Various names have been used for the mountain through history. An old map from 1567 used the Latin nameOcra mons, whereasJohann Weikhard von Valvasor called itKrma (the modern name of an Alpine valley in the vicinity) in the second half of the 17th century.[3] According to the German mountaineer and professorAdolf Gstirner, the nameTriglav first appeared in written sources asTerglau in 1452, but the original source has been lost.[4] The next known occurrence ofTerglau is cited by Gstirner and is from a court description of the border in 1573.[5] Early forms of the nameTriglav also includeTerglau in 1612,Terglou in 1664 andTerklou around 1778–1789. The name is derived from the compound*Tri-golvъ (literally 'three-head'—that is, 'three peaks'), which may be understood literally because the mountain has three peaks when viewed from much ofUpper Carniola. It is unlikely that the name has any connection to the Slavic deityTriglav.[6] In the local dialect, the name is pronounced[tərˈgwɔu̯] (with a second-syllable accent, as if it was writtenTrglov, with thedark L experiencingvocalization) in contrast to standard SloveneTríglav.[7] The highest peak is sometimes also called Big Mount Triglav (Slovene:Veliki Triglav)[8] to distinguish it from Little Mount Triglav[9] (Mali Triglav, 2,738 meters or 8,983 feet) immediately to the east.
The first recorded ascent of Triglav was achieved in 1778, at the initiative of the industrialist and polymathSigmund Zois.[10] According to the most commonly cited report, published in the newspaperIllyrisches Blatt in 1821 by the historian and geographerJohann Richter, these were the surgeon Lovrenz Willomitzer (written asWillonitzer by Richter), the chamois hunter Štefan Rožič, and the miners Luka Korošec and Matevž Kos. According to a report byBelsazar Hacquet in hisOryctographia Carniolica, the ascent took place towards the end of 1778, by two chamois hunters, one of them being Luka Korošec, and one of his former students, whose name is not mentioned.[11]
Triglav was the highest peak of the now defunctYugoslavia; it was both countries' highest and most prominent peak. The expression "from Triglav to theVardar" (a river in southernMacedonia) was a common synecdoche for Yugoslavia, referring to two prominent features at the geographic extremes of the nation.
At the top of the mountain stands a small metal structure, theAljaž Tower (Slovene:Aljažev stolp). It acts as a storm shelter and atriangulation point. Along with Triglav, it is also a landmark of Slovenia and a symbol of theSlovenes and Slovene territorial sovereignty.
The tower's namesake was the priest, mountaineer and patriotJakob Aljaž. In early 1895, he drew up, with a piece of chalk on the floor of his room in the parish ofDovje, plans for a cylindrical tower with a flag on its top.[16] In April that year he purchased the summit of Triglav for the sum of oneflorin. Having done so, he secured himself the right to erect a building on the mountain top.[17] The tower was constructed from iron andzinc coatedsheet steel by Anton Belec fromŠent Vid nad Ljubljano. He and four workers brought the parts of the tower to the summit of Triglav and put the tower together in only five hours on 7 August 1895. The opening took place that same day. Aljaž donated the shelter to the Slovene Alpine Society todayAlpine Association of Slovenia.[18]
In the beginning, there were three four-legged chairs, a summit register, aspirit stove, and the imageTriglav Panorama byMarko Pernhart in the tower.[19] It was later repainted and renovated several times byAlojz Knafelc and others. In theCommunist era, as the highest point of the former Yugoslavia, it was painted red and decorated with a red star.[20] However, it has now more or less been restored to its original appearance.[21] The star was removed shortly before the dissolution of Yugoslavia.[20] On the proclamation of Slovene independence in June 1991, theflag of Slovenia was raised on top of the tower.[21]
In 1895, due to a lack of space, Aljaž also commissioned the building of the Stanič Shelter. It is located 55 metres (180 ft) below the top of Triglav and is named after the poet and mountaineerValentin Stanič. The shelter has dimensions of 2.4 m × 2.2 m × 2 m (7 ft 10 in × 7 ft 3 in × 6 ft 7 in) and has room for 8 people sitting or 16 standing. Originally it also had a wooden door, benches, a table, and a chair. Its significance diminished after theKredarica Lodge was erected in 1896.
