russian). Retrieved10 November 2009.
45. ^^abcd"Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года. Национальный состав населения по республикам СССР" [The 1989 All-Union Census. National composition of the population in the republics of the USSR].Демоскоп Weekly (in Russian). Retrieved10 November 2009.
46. ^"Population by ethnic groups". The State Statistical Committee of the Republic of Azerbaijan. Retrieved16 January 2012.
47. ^Minahan, James (1998),Miniature Empires: A Historical Dictionary of the Newly Independent States, Greenwood Publishing Group, p. 19,ISBN 978-0313306105,...numbering about 19,000. The Turks are the remnant of a larger Turkish population that has mostly assimilated into Azeri culture since the seventeenth century, aided by the similarity between the Turkish and Azeri languages and cultures. Many of the Turks came to the region when Azerbaijan formed part of the Turkish Ottoman Empire. Unlike the majority of the Azeris, the Turks are mostly Sunni Muslim.
48. ^^abcZisserman-Brodsky, Dina (2003), "The Relevant Nationalities-Basic Facts",Constructing Ethnopolitics in the Soviet Union: Samizdat, Deprivation and the Rise of Ethnic Nationalism, Pelgrave Macmillan, p. 214,ISBN 978-1403973627
49. ^^abc"Ahıska Türklerinin 70 yıllık sürgünü".Al Jazeera. 2014. Retrieved5 July 2016.
50. ^^abcAydıngün, Ayşegül; Harding, Çiğdem Balım; Hoover, Matthew; Kuznetsov, Igor; Swerdlow, Steve (2006),"Meskhetian Turks: An Introduction to their History, Culture, and Resettlement Experiences"(PDF),www.cal.org, Center for Applied Linguistics, pp. 13–14, archived fromthe original(PDF) on 14 July 2007
51. ^"Turkey and the Iraqi Kurds: Conflict or Cooperation?",Middle East Report N°81 –13 November 2008,International Crisis Group, 2008, archived fromthe original on 12 January 2011,Turkomans are descendents of Ottoman Empire-era soldiers, traders and civil servants... The 1957 census, Iraq's last reliable count before the overthrow of the monarchy in 1958, put the country's population at 6,300,000 and the Turkoman population at 567,000, about 9 per cent...Subsequent censuses, in 1967, 1977, 1987 and 1997, are all considered highly problematic, due to suspicions of regime manipulation.
52. ^Knights, Michael (2004),Operation Iraqi Freedom And The New Iraq: Insights And Forecasts, Washington Institute for Near East Policy, p. 262,ISBN 978-0944029930,The 1957 Iraqi census — the last in which the Turkmens were permitted to register — counted 567,000 Turkmens.
53. ^Taylor, Scott (2004), "Among the Others: Encounters with the Forgotten Turkmen of Iraq",Esprit de Corps,ISBN 978-1-895896-26-8,According to the second census of 1958, the Turkmen registry stood at 567,000...if the Turkmen simply kept pace with the rest of Iraq's birthrate, then they would now account for approximately 2,080,000 of the present 25 million inhabitants. Many Turkmen argue that their birthrate actually exceeds that of most of the other Iraqi ethnic groups. One need only visit the children-filled streets of Tal Afar to believe their claim.
54. ^Güçlü, Yücel (Winter 2007),"Who Owns Kirkuk? The Turkoman Case"(PDF),Middle East Quarterly: 79,The last reliable census in Iraqi – and the only one in which participants could declare their mother tongue – was in 1957. It found that Turkomans were the third largest ethnicity in Iraq, after Arabs and Kurds. The Turkomans numbered 567,000 out of a total population of 6,300,000.
55. ^Bassem, Wassim (2016)."Iraq's Turkmens call for independent province".Al-Monitor. Archived fromthe original on 17 October 2016.Turkmens are a mix of Sunnis and Shiites and are the third-largest ethnicity in Iraq after Arabs and Kurds, numbering around 3 million out of the total population of about 34.7 million, according to 2013 data from the Iraqi Ministry of Planning.
