Tumbes Departamento de Tumbes (Spanish) | |
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 Flag  Coat of arms | |
.svg) Location of the Tumbes Region in Peru | |
| Coordinates:3°53′S80°35′W / 3.88°S 80.59°W /-3.88; -80.59 | |
| Country | Peru |
| Subdivisions | 3 provinces and 12 districts |
| Capital | Tumbes |
| Government | |
| • Governor | Wilmer Dios Benites (2019–2022) |
| Area | |
• Total | 4,045.86 km2 (1,562.12 sq mi) |
| Elevation (Capital) | 7 m (23 ft) |
| Highest elevation | 134 m (440 ft) |
| Lowest elevation | 0 m (0 ft) |
| Population | |
• Total | 224,863 |
| • Density | 55.5785/km2 (143.948/sq mi) |
| UBIGEO | 24 |
| Dialing code | 072 |
| ISO 3166 code | PE-TUM |
| Principal resources | Petroleum,tobacco,bananas andfishing. |
| Poverty rate | 46.8% |
| Percentage of Peru'sGDP | 0.49% |
| Website | www.regiontumbes.gob.pe |
Tumbes (Spanish pronunciation:[ˈtumbes]) is adepartment of Peru. It is located in the country's northwestern coast, borderingEcuador. Due to its location near theEquator, it has a warm climate, with beaches that are considered among the finest in Peru.[citation needed] Despite its small area, the region contains a wide variety ofecosystems. It is the smallest department in Peru and its third least populous department afterMoquegua andMadre de Dios, but it is also its third most densely populated department, afterLa Libertad andLambayeque. It is administered by aregional government. Its capital is the city ofTumbes.
The name "Tumbes" originates from eitherTumpis, a group ofnative peoples from the area, the wordtumbos, a species ofPassiflora that used to abound in the area, or the name of the Tumbacacique, whose son founded and populated the area.
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The Tumbes Region is bordered by theEcuadorian provinces ofEl Oro andLoja on the east; Peru'sPiura Region on the south; and by thePacific Ocean on the north and west.
Morphologically, four zones can be defined in the region: thedelta of theTumbes andZarumilla rivers; an alluvial plain north of the Tumbes River, with dry, low-depth ravines; ancient terraces that have been strongly eroded in the Máncora area; and the Amotape mountain range in the east and south, ending at El Barco Mountain. The delta of the Tumbes river is shallow, and when the tide is low, little sandy keys show up, which get covered bymangrove vegetation. Despite its small area— it is the second-smallest region in Peru— Tumbes has a great variety ofecosystems: mangroves,Tumbes–Piura dry forests, the only coastal tropical forests in Peru, and a rich and warm sea. Around 50% of the region's territory is covered by three protected natural areas: theManglares de Tumbes National Sanctuary (which is part of theGulf of Guayaquil–Tumbes mangroves), theCerros de Amotape National Park and theTumbes Reserved Zone.
Basically composed of a largemestizo population rooted in a mixture between the pre-IncanTumpis andTallanes tribes,Spanish,creoles, theAfrican peoples, includingmulatos orzambos, and a small Chinese community of mostlyCantonese ancestry.[citation needed]
According to the1993 Census, the Tumbes Region has a population of 155,521 inhabitants, 53% of which (82,426) are male and 47% (73,095) are female.
As of 2005[update], theInstituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática estimates the region's population to be 215,634.
The majority of the region's residents (98.3%) speakSpanish as their native tongue; other languages spoken areQuechua (0.4%), foreign languages (0.1%),Aymara (60 speakers, 0.0%), and otherindigenous languages (0.1%).
Immigrants from other regions make up 29.4% of the population; 0.2% of residents were born in a foreign country. The largest immigrant groups are from the regions ofPiura (16.9% of the total population),Lambayeque (3.7%), and theLima Province/Lima Region (2.8%).[citation needed]
The population age distribution is 49.4% under the age of 20, 10.7% from 20 to 24, 26.6% from 25 to 44, 9.7% from 45 to 64, and 3.5% who are 65 years of age or older.
Theliteracy rate in the region is 90.4%.
Secondary education has been completed by 31.8% of the population and 4.5% also have graduated from non-university higher education, while 2.3% have complete university studies. 45.9% only have attendedprimary education and 5.9% have not had any education.[citation needed]
The region is divided into threeprovinces (Spanish:provincias, singular:provincia), which are composed of twelvedistricts (distritos, singular:distrito).
The provinces, with their capitals in parentheses, are:
Tumbes was a populated region well before theInca Empire. The first settlers werefishers andhunters. Most recent cultures that lived there have left evidence of the refinement in their ceramics, andhuacas or ruins that still stand today.[citation needed]
Tumbes was integrated into theInca Empire during the reign ofSapa IncaPachacuti. He introduced a new way of organizing the empire, but the task of integration continued duringTupac Inca Yupanqui's andHuayna Capac's reigns.[1]: 123 He made it a key departure point for his campaign to conquer the Cañaris.
The adventure of theSpanishConquistadores had its beginning in Tumbes: atPuerto PizarroFrancisco Pizarro and his men landed in search of gold. The conquerors set off to the rest of the empire, founding cities and overpowering their people.[1]: 123
During colonial times, Tumbes was no more than a crossing point wheresoldiers and adventurers stopped momentarily to restock themselves, and continue traveling. Tumbes, however, gained permanent importance after Peru's independence; withEcuador's long-standing territorial claims over theLoreto Region of Peru, Tumbes's closeness to the border exposed it as a resistance point in some episodes of theEcuadorian–Peruvian War.
As part of thedecentralization process in Peru, areferendum was held on October 30, 2005, to decide whether the region would merge with the regions ofPiura andLambayeque to create the new Northern Region (Spanish:Región Norte). However, voters in the region voted against the merger.[citation needed]
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The fact that Tumbes lies so close to theEquator has determined its landscape, which teems in plant life. The beaches of Tumbes and its warm sea are ideal forsurfing and scuba diving. Its pure white sands, sun and warm weather all year long, and a sea ideal for water sports, make the beach of Punta Sal one of the finest on the Peruvian coast. North of the city of Tumbes liesPuerto Pizarro, the gateway to the National Mangroves Sanctuary. The mangroves have formed vast clumps of saltwater-tolerant coastal forests which have created a uniqueecosystem linking the river and the sea. The mangroves are the breeding grounds for blackscallops, which are served up in Tumbes' most famous dish, the black scallopceviche.
South of Tumbes lies Zorritos, the town which received its name from workers involved in drilling the first oilwell in the area, back in 1863. Not far from Zorritos lies the Bocapán beach, where visitors can swim in Hervideros, naturalhot springs bubbling withiodized salts.
The typical dishes of theTumbesino cuisine are based on seafood—ceviche of black scallops,crab, orshrimps, orcebiche mixto— andTumbiresas covered by yucca and banana balls broth withdominicos, meat, redpeppers, eggs,olives,raisins,flour, coriander and otherherbs.
Other specialties include the shrimp omelette,chupe de cangrejos, and crabmeat omelette.
A typical beverage in the region is thechinguirito, which is obtained by combiningpipa (the milk of a softcoconut) with the famous grape brandy calledpisco.
Italics indicate provinces under a special regime. TheConstitutional Province of Callao does not belong to any region. |
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