Trogir (Croatian pronunciation:[ˈtrɔ.ɡiːr]) is a historic town andharbour on theAdriatic coast inSplit-Dalmatia County,Croatia, with a population of 10,107 (2021)[2] and a total municipal population of 12,393 (2021). The historic part of the city is situated on a small island between the Croatian mainland and the island ofČiovo.[3] It lies 27 kilometres (17 miles) west of the city ofSplit.
Since 1997, the historic centre of Trogir has been included in theUNESCO list ofWorld Heritage Sites[4] for its Venetian architecture.
In the 3rd century BC,Tragurion (Ancient Greek: Τραγύριον,Tragyrion or Τραγούριον,Tragourion)[5] was founded as a colony byAncient Greek colonists[6] on theIllyrian coast from the island ofVis, and it developed into a major port until theRoman period. The name comes from the Greek "tragos" (male goat) and "oros" (hill or mountain).[7] Similarly, the name of the neighbouring island of Bua comes from the Ancient Greek "voua" (herd of cattle). The sudden prosperity ofSalona deprived Trogir of its importance.
During the migration ofCroats the citizens of the destroyed Salona escaped to Trogir. Initially the Roman Tragurium (Latin:Tragurium) was one of theDalmatian City-States. From the 9th century on, Trogir paid tribute toCroatian rulers and to the Byzantine empire. Thediocese of Trogir was established in the 11th century (abolished in 1828; it is now part of theRoman Catholic Archdiocese of Split-Makarska and has temporarily been a Latintitular bishopric). In 1107, it was chartered by the king of Hungary, Croatia and DalmatiaColoman, gaining thus its autonomy as a town.
In the year 1000, theRepublic of Venice received submission from the Tragurium inhabitants and the city started since then to have commerce with the Italian peninsula enjoying cultural and economic improvements.[citation needed] However, in 1105, it acknowledged the supremacy of Hungary, while retaining its municipal freedom, and received a charter in 1108.[8]
In 1123, Trogir was conquered and almost completely demolished by theSaracens. However, Trogir recovered in a short period to experience powerful economic prosperity in the 12th and the 13th centuries, with some autonomy under Venetian leadership. In 1242, KingBéla IV of Hungary found refuge there as he fled theMongols, who were unable to storm the island city.[8] In the 13th and the 14th centuries, members of theŠubić family were most frequently elected dukes by the citizens of Trogir; Mladen III (1348), according to the inscription on the sepulchral slab in theCathedral of Trogir called "the shield of the Croats", was one of the most prominent Šubićs. InDalmatian, the city was known as Tragur.
After theWar of Chioggia between Genoa and Venice, on 14 March 1381Chioggia concluded an alliance withZadar and Trogir against Venice, and finally Chioggia became better protected by Venice in 1412, because the newly (21 July 1412) conqueredŠibenik, called Sebenico by the Venetian Republic, became the seat of the maincustoms office and the seat of the salt consumers office with amonopoly on the salt trade in Chioggia and on the wholeAdriatic Sea.
In 1420, the period of a long-termVenetian rule began and lasted nearly four centuries, whenTraù (fromDalmatian,Venetian andItalian:pronounced[traˈu]) was a city with rich economy, as exemplified by numerousRenaissance works of art and architecture. In about 1650 a manuscript of the ancient Roman authorPetronius'Satyricon was discovered at Trogir which contained theCena Trimalchionis ("Trimalchio's Dinner"). This is the longest surviving portion of theSatyricon and a major discovery forRoman literature.[9]
On the fall of Venice in 1797,Traù became a part of theHabsburg Empire, which ruled over the city until 1918, with the exception of Napoleon Bonaparte'sFrench rule from 1806 to 1814 (when the city was part of the NapoleonicKingdom of Italy andIllyrian Provinces).
City of Trogir is located inDalmatia region, inKaštela bay, at the entrance ofČiovo strait. Old town Trogir is located on little islet in the middle of Čiovo strait and it is connected with the bridges from both sides.
Trogir is often considered to be a part ofSplit largermetropolitan area, which connects Trogir,Kaštela,Solin and Split itself. The city is six kilometres (3.7 miles) fromSplit Saint Jerome Airport, and a regular bus connects Trogir with the airport andSplit. In the future, theSplit Suburban Railway will be lengthened towards the airport and Trogir.
Trogir has 2300 years of continuous urban tradition. Its culture was created under the influence of the ancientGreeks, and then theRomans, andVenetians. Trogir has a high concentration of palaces, churches, and towers, as well as a fortress on a small island, and in 1997, was inscribed in the UNESCOWorld Heritage List. "The orthogonal street plan of this island settlement dates back to theHellenistic period and it was embellished by successive rulers with many fine public and domestic buildings and fortifications. Its beautifulRomanesque churches are complemented by the outstandingRenaissance andBaroque buildings from the Venetian period", says theUNESCO report.
Trogir is the best-preserved Romanesque-Gothic complex not only in the Adriatic, but in all ofCentral Europe. Trogir'smedieval core, surrounded by walls, comprises a preserved castle and tower and a series of dwellings and palaces from the Romanesque, Gothic, Renaissance and Baroque periods. Trogir's grandest building is theTrogir Cathedral (church ofSt. Lawrence), whose main west portal is a masterpiece byRadovan, and the most significant work of the Romanesque-Gothic style in Croatia.