56. ^Triana, María (2017),Managing Diversity in Organizations: A Global Perspective,Taylor & Francis, p. 168,ISBN 978-1317423683,Turkmen, Iraqi citizens of Turkish origin, are the third largest ethnic group in Iraq after Arabs and Kurds, and they are said to number about 3 million of Iraq's 34.7 million citizens according to the Iraqi Ministry of Planning.
57. ^Stansfield, Gareth (2013).Iraq: People, History, Politics. John Wiley & Sons. p. 72.ISBN 978-0745656212.
58. ^"Declaration of Principles of the (Iraqi?) Turkman Congress". Türkmeneli İşbirliği ve Kültür Vakfı. Archived fromthe original on 8 March 2012. Retrieved25 November 2011.
59. ^Nissman, David (5 March 1999),"The Iraqi Turkomans: Who They Are and What They Want",Iraq Report,2 (9)
60. ^"Jews, by Country of Origin and Age"(PDF).Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. 2020. Retrieved13 March 2021.
61. ^"Estimated numbers of Turkish born Jews in Israel". Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. Archived fromthe original on 14 August 2012.
62. ^^abcdefgEl-Hatip, Alyaa (2014), "Filistin Türkmenlerinin Genel Durumu",Ortadoğu Türkmenlerİ Sempozyumu, ORSAM, p. 96
63. ^Mustafa Assi (26 October 2011)."Lebanese Turks Seek Political and Social Recognition".Al-Akhbar. Archived fromthe original on 20 June 2018. Retrieved2 March 2012.
64. ^Ahmed, Yusra (2015),"Syrian Turkmen refugees face double suffering in Lebanon",Zaman Al Wasl, retrieved11 October 2016
65. ^El-Hatip, Alyaa (2014), "Filistin Türkmenlerinin Genel Durumu",Ortadoğu Türkmenlerİ Sempozyumu, ORSAM, p. 95,Batı Şaria Türkmenlerinin sayısı 35–40 bini bulmaktadır.
66. ^Kardaş, Şaban (2014), "Takdim",Ortadoğu Türkmenlerİ Sempozyumu, ORSAM, p. 6,Filistin Türkmenlerinin sayısı hakkında sağlıklı bir bilgi bulunmamaktadır. Araplarla iç içe yaşadıkları için bu zor olmakla beraber bazı araştırmacılar şu anda 400–500 bin kişi arasında olduklarını tahmin etmektedir.
67. ^"Who are the Turkmen in Syria?".BBC News. 2015.There are no reliable population figures, but they are estimated to number between about half a million and 3.5 million.
68. ^Enab Baladi (2015)."تركمان سوريا والعودة إلى الجذور".رغم غياب الإحصائيات الدقيقة لأعداد التركمان في سوريا، إلى أن أعدادهم تقدر ما بين 750 ألف إلى مليون ونصف تركماني، يتركز معظمهم في المناطق الشمالية مثل حلب، اللاذقية، حمص وحماة، بالإضافة إلى دمشق.
69. ^Khalifa, Mustafa (2013),The impossible partition of Syria, Arab Reform Initiative, p. 4,Turkmen are the third largest ethnic group in Syria, making up around 4–5% of the population. Some estimations indicate that they are the second biggest group, outnumbering Kurds, drawing on the fact that Turkmen are divided into two groups: the rural Turkmen who make up 30% of the Turkmen in Syria and who have kept their mother tongue, and the urban Turkmen who have become Arabised and no longer speak their mother language.
70. ^"من هم التركمان في سوريا ؟".BBC Arabic. 2015.وليست هناك إحصائيات دقيقة عن عدد التركمان ، لكن يقدر عددهم بين 1.5 إلى 3.5 مليون .
