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Turing Award

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
American annual computer science prize

ACM Turing Award
Statue of Alan Turing
Statue ofAlan Turing, the award's namesake
Awarded forOutstanding contributions incomputer science
CountryUnited States
Presented byAssociation for Computing Machinery
RewardUS$1,000,000[1]
First award1966; 59 years ago (1966)
Websiteamturing.acm.org

TheACM A. M. Turing Award is an annual prize given by theAssociation for Computing Machinery (ACM) for contributions of lasting and major technical importance tocomputer science. It is generally recognized as the highest distinction in the field of computer science and is often referred to as the "Nobel Prize of Computing". As of 2025[update], 79 people have been awarded the prize, with the most recent recipients beingAndrew Barto andRichard S. Sutton, who won in 2024.[2][3][4][5][6]

The award is named afterAlan Turing, also referred as "Father of Computer Science", who was a British mathematician andreader in mathematics at theUniversity of Manchester. Turing is often credited as being the founder oftheoretical computer science andartificial intelligence,[7] and a key contributor to the Alliedcryptanalysis of theEnigma cipher duringWorld War II.[8] From 2007 to 2013, the award was accompanied by a prize ofUS$250,000, with financial support provided byIntel andGoogle.[2][9] Since 2014, the award has been accompanied by a prize ofUS$1 million, with financial support provided by Google.[1][10]

The first recipient, in 1966, wasAlan Perlis. The youngest recipient wasDonald Knuth, who won in 1974 at the age of 36,[11] while the oldest recipient wasAlfred Aho, who won in 2020 at the age of 79.[12] Only three women have been awarded the prize:Frances Allen (in 2006),[13]Barbara Liskov (in 2008),[14] andShafi Goldwasser (in 2012).[15]

Photo of The Turing Award on display at Nokia Bell Labs, August 2025.
The Turing Award of 1983, given toDennis Ritchie andKen Thompson, on display atNokia Bell Labs.

Recipients

[edit]
Recipients of the ACM Turing award
YearRecipient(s)PhotoRationaleAffiliated institute(s)
1966Alan Perlis"For his influence in the area of advancedcomputer programming techniques andcompiler construction"[16][17]Carnegie Mellon University
1967Maurice WilkesMaurice WilkesFor contributions including being "the builder and designer of theEDSAC, the second computer with an internally storedprogram" and introducingprogram libraries (together withDavid Wheeler andStanley Gill)[18][19]University of Cambridge
1968Richard Hamming"For his work onnumerical methods, automatic coding systems, anderror-detecting and error-correcting codes"[20][21]University of Louisville
Bell Labs
1969Marvin MinskyMarvin Minsky"For his central role in creating, shaping, promoting, and advancing the field ofartificial intelligence"[22][23]Massachusetts Institute of Technology
1970James H. Wilkinson"For his research innumerical analysis to facilitate the use of the high-speed digital computer, having received special recognition for his work in computations inlinear algebra and 'backward' error analysis"[24][25]National Physical Laboratory
1971John McCarthyJohn McCarthyAward citation refers to McCarthy's lecture "The Present State of Research on Artificial Intelligence"[26][27]Stanford University
1972Edsger W. DijkstraEdsger W. Dijkstra"For fundamental contributions to programming as a high, intellectual challenge; for eloquent insistence and practical demonstration that programs should be composed correctly, not just debugged into correctness; for illuminating perception of problems at the foundations of program design"[28][29]Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica
Eindhoven University of Technology
University of Texas at Austin
1973Charles BachmanCharles Bachman"For his outstanding contributions todatabase technology"[30][31]General Electric Research Laboratory (now underGroupe Bull, anAtos company)
1974Donald KnuthDonald Knuth"For his major contributions to theanalysis of algorithms and the design of programming languages, and in particular for his contributions to 'The Art of Computer Programming' through his well-known books in a continuous series by this title"[32][33]California Institute of Technology
Center for Communications Research, Center for Communications and Computing, Institute for Defense Analyses
Stanford University
1975Allen NewellIn collaboration withJ. C. Shaw and others, for "basic contributions to artificial intelligence, the psychology of humancognition, andlist processing."[34][35][36]RAND Corporation
Carnegie Mellon University
Herbert A. Simon