The big and small palaces Cipiko from the 15th century
The city loggia from 15th century
The St. Peter Church was part of the women'sBenedictinemonastery which was, according to the legend, founded by the wife of kingBela IV of Hungary. The west front of the church is embellished by aBaroque portal decorated with abust of St. Peter, the work of Niccolo di Giovanni Fiorentino. The interior was restored in a Baroque style in the second half of the 17th century. The wooden ceiling dating from that period is divided into oval, semioval and hexagon fields, framed by richly decorated borders. It was then that the two side-altars were added, dedicated to Mother Mary and St. Ignatius of Loyola. The high altar from the same period was made of wood, but only the statues of St. Peter and St. Paul have survived to the present day. Set into the pavement of the church one finds tombs of Trogir noble families Andreis and Cipiko.
Cippico (Čipiko) Palace in Trogir
The St. Sebastian's Church was built in 1476 as a votive church or an offering given by the citizens of Trogir in thanks for deliverance from theplague. The front of thisRenaissance building, which was executed by Niccolo di Giovanni Fiorentino, is decorated with the sculptures of St. Sebastian and Christ the Saviour. It displays the coats of arms of Bishop Giacomo Torlon and that of the duke Malipiero. Above the front rises the two-storytower of the town clock. A part of the easternwall contains the remains of a centrally planned church with six apses dedicated to St. Mary. Against the west walls rests aplaque bearing names of the fallen defenders in theCroatian War for Independence.
The Town Loggia of Trogir was first recorded in documents of the 13th century. It served as a furnished public gathering space, and on certain dates and hours it was used by the communal legal service, as a place were contracts were signed, official announcements made, laws proclaimed, and where law proceedings took place. In 1471, the workshop of Niccolo di Giovanni Fiorentino executed a relief of Justice on the eastern wall, depicting the Venetian lion with S. Lawrence and B. John of Trogir, both guardians of the city. It was, in fact, a monument dedicated to the Republic of Venice. The central field with the lion was removed in 1932. On the south wall, the relief of a horseman depictingPetar Berislavić, viceroy of Croatia (1513–1520), was done byIvan Meštrović. The Loggia was renovated in 1892.
The Garagnin-Fanfogna Palace is constituted of two blocks ofRomanesque andGothic buildings, incorporated into the ensemble in the second half of the 18th century, after the plans of Ignacije Macanović. The two-story building with the stone stairway situated on the south side originally had an economy purpose. Today its ground floor houses the townlapidarium within which the city walls of the Hellenistic Tragurion are presented. On the first floor there isCata Dujšin-Ribar Gallery. The main entrance to the Palace with a lobby and a staircase was situated on the east side, in the main street, and decorated with a Late Baroque elements characteristic of the Macanović workshop. In the interior there is the original 18th century drawing room embellished with stucco decorations. Thelibrary owned by Ivan L. Garagnin (1722–1783), a numismatist and collector of archaeological monuments, is decorated with wall paintings portraying philosophers and writers. The ensemble houses collections of paintings and graphics from the 17th and 18th centuries and the Town Museum.
The Museum of sacred art is hosted in the Late Baroque building on the Trogir mainsquare, dating from the 18th century. There is a rich collection of early Dalmatian and Venetian sacred paintings (14th–15th century) with masterpieces of Gentile Bellini, Paolo Veneziano, Quirizio da Murano and others. Works of local masters, paintings of Blaž Jurjev Trogiranin [Blase, son of George from Trogir] or the 13th centurypolyptych of the cathedral's high altar are exhibited in the Pinacotheca.
TheSanta Maria de Platea belongs to the early 9th century hexafoil pattern churches. It is the central type building, consisting of a high dome surrounded by six apses, in the manner of Carolingian chapels. In the 17th century visitation four altars were described: the high was dedicated to the Assumption of Mary; the Renaissance one, built in 1463, was dedicated to St. Jerome; the remaining two were dedicated to St. Mary of Loreto and St. Lucy respectively. The church was demolished in the mid 19th century, its only image is preserved on the 18th centuryFrench illustrator Ch. L. Clerisseau's drawing. The apses had three niches divided by pilaster strips on the outside surface wheres niches andwindows gave rhythm to the tambour of the dome. To the west there was a portico used as a medieval courtroom, street was closed by the city clock tower in the 15th century.
Tourism is the most important economic factor in the Trogir region, covering 50% of the municipal budget with more than 20,000 beds in hotels and private apartments. It is one of the fastest growing ports for sail-tourism in Croatia, and boasts two yacht marinas. There is also a strongfishing andagriculture tradition among the population in surrounding areas.
The most important industry isshipbuilding, with shipyard "Trogir" established at the beginning of the 20th century. Theshipyard has a capacity of two ships of 55,000 tons. Between 1990 and 2004, 93 ships were built in the shipyard.
Climate in this area has mild differences between highs and lows, and there is adequate rainfall year-round. TheKöppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is "Csa" (Mediterranean climate/Mediterranean climate).
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