71. ^^abThe Report: Algeria 2008, Oxford Business Group, 2008, p. 10,ISBN 978-1-902339-09-2,...the Algerian population reached 34.8 million in January 2006...Algerians of Turkish descent still represent 5% of the population and live mainly in the big cities [accounting to 1.74 million]
72. ^^abHizmetli, Sabri (1953),"Osmanlı Yönetimi Döneminde Tunus ve Cezayir'in Eğitim ve Kültür Tarihine Genel Bir Bakış"(PDF),Ankara Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi,32: 10,Bunun açık belgelerinden birisi, aradan birbuçuk yüzyıllık sömürgecilik döneminin geçmiş olmasına rağmen, Cezayirli ve Tunusluların 25 %'nin Türk asıllı olduğunu övünerek söylemesi, sosyal ve kültürel hayatta Türk kültürünün varlığını hissettirmeye devam etmesi, halk dilinde binlerce Türkçe kelimenin yaşamasıdir.
73. ^Cezayir Ülke Raporu 2008, T.R. Algeria Embassy Trade Consultancy, 2008, p. 4, archived fromthe original on 29 September 2013,Bunun dışında, büyük bir bölümü Tlemcen şehri civarında bulunan ve Osmanlı döneminde buraya gelip yerleşen 600–700 bin Türk kökenli kişinin yaşadığı bilinmektedir. Fransız Büyükelçiliği, kendi kayıtlarına göre bu rakamın 2 milyon civarında olduğunu açıklamaktadır.
74. ^Özkan, Fadime (2015),Deneme Bir İki, Okur Kitaplığı, p. 475,ISBN 978-6054877942,Cezayir'de Türk rakamlarına göre 600 bin, Fransız rakamlarına göre 2 milyon Türk asıllı Cezayirlinin yaşadığını....
75. ^"Sosyo-Ekonomik Açıdan Cezayir"(PDF),Gümrük ve Ticaret Bülteni (3), Strateji Geliştirme Daire Başkanlığı: 35, 2010, archived fromthe original(PDF) on 13 January 2021, retrieved5 November 2017,Bu sistem ile Osmanlı İmparatorluğunun bu topraklarda hüküm sürdüğü yaklaşık üç yüzyıllık sürede, bir milyon Türk genci Cezayir'e gönderilmiştir. Birçoğu çatışmalar ve savaşlar esnasında ölen bu gençlerden bir bölümünün sağ kalarak soylarını sürdürmekte olduğu düşünülmektedir. Cezayir resmi kaynaklarınca 600–700 bin, Fransız Büyükelçiliği'nce 2 milyon olarak açıklanan Cezayir'deki Türk asıllı vatandaş sayısı, kanaatime göre çok daha fazladır. Zira, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu döneminde gönderilen bir milyon Yeniçeri içerisinden ticaretle uğraşan ve oralardaki bayanlarla evlenerek soyunu devam ettiren çok sayıda gencin mevcut olduğu, bunların da yaklaşık 500 yıl içerisinde çoğaldıkları tahmin edilmektedir. 18. yüzyılda toplam nüfusun içerisinde % 30'luk paya sahip olan Türklerin, günümüzde % 0,2'lik (binde iki) bir paya sahip olması pek açıklayıcı görünmemektedir.
76. ^"The genetic map of Egypt".National Geographic.
77. ^^abRippin, Andrew (2008).World Islam: Critical Concepts in Islamic Studies.Routledge.ISBN 978-0415456531.
78. ^Pan, Chia-Lin (1949), "The Population of Libya",Population Studies,3 (1):100–125,doi:10.1080/00324728.1949.10416359
79. ^"Osmanlı torunları Libya'da dernek kurdu",Milli Gazette, 2015,Actal, "Libya'da 1,5 milyonuz ama komşu ülkelerdekilerle birlikte en az 30 milyon Köroğlu Türkü var. Türkiye de dünya da bilsin istiyoruz, Türkiye yalnız değildir. Köroğluların gücü aynı zamanda Türkiye'nin gücüdür" şeklinde konuştu.