Herbert A. Simon

1976Michael O. RabinMichael O. Rabin"For their joint paper 'Finite Automata and Their Decision Problem',[37] which introduced the idea ofnondeterministic machines"[38][39][40][41]Princeton University
Dana ScottDana ScottUniversity of Chicago
1977John BackusJohn Backus"For profound, influential, and lasting contributions to the design of practical high-level programming systems, notably through his work onFORTRAN, and for seminal publication of formal procedures for the specification ofprogramming languages"[42][43]IBM
1978Robert W. Floyd"For having a clear influence on methodologies for the creation of efficient and reliable software, and for helping to found the following important subfields ofcomputer science: the theory ofparsing, thesemantics of programming languages, automaticprogram verification,automatic program synthesis, andanalysis of algorithms"[44][45]Carnegie Mellon University
Stanford University
1979Kenneth E. Iverson"For his pioneering effort in programming languages and mathematical notation resulting in what the computing field now knows asAPL, for his contributions to the implementation of interactive systems, to educational uses of APL, and to programming language theory and practice"[46][47]IBM
1980Tony HoareTony Hoare"For his fundamental contributions to the definition and design of programming languages"[48][49]Queen's University Belfast
University of Oxford
1981Edgar F. Codd"For his fundamental and continuing contributions to the theory and practice of database management systems"[50][51]IBM
1982Stephen CookStephen CookFor "his advancement of our understanding of the complexity of computation in a significant and profound way"; the citation in particular mentions his paper "The Complexity of Theorem Proving Procedures," which is credited with founding the theory ofNP-completeness[52][53]University of Toronto
1983Dennis RitchieDennis Ritchie"For their development of generic operating systems theory and specifically for the implementation of theUNIX operating system"[54][55]Bell Labs
Ken ThompsonKen Thompson
1984Niklaus WirthNiklaus Wirth"For developing a sequence of innovative computer languages,EULER,ALGOL-W,MODULA andPASCAL"[56]Stanford University
University of Zurich
ETH Zurich
1985Richard M. KarpRichard M. Karp"For his continuing contributions to the theory of algorithms including the development of efficient algorithms fornetwork flow and othercombinatorial optimization problems, the identification ofpolynomial-time computability with the intuitive notion of algorithmic efficiency, and, most notably, contributions to the theory ofNP-completeness"[57]University of California, Berkeley
1986John HopcroftJohn Hopcroft"For fundamental achievements in the design and analysis of algorithms and data structures"[58][59]Cornell University
Robert TarjanRobert TarjanStanford University
Cornell University
University of California, Berkeley
Princeton University
1987John Cocke"For significant contributions in the design and theory ofcompilers, the architecture of large systems and the development ofreduced instruction set computers (RISC); for discovering and systematizing many fundamental transformations now used inoptimizing compilers includingreduction of operator strength,elimination of common subexpressions,register allocation,constant propagation, anddead code elimination"[60]IBM
1988Ivan SutherlandIvan Sutherland"For his pioneering and visionary contributions tocomputer graphics, starting withSketchpad, and continuing after"[61]Stanford University
Harvard University
University of Utah
California Institute of Technology
1989William KahanWilliam Kahan"For his fundamental contributions tonumerical analysis" and as "one of the foremost experts onfloating-point computations"[62]University of California, Berkeley
1990Fernando J. CorbatóFernando J. Corbató"For his pioneering work organizing the concepts and leading the development of the general-purpose, large-scale,time-sharing and resource-sharing computer systems,CTSS andMultics"[63]Massachusetts Institute of Technology
1991Robin MilnerThe award citation mentions three primary contributions: his mechanization of theLogic of Computable Functions; the programming languageML including itstype inference andtype safety; thecalculus of communicating systems; as well as the connection betweenoperational anddenotationalsemantics[64][65]Stanford University
University of Edinburgh
1992Butler LampsonButler Lampson"For contributions to the development of distributed, personal computing environments and the technology for their implementation:workstations,networks,operating systems, programming systems,displays,security anddocument publishing"[66]PARC
DEC