The Triglav Glacier (Triglavski ledenik) was located below the summit on thekarstified Triglav Plateaus (Triglavski podi), part of the northeastern side of the mountain.[22] Covering over 40 hectares (99 acres) at the end of the 19th century, the glacier had shrunk to 15 hectares (37 acres) by 1946,[23] and after further shrinkage had fallen into two parts by 1992.[24] By 2011 it covered an area of only 1–3 hectares, depending on the season.[24] It was no longer considered a glacier in 2019.[25][26][27]
Among the musical works related to Triglav, a special place is held for the poem "Oh, Triglav, My Home" (Oj, Triglav, moj dom). It was written in 1894 by the priest and poetMatija Zemljič and quickly became very popular among Slovene mountaineers. In 2007, its first stanza, accompanied by a melody of Jakob Aljaž, became the official anthem of theAlpine Association of Slovenia. An instrumental version of the poem, written byBojan Adamič, is part of the start and end credits of the annualski jumping broadcasts fromPlanica. In 2023, the Slovenianindustrial actLaibach released their rendition of the song, titled "O, Triglav, moj dom."[32]
The first Slovene-language full-length film, recorded in 1931 byJanko Ravnik, was titledIn the Kingdom of the Goldhorn (V kraljestvu Zlatoroga) and features an ascent by a group of students to the top of Triglav. The second Slovene full-length film, recorded the following year, was titledThe Slopes of Mount Triglav (Triglavske strmine). It was directed byFerdo Delak and was a romantic story featuring a wedding on the top of Triglav.
Since 1968, Triglav has become a theme of avant-garde artists. The first instance was a manifestation by the art groupOHO, calledMount Triglav, which took place in December 1968 at Ljubljana'sCongress Square. In 2004, the groupIRWIN produced a series of paintings namedLike to Like/ Mount Triglav. In 2007, an artistic performance was held atop Mount Triglav by the artistsJanez Janša (director),Janez Janša (visual artist) andJanez Janša (performance artist) calledMount Triglav on Mount Triglav.[33]
A stylized depiction of Triglav's distinctive shape is the central element of theSlovene coat of arms, designed by the sculptorMarko Pogačnik, and is in turn featured on theflag of Slovenia.[34] Alongside San Marino and Slovakia, Slovenia is the only other country in Europe and one of the few in the world to feature a mountain on its coat of arms.[35] Formerly, it was featured on the coat of arms of theSocialist Republic of Slovenia.
The first to depict Triglav as the symbol of the Slovenes was the architectJože Plečnik, who in 1934 put it besides other coats-of-arms of the nations of theKingdom of Yugoslavia on the coat of the statue of the Mother of God in front of the parish church inBled.[35]
^Snoj, Marko (2009).Etimološki slovar slovenskih zemljepisnih imen. Ljubljana: Modrijan. p. 439.
^Bezlaj, France. 2005.Etimološki slovar slovenskega jezika, vol. 4. Ljubljana: Slovenska akademija znanosti in umetnosti, p. 224.
^Slovenska zemlja: opis slovenskih pokrajin v prirodoznanskem, statistis̄kem, kulturnem in zgodovinskem obziru. Ljubljana: Matica slovenska. 1892. p. 21.
^Drago, Perko (2001).Analiza površja Slovenije s stometrskim Digitalnim modelom reliefa [Analysis of the Surface of Slovenia with a 100-meter Digital Model of the Relief]. Ljubljana: Založba ZRC. p. 41.
^Luštek, Miroslav. "Nekaj zunanjih znakov partizanstva" [Some External Signs of the Partisan Movement]. In Bevc, Milan.; et al. (eds.).Letopis muzeja narodne osvoboditve 1958 [The Yearbook of the Museum of the National Liberation 1958] (in Slovenian and French). Vol. II. Museum of the National Liberation of the People's Republic of Slovenia.COBISS172143. Archived fromthe original on 15 May 2013. Retrieved22 February 2012.
^"Ali ste vedeli ..." [Did You Know...]. Slovene Alpine Museum. Retrieved27 May 2014.
^abBelimezov, Maja (25 July 2007)."Stolp ima 110 let" (in Slovenian). Gore-ljudje.net. Archived fromthe original on 23 July 2011. Retrieved12 September 2008.
^Pavšek, Miha."Triglavski ledenik" [The Triglav Glacier]. In Šmid Hribar, Mateja; Torkar, Gregor; Golež, Mateja; et al. (eds.).Enciklopedija naravne in kulturne dediščine na Slovenskem – DEDI (in Slovenian). Retrieved3 May 2012.
^abGabrovec, Matej; Pavšek, Matej (2 November 2011)."Spreminjanje obsega ledenika" [Changes of the Extent of the Glacier] (in Slovenian). Environmental Agency of the Republic of Slovenia, Ministry of Agriculture and Environment.
^Jerele, Ines."Geologija alpskega sveta Slovenije" [Geology of Alpine Landscapes of Slovenia]. In Šmid Hribar, Mateja; Torkar, Gregor; Golež, Mateja; et al. (eds.).Enciklopedija naravne in kulturne dediščine na Slovenskem – DEDI (in Slovenian). Retrieved3 May 2012.
^Zupan, France (June 2006)."Bog Pan pride na Bivak za Akom" [Pan the God Comes to the Shelter Behind Ak].Planinski Vestnik (in Slovenian).111 (6). Mountaineering Association of Slovenia:6–13.ISSN0350-4344.
^Bradeško, Marjan (June 2006)."Goram dajejo novo razsežnost" [They Give Mountains a New Dimension].Planinski Vestnik (in Slovenian).111 (6). Alpine Association of Slovenia:14–21.ISSN0350-4344.
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