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There is considerabledialectal variation inTurkish.
Turkish is a member of the WesternOghuz branch of theTurkiclanguage family. Turkish is natively and historically spoken by theTurkish people inTurkey,Cyprus,Bulgaria,Greece (primarily inWestern Thrace),Kosovo,Meskhetia,North Macedonia,Romania,Iraq,Syria and other areas of traditional settlement which formerly, in whole or part, belonged to theOttoman Empire. Turkish is theofficial language ofTurkey, the de facto country ofNorth Cyprus and is one of the official languages of Cyprus. It also has official (but not primary) status in thePrizren District ofKosovo and several municipalities ofNorth Macedonia, depending on the concentration of Turkish-speaking local population. Modern standardTurkish is based on the dialect ofIstanbul.[1] Nonetheless, dialectal variation persists, in spite of thelevelling influence of the standard used in mass media and theTurkish education system since the 1930s.[2] The termsağız orşive are often used to refer to the different types of Turkish dialects (such asCypriot Turkish).
Seventeenth-century travelerEvliya Çelebi'sSeyahatnâme contains extensive materials on the various Turkish dialects he encountered throughout his travels.[3] His travelogue included detailed examples of the dialects ofGerede,Gördes, andMarash, spoken by the Turkomans of northwestern, western, and south-central Anatolia, respectively, and collected in 1646, 1671, and 1649, in the same order. The first and second closely resembled each other. He reported that the tongue of Gördes was not employed by his countrymen inKütahya andDemirci, although he noted it was "the speech of [his] ancestors".[4] He identified the Marash dialect as the "true language of the Turks" or "the language of the true Turks".[5] For other places in Anatolia, such asKonya,Kayseri, andMalatya, he solely provided several expressions as the dialects were closer to standard Turkish. InAmasya, he contrasted between the "elegant" speech of the higher class and the local peasants. Although the speech ofTrabzon deviated from the standard, he utilized it as part of his description of the city instead of a formal list.[6]
Evliya Çelebi provided the most detailed account for the East Anatolian dialects in continuum with theAjem-Turkic (orAzerbaijani) dialects:Diyarbekir,Bitlis, and few samples ofErzurum,Van,Hamadan,Mosul, andTabriz. Evliya Çelebi sometimes referred to those of Diyarbekir and Bitlis as "Kurdish" dialects, while he specified the Tabrizi dialect as the speech of the Turkomans,Afshars, and "Gök-dolaq".[7]
In theBalkans, Evliya Çelebi recorded significant material on the "Çıtak" dialect ofSilistra andDobruja,[8] and the accents ofBosniak,Abkhazian, andCircassian officials.[9] Evliya Çelebi described the dialect ofSkopje as midway between the Anatolian and Albanian dialects and the one inHungary as "basically Bosnian" as the Turkish-speaking population in the region wholly originated in Bosnia.[6] In several towns in modern-dayGreece, he recorded several words or grammatic forms such as "we came" (gelmişiz):gelmisik inDrama,gelmışıq inSerres, andgelmişik inVodina.[6]