80. ^Akar, Metin (1993), "Fas Arapçasında Osmanlı Türkçesinden Alınmış Kelimeler",Türklük Araştırmaları Dergisi,7:94–95,Günümüzde, Arap dünyasında hâlâ Türk asıllı aileler mevcuttur. Bunların nüfusu Irak'ta 2 milyon, Suriye'de 3.5 milyon, Mısır'da 1.5, Cezayir'de 1 milyon, Tunus'ta 500 bin, Suudî Arabistan'da 150 bin, Libya'da 50 bin, Ürdün'de 60 bin olmak üzere 8.760.000 civarındadır. Bu ailelerin varlığı da Arap lehçelerindeki Türkçe ödünçleşmeleri belki artırmış olabilir.
81. ^Sertoglu, Sedat (1998),Haftaya Bakış, vol. 7, Bakış Basın Yayın Organizasyon, p. 35,Bugün Tunus'ta Türk kökenli 2 milyon insan yaşadığı bildirilmekte ve Dunlardan 60–70 yaşın üzerindekiler Türkçe bilmektedirler..
82. ^^abGüzel, Hasan Celâl (2016)."Orta Doğuda Türk/Türkmen Varlığı"(PDF).Yeni Turkiye. p. 150. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 31 October 2016. Retrieved5 November 2017.Bunların dışında, Suudî Arabistan'da 150 bin Türk nüfusu, Mısır'da 150 bin civarında Ariş Türkleri, Yemen'de en az 200 bin Türk, Ürdün'de çok sayıda Türk asıllı nüfus yaşamaktadır. Mısır nüfusunun üçte birinin, yani 25 milyon nüfusun Türk asıllı olduğu ileri sürülmektedir.
83. ^Yemen Raporu. Union of NGOs of The Islamic World. 2014. p. 26.Bu noktadan hareketle, bölgede yaklaşık 10 bin ila 100 bin arasında Türk asıllı vatandaş bulunduğu tahmin edilmektedir.
84. ^Агентство РК по статистике."ПЕРЕПИСЬ НАСЕЛЕНИЯ РЕСПУБЛИКИ КАЗАХСТАН 2009 ГОДА"(PDF). p. 10. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 19 December 2019. Retrieved13 February 2011.
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88. ^"БАРӮЙХАТГИРИИ АҲОЛӢ ВА ФОНДИ МАНЗИЛИ ҶУМҲУРИИ ТОҶИКИСТОН ДАР СОЛИ 2010 / Перепись населения и жилищного фонда Республики Таджикистан 2010 года" [POPULATION CENSUS AND HOUSING FUND THE REPUBLIC OF TAJIKISTAN IN 2010](PDF) (in Tajik and Russian). Statistical Agency under the President Republic of Tajikistan. p. 59. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 16 January 2013. Retrieved28 May 2016.
89. ^"Национальный и религиозный состав населения Туркменистана сегодня" [National and religious composition of the population of Turkmenistan today].Asgabat (in Russian). Archived fromthe original on 24 June 2016. Retrieved27 May 2016.
90. ^Aydıngün, Ayşegül; Harding, Çigğdem Balım; Hoover, Matthew; Kuznetsov, Igor; Swerdlow, Steve (2006),Meskhetian Turks: An Introduction to their History, Culture, and Resettelment Experiences(PDF), Center for Applied Linguistics, p. 23, archived fromthe original(PDF) on 14 July 2007
91. ^Blacklock, Denika (2005),Finding Durable Solutions for the Meskhetians(PDF), European Centre for Minority Issues, p. 8, archived fromthe original(PDF) on 2 June 2010
92. ^"52% of Europeans say no to Turkey's EU membership",Aysor, 2010, retrieved7 November 2020,This is not all of a sudden, says expert at the Center for Ethnic and Political Science Studies, Boris Kharkovsky. "These days, up to 15 million Turks live in the EU countries...
93. ^Pashayan, Araks (2012),"Integration of Muslims in Europe and the Gülen", in Weller, Paul; Ihsan, Yilmaz (eds.),European Muslims, Civility and Public Life: Perspectives On and From the Gülen Movement,Continuum International Publishing Group,ISBN 978-1-4411-0207-2,There are around 10 million Euro-Turks living in the European Union countries of Germany, France, the Netherlands and Belgium.
