Tsardom of Vidin | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1369–1396[1][2] | |||||||||
.svg) Flag .png) Coat of arms of theHouse of Shishman | |||||||||
 The Tsardom of Vidin | |||||||||
| Status | Tsardom Despotate Hungarian rule (1365–1369) | ||||||||
| Capital and largest city | Vidin | ||||||||
| Common languages | Bulgarian | ||||||||
| Other languages | Middle Bulgarian | ||||||||
| Religion | Orthodox Christianity | ||||||||
| Government | Monarchy | ||||||||
| Tsar /Despot | |||||||||
| Historical era | Middle Ages | ||||||||
• Established | 1369 | ||||||||
• Disestablished | 1396 | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| Today part of | Bulgaria Serbia | ||||||||
TheTsardom of Vidin (Bulgarian:Видинско Царство,romanized: Vidinsko Tsarstvo) was a medievalBulgarian state centred in the city ofVidin from 1369–1396.
In 1257,Rostislav Mikhailovich attacked theBulgarian capital ofTarnovo, but failed to take it, so he retreated to Vidin where he established himself, claiming the title ofTsar of Bulgaria, and the Hungarians recognized him with this title.[3]
Since the middle of the 13th century, the area ofVidin had been autonomous under ineffective Bulgarian overlordship, and was ruled successively byYakov Svetoslav (died 1276),Shishman (died between 1308 and 1313), and then his sonMichael Shishman, who received the high courtly title ofdespotēs from his cousin,Theodore Svetoslav, and was referred to in a contemporary Venetian source as aDespot of Bulgaria and Lord of Vidin.[4]
Jacob Svetoslav was the ruler of a widely autonomous domain of theSecond Bulgarian Empire most likely located aroundSofia. Seeking further independence and claiming the title ofEmperor of Bulgaria, he twice changed allegiance from Bulgaria to theKingdom of Hungary and vice versa, and the Hungarians recognized his Bulgarian royal rank as theirvassal and ruler ofVidin (medievalBdin).[citation needed]
By 1261, he had become adespot, a high-ranking noble in the Bulgarian hierarchy. The title was awarded to him probably by his own suzerain, the ruler of Bulgaria, rather than aByzantine emperor,[5] possiblyConstantine Tih.[6] Jacob Svetoslav was close to the Bulgarian court and pledged loyalty to Constantine. Thus, the tsar made him the ruler of a domain usually considered to have been south of the Vidin region in the west of the Bulgarian Empire.[5] Byzantine sources indicate his possessions lay "nearHaemus", thus close toSofia,[6] between the Hungarian possessions to the north andMacedonia to the south.[7]
The death of Stephen V in 1272 meant that he was succeeded by his infant sonLadislaus IV, with the widowed consort and mother of the boy,Elizabeth, as his regent. At the time, Jacob Svetoslav still held Vidin as a Hungarian vassal. Possibly in 1273, Hungarian rule inBraničevo, west of Jacob's domain, was put to an end by twoCuman–Bulgarian nobles,Darman and Kudelin. Cut off from his Hungarian suzerains and facing the menace of a Bulgarian attack from the east, Jacob Svetoslav once again submitted to Bulgarian rule. He arrived in the capitalTarnovo to negotiate his submission with Constantine's consortMaria Palaiologina Kantakouzene, who was the dominant figure in the empire at the time due to the Tsar'sparalysis. There, Jacob was formally adopted by the much younger[6] Maria as her second son, after the infant heirMichael Asen II. This adoption solidified Jacob's ties to the court and meant that he could safely retain his autonomous domain as a Bulgarian vassal. He also harboured hopes to ascend to the throne by ousting Michael when Constantine died.[8] Suspicious of these disloyal intentions of Jacob's, Constantine's consort Maria is thought to have poisoned him,[9] and he died in 1275 or 1276/1777, shortly before theUprising of Ivaylo.[6]