1993Juris HartmanisJuris Hartmanis"In recognition of their seminal paper[67] which established the foundations for the field ofcomputational complexity theory"[68][69][70]General Electric Research Laboratory (now underGroupe Bull, anAtos company)
Richard E. StearnsRichard E. Stearns
1994Edward FeigenbaumEdward A. Feigenbaum"For pioneering the design and construction of large scale artificial intelligence systems, demonstrating the practical importance and potential commercial impact of artificial intelligence technology"[71][72][73]Stanford University
Raj ReddyRaj ReddyStanford University
Carnegie Mellon University
1995Manuel BlumManuel Blum"In recognition of his contributions to the foundations ofcomputational complexity theory and its application tocryptography andprogram checking"[74]University of California, Berkeley
1996Amir PnueliAmir Pnueli"For seminal work introducingtemporal logic into computing science and for outstanding contributions to program and systemverification"[75]Stanford University
Tel Aviv University
Weizmann Institute of Science
Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences
1997Douglas EngelbartDouglas Engelbart"For an inspiring vision of the future of interactive computing and the invention of key technologies to help realize this vision"[76]SRI International
Tymshare
McDonnell Douglas
Bootstrap Institute/Alliance,[77]
The Doug Engelbart Institute
1998Jim GrayJim Gray"For seminal contributions todatabase andtransaction processing research and technical leadership in system implementation"[78]IBM
Microsoft
1999Fred BrooksFred Brooks"For landmark contributions tocomputer architecture,operating systems, and software engineering"[79]IBM
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
2000Andrew YaoAndrew Yao"In recognition of his fundamental contributions to thetheory of computation, including the complexity-based theory ofpseudorandom number generation,cryptography, andcommunication complexity"[80]Stanford University
University of California, Berkeley
Princeton University
2001Ole-Johan Dahl"For ideas fundamental to the emergence ofobject-oriented programming, through their design of the programming languagesSimula I and Simula 67"[81][82]Norwegian Computing Center
University of Oslo
Kristen NygaardKristen Nygaard
2002Leonard AdlemanLeonard Adleman"Fortheir ingenious contribution for makingpublic-key cryptography useful in practice"[83][84][85]University of Southern California
Ron RivestRon RivestMassachusetts Institute of Technology
Adi ShamirAdi Shamir
2003Alan KayAlan Kay"For pioneering many of the ideas at the root of contemporaryobject-oriented programming languages, leading the team that developedSmalltalk, and for fundamental contributions to personal computing"[86]University of Utah
PARC
Stanford University
Atari
AppleATG
Walt Disney Imagineering
Viewpoints Research Institute
HPLabs
2004Vint CerfVint Cerf"For pioneering work oninternetworking, including the design and implementation of the Internet's basic communications protocols,TCP/IP, and for inspired leadership in networking"[87][88]University of California, Los Angeles
Stanford University,DARPA
MCI (now underVerizon)
CNRI, Google
Bob KahnBob KahnMassachusetts Institute of Technology
Bolt Beranek and Newman
DARPA
CNRI
2005Peter NaurPeter Naur"For fundamental contributions toprogramming language design and the definition ofALGOL 60, tocompiler design, and to the art and practice of computer programming"[89]Regnecentralen (now underFujitsu)
University of Copenhagen
2006Frances AllenFrances Allen"For pioneering contributions to the theory and practice of optimizing compiler techniques that laid the foundation for modern optimizing compilers andautomatic parallel execution"[90]IBM
2007Edmund M. ClarkeEdmund M. Clarke"For their role in developingModel-Checking into a highly effective verification technology that is widely adopted in the hardware and software industries"[91][92][93][94]Harvard University
Carnegie Mellon University
E. Allen EmersonE. Allen EmersonHarvard University
University of Texas at Austin
Joseph SifakisJoseph SifakisFrench National Centre for Scientific Research
2008Barbara LiskovBarbara Liskov"For contributions to practical and theoretical foundations of programming language and system design, especially related todata abstraction,fault tolerance, anddistributed computing"[14]Massachusetts Institute of Technology
2009Charles P. ThackerCharles P. Thacker"For the pioneering design and realization of the first modern personal computer — theAlto at Xerox PARC — and seminal inventions and contributions tolocal area networks (including theEthernet), multiprocessor workstations, snoopingcache coherence protocols, andtablet personal computers"[95]PARC
DEC
MicrosoftResearch