The Turkish language was introduced to theBalkans by the Ottoman Turks during the rule of theOttoman Empire.[10] Today, Turkish is still spoken by the Turkish minorities who are still living in the region, especially inBulgaria,Greece (mainly inWestern Thrace),Serbia,North Macedonia, andRomania.[11] Balkans Ottoman Turkish dialects were first described at the beginning of the 20th century, and are calledRumelian—a term introduced byGyula Németh in 1956.[12] Németh also established the basic division between Eastern Rumelian and Western Rumelian group of dialects. The bundle ofisoglosses separating the two groups roughly follows the Bulgarianyat border.[12] The eight basic Western Rumelian Turkish features are:
Additional features have been suggested such as the fronting of /k/ and /g/ to palatal affricates or stops, and the loss of /h/, especially in a word-initial position.[12]
Rumelian Turkish dialects are the source of Turkish loanwords in Balkan languages, not the modern standard Turkish language which is based on theIstanbul dialect.[13] For example, Serbo-Croatiankàpija/капија "large gate" comes from Rumeliankapi, not standard Turkishkapı.[13] The Rumelian Turkish dialect is spoken inEast Thrace, the European side of Turkey, in the provinces of Edirne, Kırklareli and Tekirdağ.[14]
The Danube Turkish dialect was once spoken by Turks inhabitingAda Kaleh. It was based on Ottoman Turkish with Hungarian, Serbian, Romanian, and German words.[15]
The Turkish language was introduced toCyprus with the Ottoman conquest in 1571 and became the politically dominant, prestigious language of the administration.[16] In the post-Ottoman period,Cypriot Turkish was relatively isolated from standard Turkish and had strong influences from theCypriot Greek dialect. The condition of exposure toGreek Cypriots led to a certain bilingualism wherebyTurkish Cypriots' knowledge ofGreek was important in areas where the two communities lived in mixed areas.[17] The linguistic situation changed radically in 1974, when the island was divided into a Greek south and a Turkish north (Northern Cyprus). Today, the Cypriot Turkish dialect is being exposed to increasing standard Turkish through immigration fromTurkey, new mass media, and new educational institutions.[16]
TheMeskhetian Turks speak anEastern Anatolian dialect ofTurkish, which hails from the regions ofKars,Ardahan,Iğdır andArtvin.[18] The Meskhetian Turkish dialect has also borrowed from other languages (includingAzerbaijani,Georgian,Kazakh,Kyrgyz,Russian, andUzbek) which the Meskhetian Turks have been in contact with during theRussian andSoviet rule.[18]
Syrian Turkmens are a result of series of migrations throughout the history to the region either fromAnatolia and the neighboring regions to the east or directly from Central Asia. The number of Turkmens in Syria is estimated to be up to a million, living mostly in theTurkmen Mountain region and north ofAleppo, but also inHoms andQuneitra Governorate.[19] Under theBa'athist regime, the Turkmens suffered under a heavy assimilation policy and were forbidden to write or publish in Turkish.[20] Due to the large area that Syrian Turkmen live, the dialects of these people vary according to the place they live. The Turkmens of the region surrounding Aleppo mostly speak a dialect similar to the Gaziantep and Kilis dialects of Turkish, while those living in the Turkmen Mountain region speak a dialect similar to the Turkish population of Hatay.