94. ^"Warum die Türken?"(PDF),Initiative Minderheiten, vol. 78, 2011,Was sind die Gründe für dieses massive Unbehagen angesichts von rund 360.000 Menschen türkischer Herkunft?
95. ^Weiss, Alexia."Erheblicher Anstieg antisemitischer Vorfälle in Wien".Jüdische Allgemeine. Retrieved3 November 2020.Muzicant wandte sich am Donnerstag in einem Brief an alle Gemeindemitglieder. Er sichert darin Hilfe der IKG zu und ruft alle, die Opfer solcher Übergriffe werden, auf, sich bei der Kultusgemeinde zu melden und Anzeige bei der Polizei zu erstatten. »Wir dürfen nicht zulassen, dass der Antisemitismus jetzt auf die 400.000 in Österreich lebenden Türken übergreift.
96. ^Mölzer, Andreas."In Österreich leben geschätzte 500.000 Türken, aber kaum mehr als 10–12.000 Slowenen". Archived fromthe original on 22 July 2012. Retrieved30 October 2020.
97. ^Taras, Raymond (2012),Xenophobia and Islamophobia in Europe,Edinburgh University Press, p. 160,ISBN 978-0748654895,It follows that large Muslim minorities like the Turks – who total over 200,000 in Belgium
98. ^Manço, Altay; Taş, Ertugrul (2019), "Migrations Matrimoniales: Facteurs de Risque en Sante´ Mentale",The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry,64 (6),SAGE Publishing: 444,doi:10.1177/0706743718802800,PMC 6591757,PMID 30380909
99. ^"Turkey's Political Relations with Czech Republic". Rep. of Turkey Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Archived fromthe original on 14 May 2011. Retrieved3 June 2010.
100. ^Larsen, Nick Aagaard (2008),Tyrkisk afstand fra Islamisk Trossamfund,Danish Broadcasting Corporation, retrieved1 November 2020,Ud af cirka 200.000 muslimer i Danmark har 70.000 tyrkiske rødder, og de udgør dermed langt den største muslimske indvandrergruppe.
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111. ^Feltes, Thomas[in German]; Marquardt, Uwe; Schwarz, Stefan (2013),"Policing in Germany: Developments in the Last 20 Years", in Mesko, Gorazd; Fields, Charles B.; Lobnikar, Branko; Sotlar, Andrej (eds.),Handbook on Policing in Central and Eastern Europe, Springer, p. 93,ISBN 978-1461467205,Approximately four million people with Turkish roots are living in Germany at this time [2013].
112. ^Curtis, Michael (2013),Jews, Antisemitism, and the Middle East,Transaction Publishers, p. 69,ISBN 978-1412851411,In Germany today about three to four million Turks, about 5 percent of the total population, reside.
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114. ^Rizvi, Kishwar (2015),The Transnational Mosque: Architecture and Historical Memory in the Contemporary Middle East,University of North Carolina Press, p. 36,ISBN 978-1469621173,...at least 4 million people of Turkish descent living in Germany.
115. ^Volkan, Vamık (2014),Enemies on the Couch: A Psychopolitical Journey Through War and Peace,Pitchstone Publishing,ISBN 978-1939578112,Today, for example, it is estimated that more than four million Turks and German citizens with part of full Turkish ancestry live in Germany alone.
116. ^Taras, Raymond (2015),""Islamophobia never stands still": race, religion, and culture", in Nasar, Meer (ed.),Racialization and Religion: Race, Culture and Difference in the Study of Antisemitism and Islamophobia,Routledge, p. 46,ISBN 978-1317432449,...about four million Turks are thought to live in Germany.
117. ^Fernández-Kelly, Patricia (2015),"Assimilation through Transnationalism: A Theoretical Synthesis", in Portes, Alejandro; Fernández-Kelly, Patricia (eds.),The State and the Grassroots: Immigrant Transnational Organizations in Four Continents, Berghahn Books, p. 305,ISBN 978-1782387350,Nearly fifty years later, close to four million Turks and their children continue to reside in the margins of German society
118. ^Audretsch, David B.;Lehmann, Erik E. (2016),The Seven Secrets of Germany: Economic Resilience in an Era of Global Turbulence,Oxford University Press, p. 130,ISBN 978-0190258696,By 2010 the number of Turkish descent living in Germany had increased to four million.