2010Leslie ValiantLeslie Valiant"For transformative contributions to thetheory of computation, including the theory ofprobably approximately correct (PAC) learning, the complexity of enumeration and ofalgebraic computation, and the theory of parallel and distributed computing"[96]Harvard University
2011Judea PearlJudea Pearl"For fundamental contributions to artificial intelligence through the development of a calculus for probabilistic and causal reasoning"[97][98]University of California, Los Angeles
New Jersey Institute of Technology
2012Shafi GoldwasserShafi Goldwasser"For transformative work that laid the complexity-theoretic foundations for the science of cryptography, and in the process pioneered new methods for efficient verification of mathematical proofs in complexity theory"[15][99][100]Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Weizmann Institute of Science
Silvio MicaliSilvio MicaliMassachusetts Institute of Technology
2013Leslie LamportLeslie Lamport"For fundamental contributions to the theory and practice of distributed and concurrent systems, notably the invention of concepts such as causality andlogical clocks,safety and liveness,replicated state machines, andsequential consistency"[101][102][103]Massachusetts Computer Associates (now under Essig PLM)
SRI International
DEC
Compaq (now underHP)
MicrosoftResearch
2014Michael StonebrakerMichael Stonebraker"For fundamental contributions to the concepts and practices underlying modern database systems"[104][105]University of California, Berkeley
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
2015Whitfield DiffieWhitfield Diffie"For inventing and promulgating both asymmetric public-key cryptography, including its application to digital signatures, and a practical cryptographic key-exchange method[106][107][108]Stanford University
Martin HellmanMartin Hellman
2016Tim Berners-LeeTim Berners-Lee"For inventing theWorld Wide Web, the firstweb browser, and the fundamental protocols and algorithms allowing the Web to scale"[109]CERN
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
World Wide Web Consortium
2017John L. HennessyJohn L. Hennessy"For pioneering a systematic, quantitative approach to the design and evaluation of computer architectures with enduring impact on themicroprocessor industry"[110][111][112]Stanford University
David PattersonDavid PattersonUniversity of California, Berkeley
2018Yoshua BengioYoshua Bengio"For conceptual and engineering breakthroughs that have madedeep neural networks a critical component of computing"[113][114][115][116]Université de Montréal,McGill University,
Mila
Geoffrey HintonGeoffrey HintonUniversity of Toronto
University of California, San Diego
Carnegie Mellon University
University College London
University of Edinburgh
Google AI
Yann LeCunYann LeCunUniversity of Toronto
Bell Labs
Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences,New York University
Meta AI
2019Edwin CatmullEdwin Catmull"For fundamental contributions to3D computer graphics, and the impact ofcomputer-generated imagery (CGI) in filmmaking and other applications"[117][118][119]University of Utah
Pixar
Walt Disney Animation Studios
Pat HanrahanPat HanrahanPixar
Princeton University
Stanford University
2020Alfred Aho"For fundamental algorithms and theory underlying programming language implementation and for synthesizing these results and those of others in their highly influential books, which educated generations of computer scientists"[120][121][122]Bell Labs
Columbia University
Jeffrey UllmanBell Labs
Princeton University
Stanford University
2021Jack DongarraJack Dongarra"For pioneering contributions to numerical algorithms and libraries that enabled high performance computational software to keep pace with exponential hardware improvements for over four decades"[123][124]Argonne National Laboratory
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
University of Manchester
Texas A&M UniversityInstitute for Advanced Study
University of Tennessee
Rice University
2022Robert MetcalfeRobert Metcalfe"For the invention, standardization, and commercialization ofEthernet"[125]Massachusetts Institute of Technology,Harvard University,Xerox PARC,University of Texas at Austin
2023Avi WigdersonAvi Wigderson"For foundational contributions to the theory of computation, including reshaping our understanding of the role of randomness in computation and mathematics, and for his decades of intellectual leadership in theoretical computer science"[126][127]Institute for Advanced Study,Princeton University,Hebrew University of Jerusalem
2024Andrew Barto"For developing the conceptual and algorithmic foundations ofreinforcement learning"[3][128][129]University of Massachusetts Amherst
Richard S. SuttonRichard S. SuttonUniversity of Alberta
Amii

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
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