TheRomani people in Turkey speak their own Turkish dialect with some Romani words.[21] This is same for the Romani people living in former Ottoman territories including Greece, Romania, the others and speaking Turkish.
Due to a largeTurkish diaspora, Turkish-speaking communities also exist in countries such asAustralia,Austria,Azerbaijan,Belgium,Canada,Denmark,El Salvador,Finland,France,Germany,Israel,Kazakhstan,Kyrgyzstan, theNetherlands,Russia,Sweden,Switzerland,Ukraine, theUnited Arab Emirates, theUnited Kingdom, and theUnited States.[22] However, not all ethnic Turks speak the Turkish language.[23]
There are three major Anatolian Turkish dialect groups spoken inTurkey: the West Anatolian dialect (roughly to the west of theEuphrates), the East Anatolian dialect (to the east of the Euphrates), and the North East Anatolian group, which comprises the dialects of the Eastern Black Sea coast, such asTrabzon,Rize, and the littoral districts ofArtvin.[24][25]
The classification of the Anatolian dialects of the Turkish language:[26]
1.1.1.Ağrı,Malazgirt
1.1.2.Muş,Bitlis
1.1.3.Ahlat,Adilcevaz,Bulanık,Van
1.1.4.Diyarbakır
1.1.5.Palu,Karakoçan,Bingöl,Karlıova,Siirt
1.2.1.Kars (Yerli)
1.2.2.Erzurum,Aşkale,Ovacık,Narman
1.2.3.Pasinler,Horasan,Hınıs,Tekman,Karayazı,Tercan (partim)
1.2.4.Bayburt,İspir (excl. northern),Erzincan,Çayırlı,Tercan (partim)
1.2.5.Gümüşhane
1.2.6.Refahiye,Kemah
1.2.7.Kars (Azeri andTerekeme)
1.3.1.Posof,Artvin,Şavşat,Ardanuç,Yusufeli
1.3.2.1.Ardahan,Olur,Oltu,Şenkaya;Ahıska Turks (Georgia)
1.3.2.2.Tortum
1.3.2.3.İspir (northern)
1.4.1.Kemaliye,İliç,Ağın
1.4.2.Tunceli,Hozat,Mazgirt,Pertek
1.4.3.Harput
1.4.4.Elazığ,Keban,Baskil
2.1.1.Vakfıkebir,Akçaabat,Tonya,Maçka,Of,Çaykara
2.1.2.Trabzon,Yomra,Sürmene,Araklı,Rize,Kalkandere,İkizdere
2.2.1.Çayeli
2.2.2.Çamlıhemşin,Pazar,Hemşin,Ardeşen,Fındıklı
2.3.1.Arhavi,Hopa,Kemalpaşa
2.3.2.Hopa (a little part)
2.3.3.Borçka,Muratlı,Camili,Meydancık, Ortaköy (Berta)bucak of Artvin (merkez)
3.1.1.Afyonkarahisar,Eskişehir,Uşak,Nallıhan
3.1.2.Çanakkale,Balıkesir,Bursa,Bilecik
3.1.3.Aydın,Burdur,Denizli,Isparta,İzmir,Kütahya,Manisa,Muğla
3.1.4.Antalya
3.2.İzmit,Sakarya
3.3.1.Zonguldak,Devrek,Ereğli
3.3.2.Bartın,Çaycuma,Amasra
3.3.3.Bolu,Ovacık,Eskipazar,Karabük,Safranbolu,Ulus,Eflani,Kurucaşile
3.3.4.Kastamonu
3.4.1.Göynük,Mudurnu,Kıbrıscık,Seben
3.4.2.Kızılcahamam,Beypazarı,Çamlıdere,Güdül,Ayaş
3.4.3.Çankırı,İskilip,Kargı,Bayat,Osmancık,Tosya,Boyabat
3.5.1.Sinop,Alaçam
3.5.2.Samsun,Kavak,Çarşamba,Terme
3.5.3.Ordu,Giresun,Şalpazarı
3.6.1.Ladik,Havza,Amasya,Tokat,Erbaa,Niksar,Turhal,Reşadiye,Almus
3.6.2.Zile,Artova,Sivas,Yıldızeli,Hafik,Zara,Mesudiye
3.6.3.Şebinkarahisar,Alucra,Suşehri
3.6.4.Kangal,Divriği,Gürün,Malatya,Hekimhan,Arapkir
3.7.1.Akçadağ,Darende,Doğanşehir
3.7.2.Afşin,Elbistan,Göksun,Andırın,Adana,Hatay,Tarsus,Ereğli
3.7.3.Kahramanmaraş,Gaziantep
3.7.4.Adıyaman,Halfeti,Birecik,Kilis
3.8.Ankara,Haymana,Balâ,Şereflikoçhisar,Çubuk,Kırıkkale,Keskin,Kalecik,Kızılırmak,Çorum,Yozgat,Kırşehir,Nevşehir,Niğde,Kayseri,Şarkışla,Gemerek
3.9.Konya,Mersin
Kao izvor su turcizama u hrvatskome, kao i u većini balkanskih jezika, poslužili rumelijski dijalekti turskoga jezika, koji se mnogim osobinama razlikuju od maloazijskih dijalekata na temelju kojih je izgrađen suvremeni turski standard
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