While the fate of the city of Vidin itself is unclear, at least part of Jacob's possessions were certainly restored to direct Bulgarian rule in the wake of his death. One such territory was theSvrljig region lying southwest of Vidin, which in 1278 was documented as belonging to Bulgaria.[10]
Shishman of Vidin, Bulgarian nobleman (boyar), ruled the semi-independentdespotate based out of the Danubian fortress in the late 13th and early 14th century (1270s/1280s - before 1308/1313). Shishman was bestowed the title of "despot" by Bulgarian emperorsTheodore Svetoslav of Bulgaria andGeorge Terter I. By early 1290sSerbia expanded towards the vicinity ofVidin. In 1291, it came underGolden Horde ("Tatar")suzerainty and in 1292 he was in charge of an unsuccessful campaign against neighboringSerbia. Even though the Serbs captured Vidin in their counter-offensive, perhaps thanks to Tatar influence Shishman was placed once more as the ruler of the region. As his son and successor as despot of VidinMichael Shishman acceded to the Bulgarian throne in 1323, Shishman was the progenitor of the last medieval Bulgarian royal dynasty, theShishman dynasty.[11]
Born between 1280[12] and 1292[13]Michael Shishman was the son of thedespot Shishman of Vidin by an unnamed daughter of thesebastokrator Peter andAnna (Theodora), herself daughter ofIvan Asen II (r. 1218-1241) andIrene Komnene of Epirus. He was also a distant cousin of his predecessors on the Bulgarian throne,Theodore Svetoslav (r. 1300-1321) andGeorge Terter II (r. 1321-1322). After the peace between his father andStefan Milutin in 1292, Michael Shishman was engaged to Milutin's daughterAnna Neda and they married in 1298 or 1299.[4]
After Serbian kingStefan Milutin´s death, in 1321 in Serbia occurred a period of civil war.[14] Michael Shishman was able to follow a more active policy in the Bulgarian capitalTarnovo. He soon became a leading noble in the internal affairs of the country and, on the childless death of young George Terter II in 1323, Michael Shishman was elected emperor of Bulgaria by the nobility.[15] According to some historians he was chosen because he was a descendant of theAsen dynasty and interpret his ascencion to the throne not as the beginning of a new dynasty but rather as a continuation of the House of Asen.[16] His half-brother,Belaur, succeeded him as lastdespot of Vidin.[17]
In 1356, Bulgarian tsarIvan Alexander isolated Vidin from the Bulgarian monarchy and appointed his sonIvan Stratsimir (1356–1396) as absolute ruler, the firstTsar of the domain of Vidin.
In 1365, thestate was occupied byHungariancrusaders, but the occupation was short-lived. Although the initial campaign was not entirely successful because the Hungarians seized the city back, the ensuing negotiations between the Kingdom of Hungary and Ivan Alexander's allies,Vladislav I Vlaicu andDobrotitsa, thedespot of the semi-independentDobrujanPrincipality of Karvuna, led to the return of the city to Bulgarian possession. It is thought that Ivan Sratsimir was reinstalled as the region's ruler in the autumn of 1369. In 1393 the whole of Bulgaria, along with the rest of the surrounding region, fell to theOttoman Empire. This brought an end to Bulgaria's medieval state empire. Vidin was now the only region controlled by the indigenous Bulgarian population and not the invadingOttoman Turks.
The Ottomans went on to conquer the despotates ofDobruja,Prilep, andVelbazhd as well. Vidin's independence did not last long. In 1396, Stratsimir contributed soldiers to assist the Christian nations' bid to overturn the Ottoman Empire. Followingdefeat at the hands of the Ottomans outside the city ofNicopolis, Vidin finally fell under the sphere of the Ottomans led byBayezid I.[18][19] However, some historians, such as Plamen Pavlov and Ivan Tyutyundzhiev, assume thatConstantine II succeeded his father as Tsar (1397–1422), and controlled part of the Bulgarian lands, including Vidin, as a vassal, with some countries recognizing him asTsar of the Bulgarians.[20][21]