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121. ^Lacey, James;Murray, Williamson (2013),Moment of Battle: The Twenty Clashes That Changed the World,Random House Publishing Group, p. 79,ISBN 978-0345526991,The current German chancellor, Angela Merkel, recently made world news when she said Germany's Leitkultur (defining culture) needs to be accepted by Germany's seven million Turkish immigrants.
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Further reading

• Akgündüz, Ahmet (2008),Labour migration from Turkey to Western Europe, 1960–1974: A multidisciplinary analysis, Ashgate Publishing,ISBN 978-0-7546-7390-3.
• Blagojević, Gordana (2007),Recent Turkish Migrants in Serbia and the Role of the Serbian-Turkish Friendship Association(PDF), Ethnographic Institute of the SASA, Belgrade.
• Federation of Turkish Associations in the UK (2008),"BRIEF HISTORY OF THE FEDERATION OF TURKISH ASSOCIATIONS IN UK",www.turkishfederationuk.com, Federation of Turkish Associations in the UK, archived from the original on 4 March 2009, retrieved24 October 2009
• Extra, Guus; Gorter, Durk (2001),The other languages of Europe: demographic, sociolinguistic, and educational perspectives, Multilingual Matters,ISBN 978-1-85359-509-7.
• Hunter, Shireen (2002),Islam, Europe's second religion: the new social, cultural, and political landscape, Greenwood Publishing Group,ISBN 978-0-275-97609-5.
• Karpat, Kemal H. (2002),Studies on Ottoman social and political history: selected articles and essays, BRILL,ISBN 978-90-04-12101-0.
• Karpat, Kemal H. (2004),Studies on Turkish Politics and Society: Selected Articles and Essays:Volume 94 of Social, economic, and political studies of the Middle East, BRILL,ISBN 978-90-04-13322-8.
• Kasaba, Reşat (2008),The Cambridge History of Turkey: Turkey in the Modern World, Cambridge University Press,ISBN 978-0-521-62096-3.
• Kaya, Ayhan; Kentel, Ferhat (2004),"Euro-Turks: A Bridge, or a Breach, between Turkey and the European Union?"(PDF),www.osce.org, Istanbul Bilgi University, archived fromthe original(PDF) on 25 December 2019, retrieved30 April 2011.
• Kibaroğlu, Mustafa; Kibaroğlu, Ayșegül; Halman, Talât Sait (2009).Global security watch Turkey: A reference handbook. Greenwood Publishing Group.ISBN 978-0-313-34560-9..
• Oustinova-Stjepanovic, Galina (2008),Religion and Politics of Sufi Turks in Macedonia A pre-field proposal(PDF), www.ucl.ac.uk: University College London
• Scherrer, Christian P. (2003),Ethnicity, nationalism, and violence: conflict management, human rights, and multilateral regimes, Ashgate Publishing,ISBN 978-0-7546-0956-8.
• TRNC PRIME MINISTRY STATE PLANNING ORGANIZATION (2006),TRNC GENERAL POPULATION AND HOUSING UNIT CENSUS(PDF), www.pekem.org: TRNC PRIME MINISTRY STATE PLANNING ORGANIZATION
• Twigg, Stephen; Schaefer, Sarah; Austin, Greg; Parker, Kate (2005),Turks in Europe: Why are we afraid?(PDF), fpc.org.uk: The Foreign Policy Centre,ISBN 1903558794, archived fromthe original(PDF) on 9 July 2011
• Vachudová, Milada Anna (2005),Europe Undivided: Democracy, Leverage, and Integration After Communism, Oxford University Press,ISBN 978-0-19-924119-4
• Warrander, Gail; Knaus, Verena (2008),Bradt Travel Guide Kosovo, Springer,ISBN 978-0-306-47757-7.