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Kingdom of Spain Reino de España | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1820–1823 | |||||||||
| Motto: Plus ultra (Latin) (English: "Further Beyond") | |||||||||
| Anthem: Himno de Riego Anthem of Riego | |||||||||
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| Capital | Madrid | ||||||||
| Common languages | Spanish | ||||||||
| Religion | Roman Catholic Church (official) | ||||||||
| Demonym | Spanish | ||||||||
| Government | Unitaryparliamentarysemi-constitutional monarchy | ||||||||
| King | |||||||||
• 1820–1823 | Ferdinand VII | ||||||||
| Secretary of State | |||||||||
• 1820–1821 | Evaristo Pérez | ||||||||
• 1821–1822 | Ramón López-Pelegrín | ||||||||
• 1822 | Francisco Martínez | ||||||||
• 1822–1823 | Evaristo Fernández | ||||||||
• 1823 | José María Pando | ||||||||
| Legislature | Cortes Generales | ||||||||
| Historical era | Revolutions during the 1820s | ||||||||
| 1 January 1820 | |||||||||
| 7 March 1820 | |||||||||
| April – May 1820 | |||||||||
| October – December 1822 | |||||||||
| 1 October 1823 | |||||||||
| Currency | Spanish dollar | ||||||||
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TheTrienio Liberal, ([ˈtɾjenjoliβeˈɾal],lit. 'Liberal Triennium') orThree Liberal Years, was a period of three years inSpain between 1820 and 1823 when a liberal government ruled Spain after a military uprising in January 1820 by the lieutenant-colonelRafael del Riego against the absolutist rule ofFerdinand VII.
It ended in 1823 when, with the approval of the crowned heads of Europe, a French army invaded Spain and reinstated the King'sabsolute power. This invasion is known in France as the "Spanish Expedition" (expédition d’Espagne) and in Spain as the "Hundred Thousand Sons of Saint Louis."
King Ferdinand VII provoked widespread unrest, particularly in the army, by refusing to accept the liberalSpanish Constitution of 1812. The King sought to reclaim theSpanish colonies in the Americas that had recently revolted successfully, consequently depriving Spain of an essential source of revenue.
In January 1820, soldiers assembled atCádiz for an expedition to South America, angry over infrequent pay, bad food, and poor quarters, mutinied under the leadership of Rafael del Riego.[1] Pledging fealty to the 1812 Constitution, they seized their commander.
Subsequently, the rebel forces moved to nearbySan Fernando, where they began preparations to march on the capital,Madrid.
Despite the rebels' relative weakness, Ferdinand accepted the constitution on 9 March 1820, granting power to liberal ministers and ushering in the so-called Liberal Triennium (el Trienio Liberal), a period of liberal rule. However, political conspiracies of both right and left proliferated in Spain, as was the case across much of the rest of Europe. Liberal revolutionaries stormed the King's palace and seized Ferdinand VII, who was a prisoner of the Cortes in all but name for the next three years and retired toAranjuez. The elections to theCortes Generales in 1822 were won byRafael del Riego. Ferdinand's supporters set themselves up atUrgell, took up arms and put in place an absolutist regency, theUrgel Regency.
Ferdinand's supporters, accompanied by the Royal Guard, staged an uprising in Madrid that was subdued by forces supporting the new government and its constitution. Despite the defeat of Ferdinand's supporters at Madrid, civil war erupted in the regions ofCastile,Toledo, andAndalusia.
Three years of liberal rule (theTrienio Liberal) followed. The Progresista government reorganized Spain into 52 provinces, and it intended to reduce the regional autonomy that had been a hallmark of Spanish bureaucracy since Habsburg rule in the 16th and 17th centuries. Opposition of the affected regions, in particular, Aragon, Navarre, and Catalonia, shared in the king's antipathy for the liberal government. The anticlerical policies of the Progresista government led to friction with theCatholic Church, and attempts to bring about industrialisation alienated oldtrade guilds. TheSpanish Inquisition, which had been abolished by bothJoseph Bonaparte and theCortes of Cádiz during the French occupation, was ended again by the government, which led to accusations of it being nothing more thanafrancesados (francophiles), who, only six years earlier, had been forced out of the country.
More radical liberals attempted to revolt against the entire idea of a monarchy, regardless of how little power it had. In 1821, they were suppressed, but the incident served to illustrate the frail coalition that bound the government together.
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The election of a radical liberal government in 1823 further destabilized Spain. The army, whose liberal leanings had brought the government to power, began to waver when the Spanish economy failed to improve, and in 1823, a mutiny in Madrid had to be suppressed. TheJesuits, who had been banned byCharles III in the 18th century, only to be rehabilitated by Ferdinand VII after his restoration, were banned again by the government. For the duration of liberal rule, Ferdinand (still technically head of state) lived under virtual house arrest in Madrid. TheCongress of Vienna, ending the Napoleonic Wars, had inaugurated the "Congress system" as an instrument of international stability in Europe. Rebuffed by theHoly Alliance ofRussia,Austria, andPrussia in his request for help against the liberal revolutionaries in 1820, by 1822, the "Concert of Europe" was so concerned by Spain's liberal government and its surprising hardiness that it was prepared to intervene on Ferdinand's behalf.
In 1822, theCongress of Verona authorized France to intervene.Louis XVIII was only too happy to put an end to Spain's liberal experiment, and a massive army, the100,000 Sons of Saint Louis, was dispatched across the Pyrenees in April 1823. The Spanish army, fraught by internal divisions, offered little resistance to the well organised French force, who seized Madrid and reinstalled Ferdinand as absolute monarch. The liberals' hopes for a new Spanish War of Independence were dashed.
Regarding the policy for America in the absolutist period, the new government changed political repression into negotiation. Sending troops was replaced by commissioners to attract pro-independence leaders, who were invited to submit to royal authority in exchange for recognition by Spain. With that in mind, the government announced a ceasefire for negotiations with the rebels until the 1812 Constitution, which ironically, had been superseded by Ferdinand's actions, was accepted.
According to the ceasefire, Spain would end the persecution and would issue a blanket amnesty for the insurgents; otherwise, the war would continue. The 11 commissioners failed, since the patriots demanded recognition of their independence from Spain.
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In 1822, Ferdinand VII applied the terms of theCongress of Vienna, lobbied for the assistance of the other absolute monarchs of Europe, in the process joining theHoly Alliance formed by Russia, Prussia, Austria and France to restore absolutism. In France, the ultra-royalists pressuredLouis XVIII to intervene. To temper their counter-revolutionary ardour, theDuc de Richelieu deployed troops along thePyrenees Mountains along the France-Spain border, charging them with halting the spread of Spanish liberalism and the "yellow fever" from encroaching into France. In September 1822, thecordon sanitaire became an observation corps and then very quickly transformed itself into a military expedition.
TheHoly Alliance (Russia,Austria andPrussia) refused Ferdinand's request for help, but theQuintuple Alliance (United Kingdom, France, Russia,Prussia andAustria), at the Congress ofVerona in October 1822, gave France a mandate to intervene and restore the Spanish monarchy. On 22 January 1823, a secret treaty was signed at the congress of Verona, allowing France to invade Spain to restore Ferdinand VII as an absolute monarch. With that agreement from the Holy Alliance, on 28 January 1823, Louis XVIII announced that "a hundred thousand Frenchmen are ready to march, invoking the name ofSaint Louis, to safeguard the throne of Spain for a grandson ofHenry IV of France".
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